Diametral Compressive Strength Research Articles

EFFICACY OF ATRAUMATIC RESTORATIVE TREATMENT USING GLASS IONOMER CONTAINING CHLOROHEXIDINE: IN VIVO AND IN VITRO STUDY

Introduction: The atraumatic restorative treatment (ART)considered a trusted and effective approach to the control of carious lesions.Since the ART approach using glass ionomer (GICs) the use of antimicrobial agents(chlorhexidine) in combination with restorative materials are being developed for reducing the frequency and severity of secondary caries. hence, it is preferable to keep an optimum chlorhexidine concentration to maintain its antimicrobial effect without affecting GICs’ mechanical performance. Aim of the study: This study was planned to evaluate the antibacterial activity and mechanical properties of the glass ionomer containing different concentrations of chlorhexidine. Material and methods: In vivo study: Sixty children aged 7-9 years old were included in this studywith at least onecavitated dentin carious lesion in occlusal surfacesin primary teeth.these children were randomly divided into three equal treatment groups. Group I: atraumatic restorative treatment approach using a conventional glass ionomer cement. Group II: atraumatic restorative treatment approach using glass ionomer containing1% chlorhexidine. Group III: atraumatic re­storative treatment approach using glass ionomer containing 2% chlorhexidine. A sample was taken from the affected dentine using a sterile sharp small-size hand excavator at baseline and after 7 days. All samples were inoculated for the selective isolation of mutans streptococci, and lactobacilli. In vitro study: Fifteen cylindrical specimens for each group were prepared and tested for their compressive strength, diametral compressive strength and microhardness. Results: The percentage reduction in mean and standard deviation (SD) of mutans streptococci and lactobacilli between treatment groups revealed that there were statistically significant differences between three groups (P= 0.01, P= 0.02).Tukey post hoc test revealed that the main difference was between glass ionomer containing chlorohexidine and conventional glass ionomer while there was no statistically significant difference between glass ionomer containing 1% and 2% chlorohexidine. The comparison of the mechanical properties among the three groups in term of compressive strength, diametral compressive strength and microhardness showed no statistically significant differences between conventional glass ionomer and glass ionomer containing 1% or 2% chlorohexidine. Conclusion: Glass ionomers containing chlorhexidine displayed superior antibacterial activity than conventional glass ionomers without affecting the mechanical properties of glass ionomer

Comparison of mechanical properties of ground corn stover, switchgrass, and willow and their pellet qualities

ABSTRACTMechanical and physical properties of ground corn stover, switchgrass, and willow were measured and compared in addition to the quality of pellets. Biomass was size-reduced with two different screen sizes (3.175 and 6.35 mm) and conditioned to obtain samples at two different moisture contents (17.5 and 20% on wet basis). Ground switchgrass had the smallest and willow had the highest D50 when size-reduced with the same screen size. Hydrostatic triaxial compression tests were performed using the cubical triaxial tester to determine the bulk modulus, compression index, and spring-back index at specific unloading pressures (20, 45, 70, and 95 kPa). The trends of pressure vs. volumetric strain and void ratio vs. natural log of pressure were similar for all three materials; however, the magnitudes were different. Willow, size-reduced with 3.175 mm screen size at 17.5% wet basis, had the highest bulk modulus among different conditions of all the three biomass. Pellet durability values for all the three materials were higher than 80%. Corn stover pellets formed with 3.175 mm screen size at 20% wet basis had the highest diametral tensile and axial compressive strengths among different conditions for all the three biomass, however the values were not significantly different (p > 0.05).

Shear strength of pharmaceutical tablets: Theoretical considerations, evaluation and relation with the capping tendency of biconvex tablets

Capping is a major industrial issue during pharmaceutical powder compression, especially in the case of biconvex tablets. Several articles proposed that capping was in fact a failure in shear. Shear strength should thus be interesting to study the capping tendency of a formulation. In this work, the ratio between the shear strength and the tensile strength obtained by diametral compression was first studied from a theoretical point of view considering different failure criteria. Then, a shear test usually performed on bilayer tablets was adapted to monolayer tablets. The shear strength obtained for 5 products, 2 of them having a known capping tendency, were compared with the strengths obtained during diametral compression test and uniaxial compression test.The results indicated that, for the formulations with a capping tendency, the ratio between the shear strength and diametral compression strength was lower than for the other products. Considering the mechanism of capping, the weakness in shear of these formulations explained their capping tendency. This was also linked with the mechanical anisotropy of the same formulations which was shown in the literature. In the cases studied in this article, the fundamental reason for the capping tendency was the anisotropic strength of the tablets.

