Prevention Of Diarrhea Research Articles

Metagenomic and metabolomic analyses reveal the role of gut microbiome-associated metabolites in diarrhea calves.

Calf diarrhea is a multifactorial disease that affects the cattle industry and accounts for more than 50% of calf mortality. Although there is evidence of an association between altered gut microbiota and diarrhea, remarkably little is known about the microbial and metabolic mechanisms underlying the link between gut microbiota dysbiosis and the occurrence of calf diarrhea. Here, we performed fecal metagenomic and metabolomic studies on fecal samples from diarrheic and healthy calves of Xia-nan cattle breed. Results revealed that composition of the gut microbiome and metabolome was remarkably altered in diarrheic calves, and gut microbial alterations were associated with diarrhea and linked to the changes in metabolites. Metabolite profiles showed that diarrheic calves exhibited a marked decrease in some purines (adenosine, adenine, 2'-deoxyguanosine, allantoate, deoxyinosine, and deoxyguanosine) and arachidonic acid (prostaglandin F2α and prostaglandin E2) compared to healthy calves. Purine-producing microbial species, including Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Campylobacter coli, Treponema porcinum, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Phocaeicola coprophilus, were significantly reduced in diarrheic calves compared to healthy calves, whereas the arachidonic acid-producing species such as Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Clostridiales bacterium exhibited a marked increase. These microbial signatures were closely associated with the metabolic dysbiosis of purine and arachidonic acid in diarrhea calves. Our study showed that gut microbiota-driven metabolic disorders of purine or arachidonic acid were associated with calf diarrhea. The findings prove that altered gut microbiota plays a role in diarrhea pathogenesis and indicate that gut microbiota-targeted therapies could be useful for both prevention and treatment of diarrhea. IMPORTANCE Calf diarrhea is of great concern to the global dairy industry as it results in significant economic losses due to lower conception rates, reduced milk production, and early culling. Although there is evidence of an association between altered gut microbiota and diarrhea, remarkably little is known about the microbial and metabolic mechanisms underlying the link between gut microbiota dysbiosis and the occurrence of calf diarrhea. Here, we used fecal metagenomic and metabolomic analyses to demonstrate that gut microbiota-driven metabolic disorders of purine or arachidonic acid were associated with calf diarrhea. These altered gut microbiotas play vital roles in diarrhea pathogenesis and indicate that gut microbiota-targeted therapies could be useful for both prevention and treatment of diarrhea.

Influence of sanitation facilities on diarrhea prevalence among children aged below 5 years in flood-prone areas of Bangladesh: a multilevel analysis.

Although the improvement of sanitation facilities has been a major contributor to improving public health, it is not guaranteed to prevent negative health outcomes. This is especially true in areas affected by severe natural disasters, such as flooding or extreme rainfall. Previous studies have examined the association between catastrophic natural disasters and negative health outcomes. However, studies on disaster-prone areas are limited. This study focused on the impact of flood risks and examined whether the improvement of sanitation facilities would be sufficient to suppress the prevalence of diarrhea in flood-prone areas. Two secondary datasets including geodata on flood-prone areas were used for the analysis: one each was obtained from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey and Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council. Two models with categorizations of sanitation facilities based on containment type and excreta flow were applied for analysis. Results showed that the severe flood-prone areas and "diffused" type of sanitation, where the feces are diffused without any containment, had significant positive associations with diarrhea prevalence; however, the interaction between them was negative. Moderate flood-prone areas had a significant positive association with diarrhea prevalence; however, the interaction with unimproved sanitation, which includes containment without clear partition from feces, was significantly negative. These findings indicate that improved sanitation or containment type of sanitation may not positively contribute to the prevention of diarrhea in these severe- and moderate-flood prone areas. The urgent need for alternative sanitation technologies should be addressed in flood-prone regions.

