Root Diameter Research Articles

Improving power law fitting of root tensile strength–diameter relationships

Abstract Purpose The relationship between root tensile strengths and diameters is often fitted using power law curves. More accurate fitting methodologies were developed, investigating a) the validity of least-squares regression assumptions underlying existing methods, b) how to best quantify intra-diameter variation, and c) whether to fit in terms of tensile strength or tensile force at failure. Methods Regression and maximum likelihood estimation were used to fit various power law models. 6461 tensile strength measurements from 153 existing datasets, covering 103 different plant species, were used to compare models. Results The intra-diameter variation in root strength is proportional to the average strength at each diameter, and is best described using a gamma distribution. When using linear regression on log-transformed measurements, a mathematical correction must be used to avoid underestimating the actual strength (18% on average). Compared to fitting tensile strengths, fitting in terms of root forces at failure was less reliable; the extra emphasis this method places on the effect of large diameters roots was not appropriate because of the typical abundance of thin roots in the field relative to those tested in tension. Average power law fits were proposed for broadleaved trees, conifers, shrubs, grasses and forbs. Conclusion Power law curves should be fitted in terms of root strength rather than root forces at failure, using the newly developed fitting methods that simultaneously fit both the inter-diameter (power law) and intra-diameter variation and can account for fitting bias. This will increase the reliability of future root reinforcement predictions.

Abstract 4147633: Structural and Electrophysiological Cardiac Changes in Children with Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI)

Introduction: Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is an inherited type 1 collagen disorder leading to bone fragility and increased fractures. Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death of adults with OI, but studies on cardiac changes from this collagen defect in children are sparse. We aim to fill this gap by assessing changes in EKG and echocardiogram (ECHO) variables in children with OI. Hypothesis: Children with OI will exhibit arrhythmogenic EKG changes and/or ECHO abnormalities which will precede changes that are documented in adults. Methods: 53 children with OI receiving care at Children’s Mercy-Kansas City were identified via ICD-10 codes. 64 with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD, expected cardiac abnormalities) and 55 with non-accidental trauma (NAT, no expected cardiac abnormalities) served as controls. We specifically compared the most recent EKG and ECHO metrics extracted from medical charts by Kruskal-Wallis testing. Results: EKG: Children with OI differed from both NAT and DMD. OI had shorter median PR intervals (p<0.001) plus longer median QRS (p<0.001) and QTc intervals (p=0.002) than NAT. DMD had the shortest PR and longest QRS and QTc (see Table). Echo: The three groups showed no difference in systolic/diastolic BP or LV thickness. However, OI differed from NAT and/or DMD in other metrics. OI had higher end diastolic volume (p<0.001), end systolic volume (p<0.001) and stroke volume (p<0.05) than NAT, but lower values than the DMD group. Similarly, OI children had higher LV mass and LV internal diastolic and systolic diameters than NAT, but lower than DMD (p<0.001). OI LVOT diameter and Aortic root diameter were lower than NAT, but not as low as DMD (p<0.05 and p<0.001, respectively). Conclusion: Children with OI exhibit EKG and ECHO abnormalities that are similar to but less severe than for DMD, a group in which cardiovascular abnormalities are well documented. These abnormalities may be predictive of arrythmia/sudden cardiac death and/or functional decline in heart function. Our data suggest that OI children could benefit from ongoing routine cardiology studies along with orthopedic/metabolic management. Future studies would assess effects of age and OI treatments on cardiac abnormalities.

Abstract 4148073: Expect the Unexpected: Type A Aortic Dissection in Pregnant Patient with Marfan Syndrome

Case Description: A 26 yo woman with Marfan Syndrome (MFS, FBN1 ), ectopia lentis, aortic dilation and no family history of MFS or aortic dissection was evaluated for preconception counseling. She was asymptomatic, and the size of her aortic root (~4cm) and ascending aorta (~3.5cm) had been stable for over 5 years. She was counseled that risk of cardiac events during her pregnancy is high, but lower compared to those with aortic sizes >4.5cm. Once pregnant, she was followed closely with imaging every trimester (MRA at 25 weeks gestation showed stable aortic sizes). Cardio-obstetric recommendations included: CARPREG II score: 2, mWHO class: III, consideration of assisted second stage due to aortic root dilation. She was counseled on symptoms of aortic dissection and to seek emergency care should those symptoms arise. At 27 weeks gestation, she presented to the ED with intense chest and neck pain, shortness of breath, and headache. Emergent CT showed aortic root (4.1cm) and proximal ascending aortic dissection with propagation into the left main coronary artery (Figure 1). She underwent emergent C-section followed by aortic root and ascending aorta replacement and mechanical aortic valve replacement due to severe regurgitation. She was discharged in stable condition 8 days after an uncomplicated post-operative recovery. Her baby is recovering in the NICU. Discussion: While risk of aortic dissection in women with MFS is higher during pregnancy, recent studies suggest relative safety with aortic root diameters up to 4.5cm. Our case highlights that even at “lower risk” aortic sizes, aortic dissection remains an important risk for such women. Educating patients and providers about the acute symptoms of aortic dissection and forming an action plan for timely intervention can be lifesaving. Furthermore, some genetic mutations (e.g. TGBR1/2 or SMAD3 ) and sequence variants within the FBN1 gene may pose a higher risk of aortic dissection at smaller aortic diameters. Our patient’s pathogenic FBN1 mutation (-c.2114-5T>G, previously classified as a VUS) highlights the importance of genetic testing: prophylactic surgery at sizes <4.5cm may be considered with high-risk genetic variants or a family history of aortic dissection.