Blasted copper slag as fine aggregate in Portland cement concrete

The present work focuses on assessing the viability of applying blasted copper slag, produced during abrasive blasting, as fine aggregate for Portland cement concrete manufacturing, resulting in an alternative and safe disposal method. Leaching assays showed no toxicity for this material. Concrete mixtures were produced, with high aggregate replacement ratios, varying from 0% to 100%. Axial compressive strength, diametrical compressive strength, elastic modulus, physical indexes and durability were evaluated. Assays showed a significant improvement in workability, with the increase in substitution of fine aggregate. With 80% of replacement, the concrete presented lower levels of water absorption capacity. Axial compressive strength and diametrical compressive strength decreased, with the increase of residue replacement content. The greatest reductions of compressive strength were found when the replacement was over 40%. For tensile strength by diametrical compression, the greatest reduction occurred for the concrete with 80% of replacement. After the accelerated aging, results of mechanic properties showed a small reduction of the concrete with blasted copper slag performance, when compared with the reference mixture. Results indicated that the blasted copper slag is a technically viable material for application as fine aggregate for concrete mixtures.

Effect of Nano Filler on Microhardness, Diametral Tensile Strength and Compressive Strength of Nano-Filled Glass Ionomer

Effect of Nano Filler on Microhardness, Diametral Tensile Strength and Compressive Strength of Nano-Filled Glass Ionomer

Analysis of the Mechanical Behavior and Surface Rugosity of Different Dental Die Materials.

Aim:This work evaluated the mechanical and surface behavior of different die materials. The studied materials are polyurethane resin Exakto-Form (Bredent), Gypsum type IV, Fuji Rock EP (Gc), and Durone (Dentsply).Materials and Methods:Two metallic matrices molded in polyvinyl siloxane provided 30 cylindrical test specimens for the diametral compression test and 30 hemispherical test specimens for the surface rugosity test. The cylindrical test specimens were submitted to tests of diametral compression strength using a DL2000 universal assay machine, with a load cell of 2000 Kgf and constant speed of 1 mm/min connected to the software. Kruskal–Wallis and Dunn's nonparametric tests were used to analyze the results. The hemispheres were submitted to the surface rugosity assay using a SJ201-P rugosimeter with a sensitivity of 300 μm, speed of 0.5 mm/s, and cut-off of 0.8 mm, and the readings were taken on the convex surface of the test specimens and metallic matrix. Results were analyzed using with Fisher's least significant differences test (LSD) and Dunnett's test.Results:Kruskal–Wallis test showed significant difference between die materials for diametral compression strength (P = 0.002). Dunn's test showed significantly higher values for modified polyurethane resin (Exakto-Form). The gypsum type IV, which did not significantly differ regarding diametral compression strength, showed 34.0% (Durone) and 42.7% (Fuji Rock) lower values in comparison to Exakto-Form.Conclusion:Within the parameters adopted in this study, it is possible to conclude that Exakto-Form polyurethane resin showed higher resistance to compression and was closer to the metallic matrix rugosity, and, along with the gypsum type IV Durone, showed better reproducibility of details relative to the Fuji Rock.

Reinforcing Effect of Glass Fiber–incorporated ProRoot MTA and Biodentine as Intraorifice Barriers

IntroductionThe purpose of this study was to investigate the fracture resistance of roots by using intraorifice barriers with glass fiber–incorporated ProRoot MTA and Biodentine. MethodsThe diametral tensile strength and compressive strength of ProRoot MTA and Biodentine were determined after incorporation of 5 wt% and 10 wt% alkali resistant (AR) glass fiber powder into both cements. On the basis of higher diametral tensile strength and compressive strength values, ProRoot MTA and Biodentine with 5 wt% AR glass fiber were selected for further testing as intraorifice barriers. The 14-mm-long root specimens obtained from extracted mandibular premolars (n = 60) were prepared with nickel-titanium rotary files and obturated with gutta-percha + AH Plus sealer. After removal of coronal 3 mm of root fillings, the roots were grouped with respect to the intraorifice barrier material (n = 12/group): (1) ProRoot MTA, (2) ProRoot MTA with 5 wt% AR glass fibers, (3) Biodentine, (4) Biodentine with 5 wt% AR glass fibers, and (5) control (no intraorifice barrier). The specimens were loaded vertically at 1 mm/min crosshead speed until vertical root fracture occurred. The data were evaluated statistically by using 2-way analysis of variance and Tukey tests. ResultsBoth incorporation of glass fiber and the type of material significantly affected fracture resistance (both P = .002). Roots with glass fiber–reinforced Biodentine barriers showed the highest fracture strength (P = .000). ConclusionsIncorporation of 5 wt% AR glass fiber can significantly improve the reinforcement effect of ProRoot MTA and Biodentine when used as intraorifice barriers.