Pencegahan Diare Kalangan Remaja di Pondok Pesantren Al-Jamil Kelurahan Mersi Kecamatan Purwokerto Timur

Introduction: Diarrhea is a condition in which there is a disturbance in the human digestive tract, characterized by the consistency of watery or liquid stools or feces as well as the frequency of defecation more than three times a day. Many cases of diarrhea can heal on their own and are not dangerous, but diarrhea can disturb the sufferer and can cause complications of certain diseases. Therefore, diarrhea must be treated as soon as possible.
 Objective: The purpose of this service was to increase knowledge about diarrhea in adolescents. The purpose of this study is to find out the causes of diarrhea, prevent diarrhea, and know the six steps of good and correct hand washing.
 Method: This public service was conducted by conducting direct counseling on Saturday, July 15, 2023, from 20:00 to 21:30. The target of this counseling was the students of Al-Jamil Islamic Boarding School, with a total of 24 participants. Then, by using lecture, demonstration, redemonstration, and question and answer methods with the media used, namely PowerPoint and leaflets, about prevention of diarrhea and knowing the 6 steps of good and correct hand washing,
 Result: From this survey, the frequency of diarrhea that occurred in the students of Al-Jamil Islamic Boarding School in the last month was categorized by age. There were 4 students aged 13 years, 3 students aged 14 years, 3 students aged 16 years, and 1 student aged 17 years who experienced diarrhea in the last month.
 Conclusion: This counseling activity on diarrhea in adolescents runs well and smoothly. There is an increase in adolescent knowledge about diarrhea.

Assessing the Knowledge, Attitude and Practices among Health Workers on Rotavirus Diarrhoea Prevention in Rukiga District

Purpose: Rotavirus has been identified as the most common pathogen associated with severe diarrhoea. Rotavirus infection is the leading cause of diarrhea in children under five and it is highly contagious. It poses an exception to typical diarrheal disease management rules. While improved access to clean water and better sanitation and hygiene practices are vital to preventing most diarrheal diseases, they have done little to disrupt infection. The virus may cause severe, dehydrating diarrhea in young children and, in untreated cases, lead to death. The aim of this study is to determine the knowledge, attitude and practices regarding Rotavirus Prevention and its vaccination among medical workers in Rukiga district
 Methodology: A total of 263 health workers were selected through random sampling. A structured and validated questionnaire was used. Questions about knowledge, attitude and practices were collected and verified on scale. Descriptive statistics were presented; multivariable regression analysis was done to determine the correlation of knowledge, attitude level, and practices with socio demographic variables such as age, sex and education. The p value≤0.05 considered was statistically significant.
 Findings: 118(47.14%) had adequate knowledge, 164(66.138%) positive attitude and 102(41.1%) appropriate practices on the Rotavirus diarrhoea prevention. Knowledge, attitude level and practices were increased significantly with increasing age, sex and education. After controlling for variables in the multivariable regression model, age, sex and education were the significant factors in determining the scores on knowledge, attitude and practices. About the knowledge. Age (β=4.15, p<0.001), sex (β=3.012, p=0.001) and education level (β=14.04, p<0.038), then attitude, age (β=4.32, p<0.001), sex (β=0.015, p=0.003) and education level (β=0.021, p<0.001) while for practices, age (β=0.021, p<0.001). Similarly, sex (β=0.022, p<0.001), education level (β=0.136, p=0.006). Generally, there was inadequate knowledge, positive attitude and inappropriate practices amongst the respondents on Rotavirus diarrhoea prevention in Rukiga District.
 Recommendations: Rukiga District needs to train, mentor and coach the health workers on prevention of Rotavirus including vaccination in order to have increased knowledge level, positive attitude and appropriate actions.

Randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter phase III study of prevention of irinotecan-induced diarrhea by a probiotic mixture containing Bifidobacterium BB-12®Lactobacillus rhamnosus LGG® in colorectal cancer patients.

