Diatomaceous Earth Filtration Research Articles

Imperial's Steelman Unit Ia and II Waterflood System

Abstract In January, 1962, full-scale water flooding began in the Steelman field ofsoutheastern Saskatchewan. The field has been developed on 80-acre spacing andthe injection pattern is an inverted nine-spot. The main requirements of theflood are a high quality water and flexibility in injection rates andpressures. To accomplish these ends water from the high capacity Blairmore sandis distributed to the injection plants, where it is filtered andinhibitor-treated, before injection into high pressure lines radiating to theinjection wells. The pressure and rate of injection to each well is controlledat the injection plant. Plant operation is semi-automatic and source wellpumps, filters, engines and injection pumps are protected by safety controls.Corrosion throughout the injection system is controlled through coatings andinhibitor and bacteriacide injection. The design of the injection system was influenced by the results of a pilotoperation which commenced in 1958. The use of dry gas engines and diatomaceousearth filters are some of the design improvements derived from pilotexperience. This presentation discusses the design of surface facilities forthe water floods in Steelman Units IA and II, which were installed by ImperialOil Limited in 1961. Introduction The Steelman field is on the northern rim of the Williston Basin insoutheast Saskatchewan, approximately 15 miles north of the InternationalBoundary (Figure 1).The reservoir, at an average depth of 4,700 ft., isa stratigraphic trap of Mississippian limestone known locally as the MidaleBeds. The zone is thin and heterogeneous with low permeability. To date, 760wells have been drilled on 80-acre spacing. Recovery has been estimated at 16per cent under natural depletion and 35 per cent under water flooding.

Comparison Studies of Diatomite and Sand Filtration

Early impetus was given to this project by the adoption of diatomaceousearth filters for military use, as reported by Black and Spaulding (1) and Hollberg and Armbrust (2). The subsequent studies reported by Sanchis and Merrell (3) and Baumann and associates (4-6) added considerably to the available knowledge of the diatomite filtration process. These latter studies, however, were made on pilot plant or laboratory scale equipment, and relatively little information on actual operating-scale equipment is available. Frazer (7) has presented some figures on diatomite usage in the operation of potable-water plants in New York State. Except for these, however, few operating data are available. A number of papers have been published on various phases of filter design and installation (8-10), and a number of patents have been issued, primarily for means of backwashing diatomite filters (11-14). The author (15, 16) has presented a general discussion of the iatomite filtration process. The work reported here was planned specifically to provide information on the capabilities and limitations of the diatomaceous-earth filtration process. It should be pointed out, however, that the data obtained apply to a single water supply over a relatively short base period. Acknowledging these limitations, data based on actual performance are presented.

Les ultravirus: Pathogènes et saprophytes. Techniques d'étude, caractères physiques et biologiques, maladies à ultravirus—Clinique, anatomo-pathologie, épidémiologie, immunité

The new edition of M. Hauduroy's book on ultraviruses should be welcomed by all those who are interested in this rapidly expanding field of microbiology or wish to acquaint themselves with it. Although the author makes no attempt at completeness, he has succeeded in bringing together most of the recent and important contributions relating to these organisms. The volume is divided into three main divisions. The first treats critically and instructively various technical procedures, such as the preparation and use of porcelain and diatomaceous earth filters and celloidin membranes. There are discussions of cataphoresis and adsorption phenomena and their usefulness and limitations in the manipulation of viruses. Brief chapters are also devoted to tissue culture and staining methods. The second and major part of the book deals with the specific virus diseases of plants, bacteria, insects, birds and mammals. The discussions of the filtrable forms of bacteria have been, for