Comportamiento de tubos circulares de hormigón simple producidos con adición de caucho de neumáticos

In this work we have studied the performance of simple concrete pipes produced with the incorporation of rubber tires with contents of 10, 15 and 20 kg/m³ of concrete. The experimental program included diametral compression strength and water absorption tests. Twelve pipes were tested and divided into four sets of three pipes of nominal diameter (ND) of 600 mm and length of 1500 mm. Each series consisted of three pipes stub and bag (SB), one control (without rubber tires), and three sets incorporating rubber pipes on the trace (TB1, TB2 and TB3). All test results showed diametrical compressive strength values higher than that specified the NBR 8890 standard, with respect to simple concrete pipes PS2 class: type SB with ND 600 mm, which is 36 kN/m. In the water absorption test all pipes had absorption values less than the maximum established in the NBR 8890 standard, which is 8%. It can be concluded from the results and specific conditions of the tests conducted, that the tire rubber has the potential to be incorporated into the manufacture of simple concrete pipes. However, it is stated that it is necessary to increase the knowledge about the behavior of concretes incorporating rubber tire. Rev. ing. constr. [online]. 2016, vol.31, n.1, pp. 27-36. ISSN 0718-5073. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-50732016000100003

Manufacturing of calcium phosphate scaffolds by pseudomorphic transformation of gypsum

Carbonated hydroxyapatite (CHAp) and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) have been employed for decades as constituents of scaffolds for bone regeneration because they chemically resemble bone mineral. In this study, the feasibility to manufacture CHAp/β-TCP scaffolds by pseudomorphic transformation of casted blocks of gypsum was investigated.The transformation was carried out by immersing the precursor gypsum block in 1M (NH4)2HPO4/1.33M NH4OH solution with liquid/solid ratio of 10mL/g and autoclaving at 120°C and 203kPa (2atm) for 3h at least. Neither shape nor dimensions significantly changed during transformation. The composition of scaffolds treated for 3h was 70wt.% CHAp and 30wt.% β-TCP, and their compressive and diametral compressive strengths were 6.5±0.7 and 5.3±0.7MPa, respectively. By increasing the time of treatment to 6h, the composition of the scaffold enriched in β-TCP (60wt.% CHAp and 40wt.% β-TCP) but its compressive and diametral compressive strengths were not significantly affected (6.7±0.9 and 5.4±0.6MPa, respectively).On the basis of the results obtained, it was concluded that this route is a good approach to the manufacturing of biphasic (CHAp/β-TCP) scaffolds from previously shaped pieces of gypsum.

Glass ionomer cements functionalised with a concentrated paste of chlorhexidine hexametaphosphate provides dose-dependent chlorhexidine release over at least 14 months