The incidence of irinotecan-induced diarrhea varies between 60-90%, by which the incidence of severe diarrhea is 20-40%. The objective of this phase III trial was to determine the effectiveness of the probiotic mixture containing Bifidobacterium, BB-12® and Lactobacillus rhamnosus, LGG® in the prophylaxis of irinotecan-induced diarrhea in metastatic colorectal cancer patients due to a reduction in the activity of intestinal beta-D-glucuronidase. From March 2016 to May 2022, a total of 242 patients with colorectal cancer starting a new line of irinotecan-based therapy were registered to the study in 11 cancer centers in Slovakia. Patients were randomized in a ratio 1:1 to probiotic formula vs. placebo that was administered for 6 weeks. Each capsule of Probio-Tec® BG-Vcap-6.5 contained 2.7x109 colony-forming units (CFU) of 2 lyophilized probiotic strains Bifidobacterium, BB-12® (50%) and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, LGG® (50%). Administration of probiotics compared to placebo was not associated with a significant reduction of grade 3/4 diarrhea (placebo arm 11.8% vs. probiotic arm 7.9%, p=0.38). Neither the overall incidence of diarrhea (46.2% vs. 41.2%, p=0.51) nor the incidence of enterocolitis (3.4% vs. 0.9%, p=0.37) was different in the placebo vs. probiotic arm. Subgroup analysis revealed that patients with colostomy had higher incidence of any diarrhea and grade 3/4 diarrhea in the placebo arm compared to the probiotic arm (48.5% vs. 22.2%, p=0.06 and 15.2% vs. 0%, p=0.06, respectively). Moreover, patients on probiotic arm had significantly better diarrhea-free survival (HR = 0.41, 95%CI 0.18 - 0.95, p=0.05) and needed less loperamide (p=0.01) compared to patients on placebo arm. We did not observe any infection caused by probiotic strains used in this study. This study failed to achieve its primary endpoint, and results suggest a lack of benefit of administered probiotic formula for the prevention of irinotecan-induced diarrhea. However, subgroup analysis suggests a possible benefit in patients with colostomy.

The Effect of Counseling with Video Media On Diarrhea Prevention Knowledge: Pre-Experimental Study of the Desa Kresek, Kabupaten Tangerang

Introduction: Low knowledge of diarrhea prevention is why diarrhea rates are still high in Indonesia. There have been many ways to increase public knowledge related to diarrhea prevention, one of which is by conducting counseling using video media. This study aimed to determine the effect of video media counseling on knowledge of diarrhea prevention: a pre-experimental study in the community of Kresek Village, Tangerang Regency. Methods: Thei researchi designi wasi pre-experimenti onei groupi pre-test-post-test.i Thei populationi wasi thei community in Kampung Nambo, Kresek District, Tangerang Regency, Banten Province. The study was conducted in January 2023. Criteria for respondents over 13 years of age. The study sample amounted to 40 people taken by consecutive sampling, which was taken for seven days. The intervention was conducted with education using video media titled "Let's Prevent Diarrhea" (Copyright No EC00202310110). The collected datai werei analyzedi usingi thei T-testi withi thei helpi ofi SPSSi versioni 26.0.i toi determinei thei effecti ofi counselingi withi videos on increasing respondents' knowledge. Results: The results showed ani increasei ini thei numberi ofi correcti answersi toi questionnaire questions after providing educational videos. Before education with video, the number of respondents with good knowledge was only two people (5%). After counseling, it increased to 37 people (92.7%). The Wilcoxon test results showed that the p-value was 0.000. Conclusion: There is an effect of counseling with video media on increasing respondents' knowledge.

Enteric and non-enteric adenoviruses in children with acute gastroenteritis in Western India.

Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) are the viral agents responsible for a wide spectrum of acute and chronic diseases. HAdVs are the most important etiological agents of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) and are identified as the major contributor to the deaths of diarrheal children globally. The significant rise in HAdV infections in rotavirus-vaccinated children documented in multiple studies demands continuous monitoring of HAdV strains. After the inclusion of rotavirus vaccines in the immunization schedule of India, public health research regarding prevalence, etiology, and risk factors is highly necessary for evidence-based policies and their implementation to sustain diarrhea prevention programs. In the present study, children admitted for AGE between 2013 and 2016 in seven different hospitals in Maharashtra and Gujrat states of Western India were subjected for investigation. HAdVs were found in 5.2% of the fecal specimens with the dominance of species-F (52.4%) strains, followed by the occurrence of non-enteric adenoviruses of species A (17.4%), C (11.4%), B (8.2%), and D (3.2%). The species-F strains were predominant in Ahmadabad (78.5%), Mumbai (61.5%), and Surat (57.1%) cities, followed by species-A strains. In Pune city, species B strains were detected in all HAdV patients, with none of the species A strains. Clinically, patients infected with enteric and non-enteric HAdV strains were indistinguishable. However, a high viral load was observed in species-F specimens as compared to non-species-F. The present study on fecal specimens collected in the pre-rotavirus vaccination era from hospitalized AGE patients will be important for future comparative analysis to know the exact impact of vaccination in children of Western India.

