Diastolic Blood Pressure In Women Research Articles

Examining the causal association between moderate alcohol consumption and cardiovascular risk factors in the Taiwan Biobank: a Mendelian randomization analysis.

The Mendelian randomization approach uses genetic variants as instrumental variables to study the causal association between the risk factors and health outcomes of interest. We aimed to examine the relation between alcohol consumption and cardiovascular risk factors using two genetic variants as instrumental variables: alcohol dehydrogenase 1B (ADH1B) rs1229984 and aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) rs671. Using data collected in the Taiwan Biobank-an ongoing, prospective, population-based cohort study-our analysis included 129,032 individuals (46,547 men and 82,485 women) with complete data on ADH1B rs1229984 and ALDH2 rs671 genotypes and alcohol drinking status. We conducted instrumental variables regression analysis to examine the relationship between alcohol drinking and body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), fasting glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc). In the rs1229984-instrumented analysis, alcohol drinking was only associated with higher levels of SBP in men and lower levels of DBP in women. In the rs671-instrumented analysis, alcohol drinking was associated with higher levels of BMI, SBP, DBP, fasting glucose, triglycerides, HDLc and lower levels of LDLc in men; alcohol drinking was associated with higher levels of HDLc and lower levels of SBP, HbA1c, and triglycerides in women. Using Mendelian randomization analysis, some of our study results among men echoed findings from the previous systematic review, suggesting that alcohol drinking may be causally associated with higher levels of BMI, SBP, DBP, fasting glucose, triglycerides, HDLc, and lower levels of LDLc. Although alcohol drinking is beneficial to a few cardiovascular risk factors, it is detrimental to many others. The assumptions that underlie the Mendelian randomization approach should also be carefully examined when interpreting findings from such studies.

Cardiovascular disease risk in people of African ancestry with HIV in the United Kingdom.

Our objective was to describe the prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in people of African ancestry with HIV in the UK. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of CVD risk factors in Black people with HIV aged ≥40 years and estimated the 10-year CVD risk using QRISK®3-2018. Correlations between body mass index (BMI) and CVD risk factors were described using Pearson correlation coefficients, and factors associated with 10-year CVD risk ≥5% were described using logistic regression. We included 833 Black people with HIV and a median age of 54 years; 54% were female, 50% were living with obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2), 61% had hypertension, and 19% had diabetes mellitus. CVD risk >5% ranged from 2% in female participants aged 40-49 years to 99% in men aged ≥60 years, and use of statins ranged from 7% in those with CVD risk <2.5% to 64% in those with CVD risk ≥20%. BMI was correlated (R2 0.1-0.2) with triglycerides and diastolic blood pressure in women and with glycated haemoglobin, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and total:high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol ratio in men. In both female and male participants, older age, blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, and kidney disease were strongly associated with CVD risk ≥5%, whereas obesity, total:HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and smoking status were variably associated with CVD risk ≥5%. We report a high burden of CVD risk factors, including obesity, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus, in people of African ancestry with HIV in the UK. BMI-focused interventions in these populations may improve CVD risk while also addressing other important health issues.

An evolutionarily conserved olfactory receptor is required for sex differences in blood pressure.

Sex differences in blood pressure are well-established, with premenopausal women having lower blood pressure than men by ~10 millimeters of mercury; however, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. We report here that sex differences in blood pressure are absent in olfactory receptor 558 knockout (KO) mice. Olfr558 localizes to renin-positive cells in the kidney and to vascular smooth muscle cells. Female KOs exhibit increased blood pressure and increased pulse wave velocity. In contrast, male KO mice have decreased renin expression and activity, altered vascular reactivity, and decreased diastolic pressure. A rare OR51E1 (human ortholog) missense variant has a statistically significant sex interaction effect with diastolic blood pressure, increasing diastolic blood pressure in women but decreasing it in men. In summary, our findings demonstrate an evolutionarily conserved role for OLFR558/OR51E1 to mediate sex differences in blood pressure.

Association of socioeconomic status with metabolic syndrome and its components among adult population: a community-based cross-sectional study in Nanjing Municipality of China

ObjectivesTo investigate the association of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components with socioeconomic status (SES) among general and gender-specific adult population in Nanjing municipality, China.DesignCross-sectional study.Participants13287 participants completed the survey....

Sex Differences in Association Between Gut Microbiome and Essential Hypertension Based on Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring.