Abstract 4136604: Efficacy of angiotensin receptor blockers in thoracic aortic aneurysm: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Background: Thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA) poses a significant risk of aortic dissection and mortality. Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) have been proposed as a potential therapeutic intervention to mitigate these risks but their effects are uncertain. Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of ARBs in patients with TAA. Methods: A comprehensive search of Cochrane CENTRAL, Ovid Medline R, Pubmed, and Web of Science yielded 2563 records, from which 8 unique randomized controlled trials (RCTs) (including 7 Marfan and 1 bicuspid aortic valve+TAA populations) comprising 1575 patients were included in the analysis. The primary outcome measures were aortic dissection and all-cause mortality. Pooled risk ratios (RR) or mean differences (MD) in an inverse variance random-effects model were generated and analyses were performed with “meta” package in R (version 4.3.2). Results: Our analysis reveals no significant beneficial effect of ARBs on aortic dissection (RR 0,62 [95%CI, 0,20; 1,92], I 2 :0%) and all-cause mortality (RR 0,61 [95%CI, 0,18; 2,05], I 2 :0%), irrespective of specific ARB agents (including losartan, irbesartan, and telmisartan), comparators (beta blocker, placebo, or no treatment), disease condition (Marfan syndrome or bicuspid aortic valve), and patient demographics (children or adults). Additionally, there were no significant differences observed between ARB and control groups in changes in ascending aorta and aortic annulus diameter, as well as aortic Z-score at the 3-year mark, including the annual change in ascending aorta (MD 0.04 mm/year [95% CI, -0.07 to 0.15], I 2 :0%) and aortic root diameter (MD -0.06 mm/year [95% CI, -0.22 to 0.10], I 2 :81%) by echocardiography. However, there was a significant reduction in aortic root diameter as assessed by MRI (MD -0.48 mm/year [95%CI, -0.89 to -0.08]) and echocardiography (MD -0.51 mm/3year [95%CI, -0.85 to -0.17]), with low heterogeneity when compared with control. Risk of aortic surgery and severe adverse events were also comparable. Conclusion: We found no significant beneficial effect of ARBs in reducing the risk of aortic dissection or all-cause mortality in patients with TAA. Despite observing a significant reduction in the aortic root diameter by MRI and echocardiography with ARB therapy, other imaging outcomes were comparable between ARB and control groups.

Functional differences between herbs and woody species in a semiarid Mediterranean plant community: A whole‐plant perspective on growth, nutrient‐use and size

Abstract Despite decades of research, a comprehensive understanding of trait coordination at the whole‐plant level remains elusive. Furthermore, while the link between above‐ground growth rates and leaf traits related to nutrient use is well established, much less is known about the below‐ground compartment. Herbs and woody species exhibit distinct above‐ground growth and nutrient‐use strategies, but whether these differences extend to root traits below‐ground remains unclear. We carried out a common garden experiment with 23 perennials (7 herbs and 16 woody species) coexisting in a Mediterranean shrubland and measured 17 above‐ground and below‐ground traits related to growth, nutrient use and size. We analysed the links between growth rate and nutrient use focusing especially on roots and considering potential differences between herbs and woody species. We also combined plant size data from experimental juveniles and field‐sampled adults to determine the effects of life stage on whole‐plant phenotypic integration. We found a significant relationship between growth rates (both above‐ground and below‐ground) and root nutrient‐use strategies. Root diameter was negatively associated to growth rate only in herbs. Specific root area and root tissue density were positively and negatively correlated with growth rate, respectively, in both herbs and woody species. Moreover, we found significant differences in roots traits between herbs and woody species. Plant growth rate and root nutrient‐use strategies were both positively associated to plant size (height and above‐ground diameter) in juveniles, while a negative relationship was observed in adults. Our work provides insights on the links between whole‐plant growth rate and nutrient‐use strategies in species from a dry Mediterranan shrubland. Specifically, we show that whole‐plant growth rate is strongly associated to root traits, with more acquisitive root nutrient‐use strategies related to faster growth rates, which in turn translated to greater plant size in juveniles but smaller in adults. Our results also highlight root functional differences and contrasting patterns of whole‐plant phenotypic integration between herbs and woody species, offering deeper insights into species coexistence in species‐rich dry Mediterranean environments. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