Child Nutrition Outcomes and Maternal Nutrition-Related Knowledge in Rural Localities of Mbombela, South Africa.

Poor nutrition outcomes among children have become one of the major public health concerns in South Africa, attributed to poor feeding practices and maternal nutrition-related knowledge with conflicting data. In view of this, a cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the association of nutrition outcomes of children aged under two years with feeding practices and maternal nutrition-related knowledge in Mbombela, South Africa. Mothers' nutrition-related knowledge was estimated using an adapted structured questionnaire on colostrum, continued breastfeeding, diarrhea prevention and treatment using oral rehydration solution, immunization, and family planning, and scored as excellent (80-100), good (60-79), average (40-59), and fair (0-39). This was along with questions on socio-demographic factors and obstetric history, as well as anthropometric measurements. Child nutrition outcomes were estimated by WHO classification using z-scores for stunting (length-for-age (LAZ)), underweight (weight-for-age (WAZ)), and thinness (body mass index-for-age (BAZ)). Using STATA 17, 400 pairs of children (8 ± 6 months) and their mothers (29 ± 6 years) participated in the study and were living in a poor socio-economic status environment. Half of children were stunted (50%) and over half (54%) were obese, while mothers were underweight (39%) and overweight (34%). In addition to one third of mothers reporting obstetric complications, two thirds, initiated breastfeeding within one hour of delivery, 30% exclusively breastfed, 48% introduced early complementary feeding, and 70% practiced mixed feeding. Twenty-eight percent (28%) of mothers had fair nutrition-related knowledge, while 66% had average knowledge, 6% good knowledge, and none of the mothers had excellent knowledge. A chi-square test showed that mothers' nutrition-related knowledge was significantly associated with child stunting. The final hierarchical logistic regression showed significant associations of stunting with mothers' nutrition-related knowledge (average: AOR = 1.92, 95%CI: 1.12-3.29), child's age (6-11 months: AOR = 2.63, 95%CI: 1.53-4.53 and 12-23 months: AOR = 3.19, 95%CI: 1.41-7.25), and education (completing Grade 12: AOR = 0.36, 95%CI: 0.15-0.86). Contextual and intensified interventions on continued education for mothers to gain accurate information on nutrition-related knowledge and feeding practices could ultimately enhance child nutrition outcomes in poorer settings. Efforts should therefore be made to ensure that nutrition knowledge is appropriately provided based on the phases of child growth from 0 to 2 years, even beyond infancy into school age.

EFFORTS TO INCREASE PARENTS KNOWLEDGE ABOUT TODDLER’S DIARRHEA THROUGH ROLE PLAY AS A METHOD OF COMMUNITY EDUCATION IN JATISARI VILLAGE, PAKISAJI DISTRICT