Sex differences in the pathogenesis of hypertension exist. While gut microbiota (GM) has been associated with hypertension, it is unclear whether there are sex-linked differences in the association between GM and hypertension. We conducted a cross-sectional study to investigate the sex differences in associations between GM characterized by shotgun sequencing, GM-derived short-chain fatty acids, and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure in 241 Hong Kong Chinese (113 men and 128 women; mean age, 54±6 years). The hypertensive group was associated with GM alterations; however, significant differences in β-diversity and GM composition in hypertensive versus normotensive groups were only observed in women and not in men under various statistical models adjusting for the following covariates: age, sex, body mass index, sodium intake estimated by spot urine analysis, blood glucose, triglycerides, low- and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, smoking, menopause, and fatty liver status. Specifically, Ruminococcus gnavus, Clostridium bolteae, and Bacteroides ovatus were significantly more abundant in the hypertensive women, whereas Dorea formicigenerans was more abundant in the normotensive women. No bacterial species were found to be significantly associated with hypertension in men. Furthermore, total plasma short-chain fatty acids and propionic acid were independent predictors of systolic and diastolic blood pressure in women but not men. GM dysregulation was strongly associated with 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure in women but not men, which may be mediated through propionic acid. Our work suggests that sex differences may be an important consideration while assessing the role of GM in the development and treatment of hypertension.

Inflammation, sex, blood pressure changes and hypertension in midlife: the Hordaland Health Study

Our aim was to test sex-specific associations of circulating markers of inflammation with blood pressure (BP) and incident hypertension in midlife. Participants in the Hordaland Health study (n = 3280, 56% women, mean age 48 years) were examined at baseline and followed for 6 years. Circulating levels of inflammatory markers including high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), neopterin, and pyridoxic acid ratio (PAr) index were measured at follow-up. The associations with systolic/diastolic BP and incident hypertension were tested in sex-specific linear- or logistic-regression analyses adjusted for body mass index, serum triglycerides, creatinine, physical activity, smoking and diabetes. At follow-up, women had lower mean BP than men (124/72 vs. 130/78 mmHg, p < 0.001). Higher hs-CRP was significantly associated with greater systolic and diastolic BP (standardized β = 0.07 and β = 0.09, both p < 0.01) in women, but not in men. Higher neopterin was associated with higher diastolic BP in women and higher PAr index was associated with higher diastolic BP in women and higher systolic and diastolic BP in men (all p < 0.01). Compared to hs-CRP < 1 mg/l, higher levels of hs-CRP 1–<3 mg/l and hs-CRP ≥ 3 mg/l were associated with new-onset hypertension only in women (odds ratio (OR) 1.74, 95% CI 1.20–2.53 and OR 1.87, 95% CI 1.20–2.90). Sex-interactions were found for hs-CRP and neopterin in models on incident hypertension and diastolic BP, respectively (both p < 0.05). Higher levels of circulating markers of inflammation were associated with higher BP and incident hypertension in a sex-specific manner. Our results suggest a sex-specific interaction between cardiovascular inflammation and BP in midlife.

Sex-specific time trends in incident atrial fibrillation and the contribution of risk factors: the Tromsø Study 1994-2016.

To explore sex-specific time trends in atrial fibrillation (AF) incidence and to estimate the impact of changes in risk factor levels using individual participant-level data from the population-based Tromsø Study 1994-2016. A total of 14 818 women and 13 225 men aged 25 years or older without AF were enrolled in the Tromsø Study between 1994 and 2008 and followed up for incident AF throughout 2016. Poisson regression was used for statistical analyses. During follow-up, age-adjusted AF incidence rates in women decreased from 1.19 to 0.71 per 1000 person-years. In men, AF incidence increased from 1.18 to 2.82 per 1000 person-years in 2004, and then declined to 1.94 per 1000 person-years in 2016. Changes in systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), body mass index (BMI), physical activity, smoking and alcohol consumption together accounted for 10.9% [95% confidence interval (CI): -2.4 to 28.6] of the AF incidence decline in women and for 44.7% (95% CI: 19.2; 100.0) of the AF incidence increase in men. Reduction in SBP and DBP had the largest contribution to the decrease in AF incidence in women. Increase in BMI had the largest contribution to the increase in AF incidence in men. In the population-based Tromsø Study 1994-2016, AF incidence decreased in women and increased following a reverse U-shape in men. Individual changes in SBP and DBP in women and individual changes in BMI in men were the most important risk factors contributing to the AF incidence trends.

Intrasession Reliability Analysis for Oscillometric Blood Pressure Method Using a Digital Blood Pressure Monitor in Peruvian Population.