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to create prototype glass ionomer cements (GICs) incorporating a concentrated paste of chlorhexidine–hexametaphosphate (CHX–HMP), and to investigate the long-term release of soluble chlorhexidine and the mechanical properties of the cements. The purpose is the design of a glass ionomer with sustained anticaries efficacy. MethodsCHX–HMP paste was prepared by mixing equimolar solutions of chlorhexidine digluconate and sodium hexametaphosphate, adjusting ionic strength, decanting and centrifuging. CHX–HMP paste was incorporated into a commercial GIC in substitution for glass powder at 0.00, 0.17, 0.34, 0.85 and 1.70% by mass CHX–HMP. Soluble chlorhexidine release into artificial saliva was observed over 436 days using absorbance at 255nm. Diametral tensile and compressive strength were measured after 7 days’ setting (37°C, 100% humidity) and tensile strength after 436 days’ aging in artificial saliva. 0.34% CHX–HMP GICs were tested for their ability to inhibit growth of Streptococcus mutans in vitro. ResultsGICs supplemented with CHX–HMP exhibited a sustained dose-dependent release of soluble chlorhexidine. Diametral tensile strength of new specimens was unaffected up to and including 0.85% CHX–HMP, and individual values of tensile strength were unaffected by aging, but the proportion of CHX–HMP required to adversely affect tensile strength was lower after aging, at 0.34%. Compressive strength was adversely affected by CHX–HMP at substitutions of 0.85% CHX–HMP and above. ConclusionsSupplementing a GIC with CHX–HMP paste resulted in a cement which released soluble chlorhexidine for over 14 months in a dose dependent manner. 0.17% and 0.34% CHX–HMP did not adversely affect strength at baseline, and 0.17% CHX–HMP did not affect strength after aging. 0.34% CHX–HMP GICs inhibited growth of S. mutans at a mean distance of 2.34mm from the specimen, whereas control (0%) GICs did not inhibit bacterial growth. Clinical SignificanceAlthough GICs release fluoride in vivo, there is inconclusive evidence regarding any clinical anticaries effect. In this study, GICs supplemented with a paste of chlorhexidine-hexametaphosphate (CHX–HMP) exhibited a sustained release of chlorhexidine over at least 14 months, and small additions of CHX–HMP did not adversely affect strength.

Mechanical properties, shrinkage stress, cuspal strain and fracture resistance of molars restored with bulk-fill composites and incremental filling technique

ObjectivesTo compare bulk-fill with incremental filling techniques for restoring large mesio-occlusal-distal (MOD) restorations. MethodsSeventy-five molars with MOD preparations were divided into five groups: Z350XT, incrementally filled with Filtek Z350XT and four bulk-fills—FBF/Z350XT, Filtek Bulk Fill/Filtek Z350XT; VBF/CHA, Venus Bulk Fill/Charisma Diamond; SDR/EST-X, SDR/Esthet-X HD; TEC, TetricEvoCeram Bulk Fill. Cuspal strains were measured using strain-gauges (n=10): CSt-Re, during restorative procedure; CSt-100N, during 100N occlusal loading; CSt-Fr, at fracture load. Before fracture load, teeth were load-cycled. Fracture resistance, fracture mode, and enamel cracks were recorded. The other five teeth were used for Elastic modulus (E) and Vickers hardness (VH). Post-gel shrinkage (Shr), diametral tensile strength (DTS) and compressive strength (CS) were determined (n=10). Shrinkage stresses were analyzed using finite element analysis. ResultsSDR had similar CS values as TEC, lower than all other composites. CHA had similar DTS values as Z350XT, higher than all other composites. Z350XT had the highest mean Shr and SDR the lowest Shr. New enamel cracks and propagation was observed after the restoration, regardless of filling technique. Z350XT had lower fracture resistance than bulk-fill composite techniques. No significant differences in failure modes were found. E and VH were constant through the depth for all techniques. Bulk-filling techniques had lower stresses compared to Z350XT. ConclusionsFlowable bulk-fill composites had lower mechanical properties than paste bulk-fill and conventional composites. All bulk-fill composites had lower post-gel shrinkage than conventional composite. Bulk-fill filling techniques resulted in lower cusp strain, shrinkage stress and higher fracture resistance. Clinical significanceUsing bulk-fill composites cause lower CSt wich indicates lower stress in restored tooth. Furthermore, bulk-fill composites have a higher fracture resistance. Therefore, clinicians may choose the bulk-fill composite to decrease undesirable effects of restoration while simplifying filling procedure.