Diarrhea is a disease characterized by a change in the shape and consistency of the stool, which is looser or more liquid and the frequency of bowel movements is more than usual. This study aims to find out whether giving counseling about diarrhea can increase parents' knowledge about diarrhea and hand washing with soap. This study used a pre-experimental research design which was carried out in two stages, namely pre-intervention and intervention. At the pre-intervention stage, primary data collection was carried out through questionnaires to 35 respondents (parents who have toddlers in Jatisari Village, Pakisaji District) to determine problem priorities using the Nominal Group Technique (NGT) selected using the purposive sampling method. The data were then analyzed using the Wilcoxon Test. From the results of the pre-intervention questionnaire in Jatisari Village, Pakisaji District, it was found that 47.7% of parents who had toddlers did not know about diarrhea (including definition, causes, transmission, prevention and early treatment of diarrhea) and 7% of parents who had toddlers had not gotten used to washing hands with soap. From the results of the intervention carried out on 45 participants, an increase in the post-test scores of participants after the intervention was carried out by 91.1%, the post-test scores remained at 8.9%, and none of the participants had a decrease in post-test scores. The results of statistical tests using the Wilcoxon test found that the value of p = 0.000 (p <0.05), which means that there was a significant difference between the level of knowledge of the participants before and after the intervention.

Viral metagenomics of the gut virome of diarrheal children with Rotavirus A infection

ABSTRACT Diarrhea is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children worldwide and represents a major dysbiosis event. Rotavirus has been recognized as a global leading pathogen of diarrhea. This study is aimed at investigating differences in the gut virome between diarrheal children and healthy controls. In 2018, 76 diarrheal fecal samples and 27 healthy fecal samples in Shanghai and 40 diarrheal fecal samples and 19 healthy fecal samples in Taizhou were collected to investigate the composition of the gut virome. Viral metagenomic analyses revealed that the alpha diversity of the diarrheal virome was not significantly different from that of the healthy virome, and the beta diversity had a significant difference between diarrheal and healthy children. The diarrheal virome was mainly dominated by the families Adenoviridae, Astroviridae, Caliciviridae, and Picornaviridae. Meanwhile, the healthy virome also contains phages, including Microviridae and Caudovirales. The high prevalence of diverse enteric viruses in all samples and the little abundance of Microviridae and Caudovirales in diarrheal groups were identified. The study introduced a general overview of the gut virome in diarrheal children, revealed the compositional differences in the gut viral community compared to healthy controls, and provided a reference for efficient treatments and prevention of virus-infectious diarrhea in children.

Pathogenetic characteristics of infectious diarrhea in Yantai City, Shandong Province, 2018-2019.

Analysis of the pathogenic spectrum, epidemiological characteristics and molecular epidemiological features of important pathogens of infectious diarrhea in Yantai City, Shandong Province, 2018-2019, were analyzed to provide a reference basis for the prevention and control of infectious diarrhea. A total of 1514 stool specimens were collected within 3 days of the onset of diarrhea in secondary or higher hospitals in Yantai from 2018-2019, and all specimens were tested for the presence of seven major viruses and three major bacteria by employing reverse transcription ploymeraer chain reaction (RT-PCR). Population and seasonal analyses were also performed on positive samples for infectious diarrhea. The top two ranked rotavirus and norovirus were focused on genotyping and analysis of geographical distribution. The study showed that the high prevalence of infectious diarrhea in Yantai, Shandong Province, for two consecutive years in 2018 and 2019 was in young children aged 1-5 years, accounting for 48.6% of the total number of cases. Viral diarrhea was distributed throughout the year with no obvious seasonal distribution, while bacterial diarrhea was predominant in summer. Of 1514 stool specimens, the total positive rate of specimens was 43.92% (665/1514). One pathogen was detected in 507 specimens, two pathogens in 107 specimens, and three pathogens in 44 specimens, with mixed infections accounting for 22.71% of positive specimens (151/665). Viral diarrheal pathogens accounted for 93.23% (620/665) of positive samples. The percentages of positive samples for Rotavirus (RV), Norovirus GI, Norovirus GII, Enterovirus universal (EV), Enteroadenovirus (EAdV), Sapovirus (SaV), Astrovirus (Astv), Salmonella (SE), Listeria monocytogenes (LiMo), and Vibrio parahaemolyticus (VP) were 48.57%, 3.61%, 15.34%, and 10.68% of the total positive samples. This study analyzed in detail the composition of infectious diarrhea pathogen spectrum, pathogen alternation pattern, seasonal distribution and population distribution of pathogens in Yantai City, Shandong Province, 2018-2019, to provide a basis for improving relevant local preventive measures and reducing the disease burden.