Blood Pressure (BP) is one of the most used measured clinical parameters in health promotion and intervention. BP measures can vary due to different parameters, so we aim to study the intrasession test–retest reliability for an oscillometric method using a digital tensiometer in the Peruvian population aged over 15 with and without a diagnosis of hypertension (HT). Data were taken from the Demographic and Family Health Survey conducted in Peru in 2019. Technicians had to follow a standardized protocol on the conditions to carry out a valid and reliable measurement. Relative reliability was excellent in most cases (intraclass correlation coefficient > 0.9); absolute reliability was excellent (standard error of measurement < 5%) and smallest real difference < 10% in most cases. The Bland–Altman plot showed a systematic error of 2.36 for systolic BP in men and 2.16 in women, and 0.823 for diastolic BP in men and 0.71 for diastolic BP in women. Results suggest that the oscillometric method with a digital blood pressure monitor was reliable in absolute and relative terms in this population, so it could be used as a reliable control test to measure changes after an intervention.

Calcium supplementation for prevention of primary hypertension.

Hypertension is a major public health problem that increases the risk of cardiovascular and kidney diseases. Several studies have shown an inverse association between calcium intake and blood pressure, as small reductions in blood pressure have been shown to produce rapid reductions in vascular disease risk even in individuals with normal blood pressure ranges. This is the first update of thereviewto evaluate the effect of calcium supplementation in normotensive individuals as a preventive health measure. To assess the efficacy and safety of calcium supplementation versus placebo or control for reducing blood pressure in normotensive people and for the preventionof primary hypertension. The Cochrane Hypertension Information Specialist searched the following databases for randomised controlled trials up to September 2020: the Cochrane Hypertension Specialised Register, CENTRAL (2020, Issue 9), Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid Embase, the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, and theUS National Institutes of Health Ongoing Trials Register, ClinicalTrials.gov. We also contacted authors of relevant papers regarding further published and unpublished work. The searches had no language restrictions. We selected trials that randomised normotensive people to dietary calcium interventions such as supplementation or food fortification versus placebo or control. We excluded quasi-random designs. The primary outcomes were hypertension (defined as blood pressure ≥ 140/90 mmHg) and blood pressure measures. Two review authors independently selected trials for inclusion, abstracted the data and assessed the risks of bias. We used the GRADE approach to assess the certainty of evidence. The 2020 updated search identified four new trials. We included a total of 20 trials with 3512 participants, however we only included 18 for the meta-analysis with 3140 participants. None of the studies reported hypertension as a dichotomous outcome. The effect on systolic and diastolic blood pressure was: mean difference (MD) -1.37 mmHg, 95% confidence interval (CI) -2.08, -0.66; 3140 participants; 18 studies; I2 = 0%, high-certainty evidence; and MD -1.45, 95% CI -2.23, -0.67; 3039 participants; 17 studies; I2 = 45%, high-certainty evidence, respectively. The effect on systolic and diastolic blood pressure for those younger than 35 years was: MD -1.86, 95% CI -3.45, -0.27; 452 participants; eightstudies; I2 = 19%, moderate-certainty evidence; MD -2.50, 95% CI -4.22, -0.79; 351 participants; sevenstudies ; I2 = 54%, moderate-certainty evidence, respectively. The effect on systolic and diastolic blood pressure for those 35 years or older was: MD -0.97, 95% CI -1.83, -0.10; 2688 participants; 10 studies; I2 = 0%, high-certainty evidence; MD -0.59, 95% CI -1.13, -0.06; 2688 participants; 10 studies; I2 = 0%, high-certainty evidence, respectively. The effect on systolic and diastolic blood pressure for women was: MD -1.25, 95% CI -2.53, 0.03; 1915 participants; eight studies; I2 = 0%, high-certainty evidence; MD -1.04, 95% CI -1.86, -0.22; 1915 participants; eight studies; I2 = 4%, high-certainty evidence, respectively. The effect on systolic and diastolic blood pressure for men was MD -2.14, 95% CI -3.71, -0.59; 507 participants; five studies; I2 = 8%, moderate-certainty evidence; MD -1.99, 95% CI -3.25, -0.74; 507 participants; five studies; I2 = 41%, moderate-certainty evidence, respectively. The effect was consistent in both genders regardless of baseline calcium intake. The effect on systolic blood pressure was: MD -0.02, 95% CI -2.23, 2.20; 302 participants; 3 studies; I2 = 0%, moderate-certainty evidence with doses less than 1000 mg; MD -1.05, 95% CI -1.91, -0.19; 2488 participants; 9 studies; I2 = 0%, high-certainty evidence with doses 1000 to 1500 mg; and MD -2.79, 95% CI -4.71, 0.86; 350 participants; 7 studies; I2 = 0%, moderate-certainty evidence with doses more than 1500 mg. The effect on diastolic blood pressure was: MD -0.41, 95% CI -2.07, 1.25; 201 participants; 2 studies; I2 = 0, moderate-certainty evidence; MD -2.03, 95% CI -3.44, -0.62 ; 1017 participants; 8 studies; and MD -1.35, 95% CI -2.75, -0.05; 1821 participants; 8 studies; I2 = 51%, high-certainty evidence, respectively. None of the studies reported adverse events. An increase in calcium intake slightly reduces both systolic and diastolic blood pressure in normotensive people, particularly in young people, suggesting a role in the prevention of hypertension. The effect across multiple prespecified subgroups and a possible dose response effect reinforce this conclusion. Even small reductions in blood pressure could have important health implications for reducing vascular disease. A 2 mmHg lower systolic blood pressure is predicted to produce about 10% lower stroke mortality and about 7% lower mortality from ischaemic heart disease. There is a great need for adequately-powered clinical trials randomising young people. Subgroup analysis should involve basal calcium intake, age, sex, basal blood pressure, and body mass index. We also require assessment of side effects, optimal doses and the best strategy to improve calcium intake.