Investigation of Physical & Mechanical Properties and Structure of Composite Material Al–Al2O3, Received with the Use of Machine Processing of Aluminum Powder PAP-2 and Reaction Sintering of Nib

In consequence of mechanical processing of powder PAP-2 during 15–180 min were attained its pelletizing and increase of its bulk density: γ c = 0,4÷1,0 g/cm 3 , in the state of free loading, γ у = 0,75÷1,25 g/cm 3 , after ramming. By means of X -ray diffraction analysis in grains structure was de- tected a few components of Al, that differenced by crystal lattice parameter ( α 0 = 0,40474÷0,40636 nm), that was result from lattice distortion owing strike impact of hard alloy milling agents. There was determined crystal phase θ–Al 2 O 3 (2 %). Physical and mechanical properties of ceramet Al-Al 2 O 3 , receiving by reaction sintering in mode of filtration burning of pressings, manufactured from granulating powder PAP-2, were following: density – 2,3÷2,5 g/cm 3 , bending strength – 170÷250 MPa, axial and diametral compression strength – 200÷300 and 70÷100 MPa, correspondingly, buckling strength – (4,3÷7,0) ∙ 10 3 J/m 2 , relative strain to fracture at axial and diametral compression – 6,6÷10,8 and 6,2÷7,5 %.

Production and characterization of calcium phosphate cement incorporated with platelet concentrate

Calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) incorporated with platelet concentrate (PC) were prepared and characterized in an attempt to improve their bone regenerating performance. The characteristics of CPCs, such as paste injectability, initial setting time, and mechanical strength, were assessed. The generation of hydroxyapatite (HA) was observed with X-Ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The release of platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) was measured using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The culture of Saos-2 cells was performed to assay the cell compatibility of CPCs. The paste injectability was enhanced but the cement setting was delayed by the incorporation of PC. The diametral tensile and compressive strengths were deteriorated by incorporated PC. The generation of HA was not affected by PC incorporation. The cumulative concentrations of released PDGF-BB and bFGF increased constantly for about 9 days. The release of PDGF-BB and bFGF linearly increased with the amount of PC added in CPC. According to 12 hr culture, the adhered Saos-2 cells increased with the amount of incorporated PC.

Glass‐Ceramic Composites from Borosilicate Glass and Alumina‐Rich Residues

Valoxy, an alumina‐rich waste, was mixed with borosilicate glass (BSG) powder in 10, 20, and 30 wt% concentrations. Sintering was carried out at 850 and 950°C for 30 min. Glass‐ceramics (GC) were characterized by X‐ray diffraction analysis and scanning electron microscopy. Diametral compression strength (DCS) tests were performed on sintered samples before and after thermal shock. GC samples containing calcined Valoxy showed superior properties in all compositions and processing temperatures compared with samples containing as‐received Valoxy. Maximum density of 2.2 g/cm3, water absorption below 1 wt% and DCS of ~24MPa were measured for 10 wt% calcined Valoxy + BSG GC composites sintered at 850°C.

Mechanical performance of encapsulated restorative glass-ionomer cements for use with Atraumatic Restorative Treatment (ART)

The Atraumatic Restorative Treatment (ART) approach was suggested to be a suitable method to treat enamel and dentine carious lesions in patients with disabilities. The use of a restorative glass-ionomer with optimal mechanical properties is, therefore, very important.Objective:To test the null-hypotheses that no difference in diametral tensile, compressive and flexural strengths exists between: (1) The EQUIA system and (2) The Chemfil Rock (encapsulated glass-ionomers; test materials) and the Fuji 9 Gold Label and the Ketac Molar Easymix (hand-mixed conventional glass-ionomers; control materials); (3) The EQUIA system and Chemfil Rock. Material and Methods:Specimens for testing flexural (n=240) and diametral tensile (n=80) strengths were prepared according to standardized specifications; the compressive strength (n=80) was measured using a tooth-model of a class II ART restoration. ANOVA and Tukey B tests were used to test for significant differences between dependent and independent variables. Results:The EQUIA system and Chemfil Rock had significantly higher mean scores for all the three strength variables than the Fuji 9 Gold Label and Ketac Molar Easymix (α=0.05). The EQUIA system had significant higher mean scores for diametral tensile and flexural strengths than the Chemfil Rock (α=0.05). Conclusion:The two encapsulated high-viscosity glass-ionomers had significantly higher test values for diametral tensile, flexural and compressive strengths than the commonly used hand-mixed high-viscosity glass-ionomers.