Effects of a Natural Polyphenolic Product from Olive Mill Wastewater on Oxidative Stress and Post-Weaning Diarrhea in Piglets

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of a commercial phytogenic feed additive (PFA) on the prevention of post-weaning diarrhea and oxidative stress in piglets. The concentrations of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and protein carbonyls (CARBS) were investigated as biomarkers for oxidative damage, as were the health and performance parameters of weaned piglets. In total, 100 weaned piglets were divided into two groups: a control group (T1), which was fed regular weaning feed; an experimental group (T2), which was fed regular weaning feed supplemented with a phenolic feed additive (PFA) for 3 weeks. The TBARS and CARBS concentrations in plasma samples from 20 piglets per group were measured at 45 and 65 days of age. Fecal samples were collected from 24 weaned piglets per group using FTA ELUTE cards. Diarrhea score, body weight (BW) at weaning, and average daily weight gain (ADWG) were recorded. The TBARS (p < 0.001) and CARBS (p = 0.001) concentrations were significantly higher in the T1 group compared to those in the T2 group. The lowest diarrhea score was noted in the T2 group for the age groups of 45 (p < 0.001) and 65 days (p = 0.008). In conclusion, the use of a phenolic PFA in the current study had beneficial antioxidative and antimicrobial effects on weaned piglets, which improved their health and growth performance.

Effect of Slightly Acidic Electrolyzed Water on Growth, Diarrhea and Intestinal Bacteria of Newly Weaned Piglets.

As an environmentally-friendly agent, slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) was introduced in drinking water of newly weaned piglets for diarrhea prevention. In total, 72 piglets were employed and 3% SAEW was added into the normal temperature and warm (30 °C) tap water, respectively, for this 33-day feeding experiment. It was found that the total bacteria and coliforms in the drinking water were reduced by 70% and 100%, respectively, with the addition of 3% SAEW. After SAEW treatment, the average daily water and feed intakes of piglets were increased during the first 16 days, and the diarrhea rate was reduced by 100%, with not one case of diarrhea recorded at the end of the experiment. The microbiome results demonstrated that SAEW decreased the diversity of caecum bacteria with normal tap water supplied, and increased the richness of the caecum bacteria with warm tap water supplied. SAEW also increased the abundance of potentially beneficial genera Sutterella and Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005 and reduced the abundance of pathogenic Faecalibacterium. Moreover, twelve metabolic functions belonging to the cluster of metabolism and organismal functions, including digestion and the endocrine and excretory systems, were greatly enhanced. Correlation analysis indicated that the influence of intestinal pathogens on water and feed intakes and the diarrhea of piglets were decreased by SAEW. The results suggest that SAEW can be used as an antibiotic substitute to prevent diarrhea in newly weaned piglets.

Short-Term Effects of Climate Variability on Childhood Diarrhoea in Bangladesh: Multi-Site Time-Series Regression Analysis.

The aim of this study was to estimate the effects of climate on childhood diarrhoea hospitalisations across six administrative divisions in Bangladesh and to provide scientific evidence for local health authorities for disease control and prevention. Fortnightly hospital admissions (August/2013-June/2017) for diarrhoea in children under five years of age, and fortnightly average maximum temperature, relative humidity and rainfall recordings for six administrative divisions were modelled using negative binomial regression with distributed lag linear terms. Flexible spline functions were used to adjust models for seasonality and long-term trends. During the study period, 25,385 diarrhoea cases were hospitalised. Overall, each 1 °C rise in maximum temperature increased diarrhoea hospitalisations by 4.6% (IRR = 1.046; 95% CI, 1.007-1.088) after adjusting for seasonality and long-term trends in the unlagged model. Using lagged effects of maximum temperature, and adjusting for relative humidity and rainfall for each of the six administrative divisions, the relationship between maximum temperature and diarrhoea hospitalisations varied between divisions, with positive and negative effect estimates. The temperature-diarrhoea association may be confounded by seasonality and long-term trends. Our findings are a reminder that the effects of climate change may be heterogeneous across regions, and that tailored diarrhoea prevention strategies need to consider region-specific recommendations rather than relying on generic guidelines.