Within-Visit Blood Pressure Variability in an Unselected Adult Population

Abstract Background To investigate blood pressure variability among 3 successive blood pressure measurements in an unselected nationwide population in China. Methods A total of 77,549 participants were included from measurements in May 2017 in China. Blood pressure was measured 3 times consecutively with a half minute interval. Blood pressure variability was estimated with the standard deviation and coefficient of variation of the systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Results Not all participants showed a decreasing trend with increasing number of measurements. In fact, 14% of the participants showed at least 5 mm Hg increase in systolic blood pressure. The coefficient of variation of systolic and diastolic blood pressure in women was higher than in men [(4.2 ± 3.3)% vs. (4.1 ± 3.3)%, (4.7 ± 4.0)% vs. (4.6 ± 4.1)%; P &amp;lt; 0.05]. The differences were significant (P &amp;lt; 0.01) among different groups of age and blood pressure levels. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the systolic blood pressure variability indexes were inversely associated with age but positively associated with the level of the first systolic blood pressure reading (P &amp;lt; 0.01). The systolic blood pressure standard deviation and coefficient of variation in females were higher than in males (P &amp;lt; 0.01). Conclusions Not all subjects demonstrate a decreasing trend with increasing number of blood pressure measurements. Within-visit blood pressure variability varies with age, gender, and blood pressure.

Association of markers of vascular inflammation with blood pressure in midlife: the Hordaland Health Study

Abstract Background Hypertension is a pro-inflammatory condition. A steeper rise in blood pressure (BP) has been observed in middle-aged women than men. However, sex-specific associations of vascular inflammation with midlife BP has not been much explored. Purpose To test the association of markers of vascular inflammation, including neopterin, kynurenin:tryptophan ratio (KTR) and high sensitive C-reactive protein (CRP) with BP. Methods Circulating levels of neopterin, KTR and CRP were measured in 2042 women and 1646 men aged 47–49 years from the community-based Hordaland Health study. The associations with systolic and diastolic BP were tested in sex-specific linear regression analyses and adjusted for body mass index, serum total- and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, creatinine, physical activity, daily smoking and diabetes. Results Compared to men, women had lower average BP (124/72 vs. 131/78 mmHg, p&amp;lt;0.001), higher plasma neopterin (7.5 vs 7.0 nmol/l, p&amp;lt;0.001) and comparable plasma KTR and serum CRP (both p&amp;gt;0.05). In multivariable analyses 1) higher neopterin was associated with higher diastolic BP in women, but not in men; 2) higher CRP was associated with higher systolic and diastolic BP in women, but not in men; 3) no association of higher KTR with BP was found in either sex (Table 1). A significant sex-interaction between neopterin and diastolic BP was found. Conclusion Among participants in the Hordaland Health study, higher circulating levels of neopterin and CRP with higher BP was found among women only, suggesting that vascular inflammation contributes to BP elevation in middle-aged women. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: Public Institution(s). Main funding source(s): University of Bergen

Calcium supplementation for prevention of primary hypertension.