Physical and Mechanical Properties of Visible Light Cure Composites Based on Novel Organically Modified Ceramic Resins

Replacement of damaged tooth is necessary for proper functioning and better aesthetics. Polymeric composites based on organic resins are the most popular materials used for restoration of damaged tooth though they have many problems like polymerization shrinkage. The post gel polymerization shrinkage causes significant stresses in the surrounding tooth structure and composite tooth bonding leading to premature restoration failure. Other problems such as uncured organic monomers leaching from the dental composites into the surrounding gum tissue have been reported to cause cytotoxic effects, pulpal necrosis, requiring tooth extraction. The present paper describes the studies on visible light cure composites based on organically modified ceramic resins. Effect of different inorganic materials incorporated during resin synthesis on mechanical properties of photo cured composite was evaluated in terms of diametral tensile strength (DTS), compressive strength (CS) and surface hardness (VHN). The better properties of photocured composites based on the novel organically modified ceramic resin which are hybrid inorganic organic resins may be due to the effective bonding between the organic and inorganic parts within the resin.

Assessment of the mechanical properties of glass ionomer cements for orthodontic cementation

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the mechanical properties of three glass ionomers cements (GICs) used for band cementation in Orthodontics. METHODS: Two conventional glass ionomers (Ketac Cem Easy mix/3M-ESPE and Meron/Voco) and one resin modified glass ionomer (Multi-cure Glass ionomer/3M-Unitek) were selected. For the compressive strength and diametral tensile strength tests, 12 specimens were made of each material. For the microhardness test 15 specimens were made of each material and for the shear bond strength tests 45 bovine permanent incisors were used mounted in a self-cure acrylic resin. Then, band segments with a welded bracket were cemented on the buccal surface of the crowns. For the mechanical tests of compressive and diametral tensile strength and shear bond strength a universal testing machine was used with a crosshead speed of 1,0 mm/min and for the Vickers microhardness analysis tests a Microdurometer was used with 200 g of load during 15 seconds. The results were submitted to statistical analysis through ANOVA complemented by Tukey's test at a significance level of 5%. RESULTS: The results shown that the Multi-Cure Glass Ionomer presented higher diametral tensile strength (p < 0.01) and compressive strength greater than conventional GICs (p = 0.08). Moreover, Ketac Cem showed significant less microhardness (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The resin-modified glass ionomer cement showed high mechanical properties, compared to the conventional glass ionomer cements, which had few differences between them.

Synthesis and characterization of cross-linked polymeric nanoparticles and their composites for reinforcement of photocurable dental resin

Reactive polymeric nanoparticles were formed for reinforcement of photocurable dental resin. Cross-linked polymeric nanoparticles were synthesized by emulsion polymerization of mono- (methyl methacrylate; MMA) and trifunctional (trimethylol propane trimethacrylate; TMPTMA) monomers. The nanoparticles were dispersed in bisphenol A glycol dimethacrylate (Bis-GMA) based dental resin matrix in the range of 5–25wt% to form photocurable nanocomposites.The effect of reactive polymeric particles on the mechanical properties of photocurable dental resin was investigated. Polymerization shrinkage, polymerization shrinkage stress, viscosity, diametral tensile strength, compressive, and flexural strength of the nanocomposites have been studied.It was observed that the cross-linked nanoparticles significantly influenced the mechanical properties of the reinforced dental resin nanocomposites.

Effect of potassium and magnesium doping on mechanical properties and in vitro degradation behavior of calcium polyphosphate

Porous crystalline calcium polyphosphate (CPP) is under investigation as a candidate bone substitute/augmentation material including incorporation in implants intended for repair of osteochondral defects. Previous studies of biphasic implants (i.e., cartilage-CPP constructs) for osteochondral defect repair have shown that porous CPP has the required features for this application including the bone substitute portion of the biphasic implant, but the porous CPP degradation rate is lower than preferred. This study investigated the effect of doping with MgCO3, MgCl2, K2CO3, or KCl at a molar ratio of M/Ca = 0.02 on properties and in vitro degradation behavior of CPP. Doping with magnesium or potassium resulted in changes in the crystallization and melting temperatures, which required adjustment of the sintering conditions for forming samples of the desired porosity level. This, in turn, resulted in higher compressive and diametral compressive (i.e., tensile) strengths of the porous-doped CPP samples compared with undoped CPP prepared to a given porosity level. For samples prepared in this study, the chemical degradation rate of porous Mg-doped CPP samples was the fastest while K doping resulted in a lower degradation rate than undoped CPP.

Diametral tensile and compressive strengths of a newly developed zinc oxide-calcium sulfate based temporary filling material

Diametral tensile and compressive strengths of a newly developed zinc oxide-calcium sulfate based temporary filling material