Knowledge of Families of Patients with Diarrhea Prevention in The in-Treatment Room of Academis Hospital Makassar

Based on the results of research related to diarrheal diseases in various regions in Indonesia, there are several interrelated factors, namely inadequate supply of clean water, water polluted by feces, lack of sanitation facilities, unhygienic disposal of feces, poor personal and environmental hygiene, and improper processing and storage of food. Many factors can directly or indirectly be a driving factor for the occurrence of diarrhea, consisting of host agent, environmental and behavioral factors. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the knowledge of the patient's family and the prevention of diarrheal diseases at the Makassar Akademis Hospital. This type of research is descriptive with the research design used is the Cross-Sectional method, namely the type of research that emphasizes the time of measurement / observation of independent and dependent variable data only once. Place This research was conducted in the inpatient room of the Makassar Akademis Hospital. According to the results of data analysis using the chi-square statistical test, a value of p = 0.000 (p <0.05) was obtained, this means that there is an environmental relationship with the incidence of diarrhea in toddlers in the child care room at the Makassar Akademis Hospital. The conclusion is that there is a relationship between environmental, socio-economic conditions, and mother's knowledge with the incidence of diarrhea in the child care room at the Makassar Akademis Hospital.

Analysis of community perspectives regarding the hygiene-sanitation and socio-economic factors influencing the occurrence of diarrhea in toddlers: A literature review

Diarrhea is a disease that causes the second highest morbidity and mortality rate in toddlers after pneumonia. Poor and developing countries generally exhibit high incidence rates of diarrhea, thus diarrhea is often associated with poor socio-economic conditions and inadequate sanitation. Understanding the caregivers' perspectives on the factors contributing to diarrhea is crucial for the prevention and management of diarrhea, aiming to reduce the morbidity and mortality rates among toddlers. The aim of this research is to analyze the community perspectives on the factors of hygiene-sanitation and socio-economic factors influencing the occurrence of diarrhea in toddlers. The research methodology employed is a literature review, which assesses the occurrence of diarrhea in toddlers based on both hygiene-sanitation factors and socio-economic factors from the community's perspective. The data used consists of a minimum of 10 scientific journals obtained from Google Scholar and ResearchGate databases. The research findings indicate that, in terms of hygiene-sanitation, the factors contributing to diarrhea include the lack of cleanliness and hygiene practices implemented by caregivers of toddlers, untreated or unprotected water sources, inadequate availability of water, low utilization of sanitation facilities, unhygienic living conditions, and water contamination during the rainy season. Meanwhile, in terms of socio-economic factors, it is influenced by the knowledge and education of caregivers, financial status, resource limitations, and community acceptance of interventions for improving water, sanitation, and hygiene. From these results, it can be concluded that there is a correlation between the risk factors of diarrhea and the occurrence of diarrhea in toddlers, as observed from both hygiene-sanitation and socio-economic perspectives.

Bovine Colostrum: An Effective Prophylactic and Therapeutic against Diarrhoeal Infections: A Review

Diarrhoea is one of the top five causes of death among paediatric and geriatric population in India. Bacterial, viral and protozoal pathogens contaminating the food and water, or even opportunistic commensal microbes can lead to diarrhoeal infections. A number of anti- infective and antiparasitic agents are available for treating these infections. However, they come along with their distinct side effects. Alternative systems of medicine suggest treatments that come from natural sources like plants, minerals and animals. Bovine colostrum is one such animal-derived product recommended by Ayurveda to boost immunity and treat infections in human beings. is a rich source of immunoglobulins such as IgG1, IgG2, IgA and IgM. These antibodies along with other immune factors such as lactoferrin, lactoperoxidase, lysozymes, lactalbumins, oligosaccharides present in colostrum provide an excellent passive protection against infections of bacterial, viral and protozoal origin. A long track record of safe use and several in vitro, preclinical and clinical studies have established bovine colostrum as a safe and effective remedy in the prevention and treatment of diarrhoea. We present a mechanistic review of application of bovine colostrum against primary and secondary diarrhoeal infections.