Hypertension is a major public health problem that increases the risk of cardiovascular and kidney diseases. Several studies have shown an inverse association between calcium intake and blood pressure, as small reductions in blood pressure have been shown to produce rapid reductions in vascular disease risk even in individuals with normal blood pressure ranges. This is the first update of thereviewto evaluate the effect of calcium supplementation in normotensive individuals as a preventive health measure. To assess the efficacy and safety of calcium supplementation versus placebo or control for reducing blood pressure in normotensive people and for the preventionof primary hypertension. The Cochrane Hypertension Information Specialist searched the following databases for randomised controlled trials up to September 2020: the Cochrane Hypertension Specialised Register, CENTRAL (2020, Issue 9), Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid Embase, the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, and theUS National Institutes of Health Ongoing Trials Register, ClinicalTrials.gov. We also contacted authors of relevant papers regarding further published and unpublished work. The searches had no language restrictions. We selected trials that randomised normotensive people to dietary calcium interventions such as supplementation or food fortification versus placebo or control. We excluded quasi-random designs. The primary outcomes were hypertension (defined as blood pressure ≥ 140/90 mmHg) and blood pressure measures. Two review authors independently selected trials for inclusion, abstracted the data and assessed the risks of bias. We used the GRADE approach to assess the certainty of evidence. The 2020 updated search identified four new trials. We included a total of 20 trials with 3512 participants, however we only included 18 for the meta-analysis with 3140 participants. None of the studies reported hypertension as a dichotomous outcome. The effect on systolic and diastolic blood pressure was: mean difference (MD) -1.37 mmHg, 95% confidence interval (CI) -2.08, -0.66; 3140 participants; 18 studies; I2 = 0%, high-certainty evidence; and MD -1.45, 95% CI -2.23, -0.67; 3039 participants; 17 studies; I2 = 45%, high-certainty evidence, respectively. The effect on systolic and diastolic blood pressure for those younger than 35 years was: MD -1.86, 95% CI -3.45, -0.27; 452 participants; eightstudies; I2 = 19%, moderate-certainty evidence; MD -2.50, 95% CI -4.22, -0.79; 351 participants; sevenstudies ; I2 = 54%, moderate-certainty evidence, respectively. The effect on systolic and diastolic blood pressure for those 35 years or older was: MD -0.97, 95% CI -1.83, -0.10; 2688 participants; 10 studies; I2 = 0%, high-certainty evidence; MD -0.59, 95% CI -1.13, -0.06; 2688 participants; 10 studies; I2 = 0%, high-certainty evidence, respectively. The effect on systolic and diastolic blood pressure for women was: MD -1.25, 95% CI -2.53, 0.03; 1915 participants; eight studies; I2 = 0%, high-certainty evidence; MD -1.04, 95% CI -1.86, -0.22; 1915 participants; eight studies; I2 = 4%, high-certainty evidence, respectively. The effect on systolic and diastolic blood pressure for men was MD -2.14, 95% CI -3.71, -0.59; 507 participants; five studies; I2 = 8%, moderate-certainty evidence; MD -1.99, 95% CI -3.25, -0.74; 507 participants; five studies; I2 = 41%, moderate-certainty evidence, respectively. The effect was consistent in both genders regardless of baseline calcium intake. The effect on systolic blood pressure was: MD -0.02, 95% CI -2.23, 2.20; 302 participants; 3 studies; I2 = 0%, moderate-certainty evidence with doses less than 1000 mg; MD -1.05, 95% CI -1.91, -0.19; 2488 participants; 9 studies; I2 = 0%, high-certainty evidence with doses 1000 to 1500 mg; and MD -2.79, 95% CI -4.71, 0.86; 350 participants; 7 studies = 8; I2 = 0%, moderate-certainty evidence with doses more than 1500 mg. The effect on diastolic blood pressure was: MD -0.41, 95% CI -2.07, 1.25; 201 participants; 2 studies; I2 = 0, moderate-certainty evidence; MD -2.03, 95% CI -3.44, -0.62 ; 1017 participants; 8 studies; and MD -1.35, 95% CI -2.75, -0.05; 1821 participants; 8 studies; I2 = 51%, high-certainty evidence, respectively. None of the studies reported adverse events. An increase in calcium intake slightly reduces both systolic and diastolic blood pressure in normotensive people, particularly in young people, suggesting a role in the prevention of hypertension. The effect across multiple prespecified subgroups and a possible dose response effect reinforce this conclusion. Even small reductions in blood pressure could have important health implications for reducing vascular disease. A 2 mmHg lower systolic blood pressure is predicted to produce about 10% lower stroke mortality and about 7% lower mortality from ischaemic heart disease. There is a great need for adequately-powered clinical trials randomising young people. Subgroup analysis should involve basal calcium intake, age, sex, basal blood pressure, and body mass index. We also require assessment of side effects, optimal doses and the best strategy to improve calcium intake.

BIRTH WEIGHT AND RISK FACTORS FOR ATHEROSCLEROSIS -RETROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY IN JAPANESE WORKERS

Objective: Low birth weight is associated with chronic health conditions later in life. B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) is recently recognized as one of prognostic factors for cardiovascular events in general population. However, the association between the birth weight and BNP remains unclear. We aimed to examine the relation of birth weight with atherosclerotic risk factors including BNP among Japanese workers. Design and method: This study included 517 male and 592 female Japanese workers aged 40–70 years who attended an annual health checkup in 2018. The participants were divided into three groups according to their birth weight and evaluated the association between birth weight and risk factors for atherosclerosis including BNP, body mass index, blood pressure, creatinine, uric acid, triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, glucose and HbA1c. Results: Trend test according to birth weight category showed that birth weight was inversely associated with HbA1c in men and with diastolic blood pressure in women, whereas it was not related with BNP levels in both men and women. Correlation coefficient test for birth weight data also revealed the correlation of birth weight with HbA1c in men (Pearson correlation coefficient -0.217, 95% CI [-0.350, -0.084]) and with diastolic blood pressure in women (-0.091, [-0.195, 0.000]), but not with log-transformed BNP level (-0.006, [-0.130, 0.142] for men, and -0.047 [-0.152, 0.057] for women). Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that birth weight was one of explanatory factors for HbA1c and regression model including birth weight, body mass index, ALT, creatine, hemoglobin, WBC, and platelet predicted HbA1c levels in men (R2 = 0.278). Conclusions: The present study showed no significant association between birth weight and BNP, whereas inverse associations of birth weight with HbA1c in men and with diastolic blood pressure in women were found. These data suggest that the birth weight may partially predict the future risk factors for atherosclerosis.

Gender Differences in COVID-19 Deceased Cases in Jahrom City, South of Iran.

Objective:To evaluate the clinical and epidemiological features of deceased patients and comparing the discrepancies between male and female patients based on high prevalence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), its irreversible effects and the rising ‎mortality rate in Jahrom city,Methods: This is a descriptive-analytical retrospective study that was conducted from the beginning of March 2020 to the end of November 2020. The study population were included all patients with COVID-19 who admitted to Peymaniyeh Hospital in Jahrom and died of COVID-19. Clinical and demographic data were collected from medical records and analyzed by SPSS software. Results:In this study, 61 patients (57.54%) were men and 45 patients (42.36%) were women. The mean age was 68.7±18.33 in men and 68.82±14.24 in women. The mean hospitalization length was 9.69±7.75 days in men and 9.69±7.75 days in women patients. There was no statistically significant difference between men and women patients (p>0.05). The results showed that 17 (27.87%) men and 28 (45.9%) of women patients had hypertension and the prevalence of this disease was significantly higher in women than men (p=0.01). In this study, 7 (11.48%) men and 13 (21.31%) women had hyperlipidemia. The frequency of hyperlipidemia in women cases was significantly higher than in men patients (p=0.024). Men cases’ diastolic blood pressure (mean=77.53) was significantly higher than women’s diastolic blood pressure at the same time with a mean of 71.42 (p<0.05).Conclusion:The findings of the study represented the mortality rate in men which is higher than women patients. The prevalence of underlying diseases such as hypertension and hyperlipidemia were higher in women than men. Despite higher mortality among women, symptoms such as fever and dyspnea were less common in women than men.

Perfluoroalkyl substances and blood pressure in exposed young population in the Veneto Region, Italy

Abstract Background Residents in a large area of the Veneto Region (North-Eastern Italy) were exposed to perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) via drinking water. Studies on the association between PFASs and blood pressure (BP) levels are limited and results are inconsistent. Using cross-sectional data from the Regional health surveillance program, we aimed to quantify the associations between PFAS serum concentrations and blood pressure and hypertension prevalence. Methods The study included 16,224 individuals aged 20-39 years. Pregnant women (n = 327), participants with self-reported diagnosis or under treatment (n = 296) or with missing information on the selected covariates (n = 114) were excluded, leaving 15,487 subjects. Hypertension (HYP) was defined as any self-reported diagnosis, use of antihypertensive drugs, or raised systolic/diastolic blood pressure (SBP)≥140, DBP ≥90 mmHg). Serum PFASs were measured by HPLC-MS. Generalized additive models were used to investigate the relation between each PFAS (perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA)) ln transformed and by decile, and SBP, DBP, HYP, adjusted for potential confounders. Results Both SBP and DBP increased significantly with an increase in the ln-transformed serum PFASs concentration in a monotonic way. The predicted increase in SBP and DBP were 1.62 (95% CI = 0.69, 2.55), 1.64 mmHg (95% CI = 0.96, 2.31) from lowest to highest decile of PFOA. The associations were stronger for SBP in men and DBP in women. One unit increase in each ln-PFAS was positively associated with an increased odds of HYP in men: PFOA OR = 1.07 (1.01-1.14), PFOS OR = 1.18 (1.05-1.32), PFHxS OR = 1.11 (1.03-1.19), PFNA OR = 1.19 (1.01-1.41). Conclusions Our findings suggest that exposure to PFAS is associated with increased blood pressure and thus may contribute as a risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases. Key messages Serum PFASs were associated with raised systolic blood pressure in men and diastolic blood pressure in women in a large highly exposed young adult population. Serum PFASs were associated with raised prevalence of hypertension in men.