Network Pharmacology to Investigate the Mechanism of Ginseng and Atractylodis Macrocephalae to Prevent Diarrhea

To investigate the molecular mechanism of Ginseng and Atractylodes macrocephala in the prevention and treatment of diarrhea based on network pharmacology and molecular docking. The active ingredients and the related targets of Ginseng and Atractylodes were searched and collected through TCMSP database, PubChem database and Swiss TargetPrediction. With the help of GeneCards database, OMIM database and DisGeNET database, we searched for disease related targets with "Diarrhea" as the keyword, and the obtained targets of drug ingredients were intersected with the disease targets to obtain the results. The predicted targets of Ginseng and Atractylodes for diarrhea were obtained by intersection. Cytoscape 3.9.1 software was used to construct the "drug-active ingredient-target network" diagram. Protein interaction information was obtained by using String database, and the target network was further analyzed by CytoNCA plug-in to screen the core targets. The core targets were enriched by KEGG pathway analysis using the microbiology platform, and the results were based on the enrichment results. The KEGG enrichment analysis showed that the core targets acted on PI3K-Akt signaling pathwa, Human T-cell leukemia virus 1 ntection, Kaposi sarcoma- associated herpesvirus intection, Measles, Proteoglyeans in cancer, and 10 other pathways. Through the network pharmacology study, Ginseng and Atractylodesan regulated diarrhea involving 127 targets and 10 pathways, indicating that Ginseng and Atractylodesan can exert its effects on diarrhea prevention and treatment through multiple components, targets and pathways.

Recommendations for the management of diarrhea with trofinetide use in Rett syndrome

ABSTRACTBackgroundTrofinetide is a recently approved treatment for Rett syndrome (RTT), a rare neurodevelopmental disorder with no previously approved therapy. The phase 3 LAVENDER trial showed improvements in efficacy measures compared with placebo, but diarrhea rates were high in trofinetide-treated participants. To manage possible diarrhea, recommendations that can be used by health care providers are needed.Research design and methodsAdditional analyses were conducted on LAVENDER data to elucidate predictors of trofinetide-associated diarrhea. A panel of advisors was convened to refine a set of practical recommendations for the prevention and management of diarrhea in individuals with RTT treated with trofinetide.ResultsNo examined demographic or treatment factors appeared to influence trofinetide-associated diarrhea. Advisors recommend establishing baseline bowel activity and providing caregivers with diarrhea management information. On initiation of trofinetide, constipation medications should be stopped or reduced, concomitant liquid medications with sugar alcohols should be substituted if possible, and fiber should be initiated. Bowel movements should be tracked and loperamide started following the onset of diarrhea. Dietary and hydration measures are also recommended.ConclusionsTrofinetide treatment confers improvements in RTT-related symptoms. With these recommendations, diarrhea associated with trofinetide use can be managed, enhancing the lives of individuals with RTT and caregivers.

Qualitative Analysis of the Efficacy of Probiotic Strains in the Prevention of Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea.

Antibiotic-associated diarrhea is often managed by the withdrawal of the culprit antibiotics or the administration of alternative antibiotics when a Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is suspected, an infection that tends to be the most common causative agent of the disease. Probiotics are also gaining popularity as alternative therapies, and it was hypothesized in this article that a Lactobacillus strain is the most efficacious probiotic for the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. This article conducted a literature review investigating the relative efficacy of the Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Saccharomyces probiotic strains as effective alternative therapies for antibiotic-associated diarrhea. The literature searched was from the PubMed database. The inclusion filters were: random control trials (RCTs), clinical trials, meta-analysis, last 10 years, full-text articles available in English, and all articles published in peer-reviewed journals. All three probiotic genera had strains that demonstrated significant efficacy in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. However, Saccharomyces boulardii I-745 tends to outperform all the strains as the most effective and the one with the fewest, if any, adverse effects. Whenever probiotics are considered for the prevention of antibiotic-associateddiarrhea (AAD) in both pediatric and adult patients, S. boulardii I-745 should probably be prioritized.