HUBUNGAN KONSUMSI GARAM DAN TEKANAN DARAH PADA WANITA DI DESA BATUR JAWA TENGAH

Background: Excessive salt consumption is a factor that can contribute to the incidence of hypertension and trigger coronary heart disease and stroke&#x0D; Objective: to determine the level of salt consumption, nutritional status, clinical examination, and the relationship between salt consumption and blood pressure in women in Batur Village&#x0D; Method: Quantitative descriptive with design cross-sectional for 106 women aged 35-55 years. The research instrument is Recall 1x24 hours, Body Mass Index (BMI), Mid-Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC), waist-hip circumference ratio, blood pressure, uric acid test, Blood Sugar Level (BSL) and Fasting Glucose (FG).&#x0D; Results: The average salt consumption of respondents is 4.5 grams’/day shows that it does not exceed the recommended limit of Regulation of Minister of Health No. 30 of 2013 (5 grams/day). The majority of BMI is level 1 obesity (39.6%), MUAC (93%) has a normal category. BMI and Waist-Hip Circumference Ratio (WHCR) (65.1%) has a risk category. Blood pressure with the highest criteria (47% systolic; 35% diastolic) has a pre-hypertensive category. Uric acid level, BSL and FG are normal. There is no significant relationship between salt consumption and systolic blood pressure (p =0.373), and there is a significant relationship between salt consumption and diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.002; r = 0.471)&#x0D; Conclusion: the salt consumption of respondents is normal below the recommended limit, the nutritional status of most respondents has a level 1 obesity category and there is a significant relationship between salt consumption and diastolic blood pressure in women in Batur Village

Inulin Supplementation Reduces Systolic Blood Pressure in Women with Breast Cancer Undergoing Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy.

Introduction Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed malignancy in women, and comorbidities like hypertension and obesity diminish their quality of life and negatively affect their response to chemotherapy. Furthermore, inulin supplementation is associated with the reduction of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) risk. Objective To determine whether inulin supplementation prevents the elevation of blood pressure in women with breast cancer undergoing neoadjuvant therapy with cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin. Methods This was a randomized, double-blind placebo controlled trial which included women with early-stage breast cancer undergoing neoadjuvant therapy (n=38). Patients were randomly assigned to participate in two different groups to receive either 15 g of inulin or 15 g of placebo (maltodextrin) for 21 days. Body composition and blood pressure were evaluated before and after the supplementation period. Results Women in the inulin group showed a lower systolic blood pressure (SBP) after the supplementation (-4.21 mmHg, p<0.001). However, SBP increased in the placebo supplemented group. Diastolic blood pressure (DBP) nonsignificantly decreased in the inulin group. Inulin supplementation also increased BMI (p<0.001) but reduced BFP (p=0.288). Furthermore, confounding variables, such as BMI, baseline fasting glucose, age, menopause status, vomiting, constipation, and chronic medication did not have a statistical influence over the inulin effect on SBP. Conclusion Inulin supplementation reduces SBP and prevents increases in DBP in women with breast cancer. This could be an innovative nutraceutical approach to prevent hypertension present in women with this type of cancer at an early stage and may improve the quality of life of the patients and their prognostic development through chemotherapy. Trial Registration Number This trial is registered with ACTRN12616001532493.

Association and Interaction Analysis of Body Mass Index and Triglycerides Level with Blood Pressure in Elderly Individuals in China.

Objectives To assess the extent of interaction between body mass index (BMI) and triglyceride (TG) level and its effects on blood pressure (BP) in elderly individuals in China. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Data were taken from a cross-sectional study called the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. Participants The analytic sample included 3629 subjects aged 45 to 96 years. Main Outcome Measurements Data were obtained from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, which is a cross-sectional study. Age-adjusted partial Pearson's correlation test was used to compare various characteristics and BP. Adjusted associations were first used as linear regression models, as appropriate. Then, general linear models adjusted for related potential confounders were used to examine the synergistic effects of BMI and TG level on BP. Finally, a binary logistic regression model adjusted for confounding factors was used to examine the association between BMI or TG level and hypertension. Results Age-adjusted partial Pearson's correlation coefficient showed that the TG level was positively correlated with both systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in both men and women with BMI < 24.0 kg/m2; however, TG level was positively correlated with DBP in women with BMI ≥ 24.0 kg/m2 but not with DBP in men with BMI ≥ 24.0 kg/m2. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that BMI level was significantly and positively associated with both SBP and DBP in men and women with BMI < 24.0 kg/m2, and TG level was significantly and positively associated with SBP in women with BMI < 24.0 kg/m2, independent of other confounding factors. A general linear model analysis with adjustment for confounding factors (age, educational level, marital status, current residence, smoking, eating habits, taking activities, antidiabetic medication, antihypertensive therapy, fasting plasma glucose [FPG], low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-C], estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR], and serum uric acid [SUA]) showed no interaction between BMI and TG level and SBP (men, β = 0.572, P = 0.845; women, β = 0.122, P = 0.923) and DBP (men, β = -0.373, P = 0.810; women, β = 0.272, P = 0.828). A binary logistic regression model analysis with adjustment for confounding factors (age, educational level, marital status, current residence, smoking, drinking, eating habits, taking activities, major accidental injury, physical activity, history of cardiovascular disease, history of liver disease, antilipidemic medication, antidiabetic medication, antihypertensive therapy, FPG, LDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C], eGFR, and SUA) showed that overweight and obese men and women were more likely to have hypertension (men: odds ratio [OR] = 1.781, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.393–2.277; women: OR = 1.653, 95% CI = 1.330–2.055) and women with high TG were more likely to have hypertension (OR = 1.558, 95% CI = 1.219–1.992). Conclusion An interactive effect of BMI and TG level on BP was not observed in either men or women; however, independent effects of BMI on BP were observed in both men and women, and an association between TG level and hypertension was observed in women.

Validation of the Omron HBP-1300 in pregnancy for medium-arm and large-arm circumferences according to the British Hypertension Society protocol.

The aim of this study was to validate the Omron HBP-1300 oscillometric blood pressure (BP) device according to the British Hypertension Society validation protocol, in pregnant women of both medium-arm and large-arm circumferences. BP was measured sequentially in 72 women of any gestation requiring the use of a large-size (N=36, arm circumference ≥33 cm) or medium-size cuff (N=36, arm circumference <33 cm) alternating between a mercury sphygmomanometer and the Omron HBP-1300 device. The Omron HBP-1300 is accurate in pregnancy with a mean device-observer difference of 3±6 and 1±6 mmHg for systolic BP and 2±5 and 3±6 mmHg for diastolic BP in women requiring the use of the medium and large cuff, respectively. The Omron HBP-1300-automated BP device can be recommended for use in pregnant women with medium-arm or large-arm circumferences.

Association between serum osteocalcin level and blood pressure in a Chinese population

Purpose: This observational study investigated the association between serum osteocalcin level and blood pressure in a Chinese population.Materials and methods: A total of 2241 subjects (909 men and 1,332 women; age, 24–78 years) from Shanghai communities were recruited. Subjects were divided into non-hypertensive and hypertensive groups according to diagnosis of hypertension based on the 1999 World Health Organization-International Society of Hypertension Guidelines. Serum osteocalcin levels were measured using an electrochemiluminescence immunoassay.Results: Men in the hypertensive group showed lower serum osteocalcin level compared with those in the non-hypertensive group, [16.37 (13.34–20.11) ng/mL versus 17.01 (14.23–20.79) ng/mL, p = .039]. No difference in serum osteocalcin level was found between the two groups of women (p = .675). An inverse association was observed between serum osteocalcin level and systolic blood pressure (SBP) in men (p = .004), but serum osteocalcin level was not associated with diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in men (p = .472). No associations were detected between serum osteocalcin level and SBP or DBP in women (SBP: p = .108; DBP: p = .575). A multiple stepwise regression analysis showed an inverse association between serum osteocalcin level and SBP in men after adjusting for age, smoking status, family history of hypertension, and lipid and C-reactive protein levels (standardized β = –0.074, p = .023), but the association disappeared after adjustment for body mass index, waist circumference, blood glucose, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (p = .327).Conclusions: Serum osteocalcin level was not independently associated with blood pressure in a Chinese population.