Photoperiodic Effect on Growth, Photosynthesis, Mineral Elements, and Metabolome of Tomato Seedlings in a Plant Factory

The duration of light exposure is a crucial environmental factor that regulates various physiological processes in plants, with optimal timing differing between species and varieties. To assess the effect of photoperiods on the growth and metabolites of a specific truss tomato cultivar, three photoperiods (12 h, 16 h, and 20 h) were tested in a plant factory. Growth parameters, including plant height, stem diameter, fresh and dry weights of shoots and roots, photosynthetic characteristics, mineral content, and metabolome profiles, were analyzed under these conditions. The results indicated that prolonged light exposure enhanced plant growth, with the highest photosynthesis and chlorophyll content observed under a 20 h photoperiod. However, no significant correlation was observed between the photoperiod and the mineral element content, particularly for macro minerals. Metabolome analysis revealed that different photoperiods influenced the accumulation of metabolites, particularly in the lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and membrane transport pathways. Long periods of light would enhance photosynthesis and metabolism, improving the rapid growth of tomato seedlings. Overall, this study provides a theoretical basis for understanding the responses of truss tomato cultivars to varying photoperiods in plant factories and proposes an optimizable method for accelerating the progress of tomato seedling cultivation.

Biochar application improves maize yield on the Loess Plateau of China by changing soil pore structure and enhancing root growth

Biochar application emerges as a valuable soil management strategy for enhancing crop yield; however, the mechanisms underlying the relationships between soil and plants remain unclear after biochar application. In this study, soil pore characteristics and maize yield were assessed in a five-year biochar-application experiment on the Loess Plateau of China, including four treatments: Control (no biochar), low-dose biochar application (LB, 3 t ha−1), moderate-dose biochar application (MB, 6 t ha−1), and high-dose biochar application (HB, 9 t ha−1). Root growth traits were evaluated by cultivating maize in intact soil cores collected from field conditions using X-ray computed tomography. Our findings indicate that, compared to the Control, the HB treatment enhanced macroporosity (> 0.1 mm in diameter), porosity of 0.1–0.5 mm pores, and saturated water content, while reducing macropore connectivity and penetration resistance. However, biochar application treatments did not alter the water retention characteristics from field capacity to permanent wilting point or the plant-available water content (PAWC). Furthermore, the mean angle of primary and seminal roots as well as the length and surface area of entire roots increased in the HB treatment, showing a positive correlation with the porosity of 0.1–0.5 mm pores. The mean diameter of primary and seminal roots, leaf fresh and dry weights, and maize yield also increased in the HB treatment compared to the Control. Partial least squares path modeling analysis indicated that biochar application rates positively impacted on root growth and plant productivity through an indirect influence of soil pore size distribution, with 0.1–0.5 mm pores being particularly crucial for facilitating deeper root penetration and root elongation. These findings demonstrate that biochar application primarily augmented 0.1–0.5 mm pores, rather than affecting smaller pores capable of retaining plant-available water or larger macropores, enhancing deeper rooting and root elongation, thus improving plant productivity and crop yield.

Application of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi for Improved Growth and Acclimatization of Micropropagated Fegra Fig (Ficus palmata Forssk.) Plantlets

Fegra fig (Ficus palmata) is an important fruit-yielding crop and potential rootstock for grafting Ficus carica. The acclimatization phase is a pivotal step during the micropropagation of plants. During this study, the mycorrhization of micropropagated fegra fig plants with two arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF; Gigaspora margarita and Gigaspora albida) to enhance their growth and survival during the acclimatization stage was investigated. The AMF were mixed in equal proportions and the acclimatizing fegra fig plantlets were treated for 8 weeks. The leaf pigments, i.e., chlorophyll a [2.56 mg·g−1 fresh weight (FW)], chlorophyll b (1.08 mg·g−1 FW), total chlorophyll (3.67 mg·g−1 FW), and carotenoid (1.34 mg·g−1 FW), of AMF-treated plants were higher than those of non-AMF plants. The number of stomata per unit was higher in the AMF-treated plants (16.00), the density of stomata per unit area (88.40 mm2) of AMF-treated plants was similar to that of non-AMF treated plants, and the number of epidermal cells (79.00) was higher in the AMF-treated plants. The AMF-treated plants were taller and had more leaves, a greater leaf area, and higher shoot FW and dry weight. The AMF-treated plants also had the greatest total root length values, greatest surface areas of roots, and greatest total root volume and diameter compared to those of non-AMF plants. Additionally, the AMF-treated plants had a 100% survival rate, whereas a survival rate of 95% was recorded for non-AMF plants. These findings emphasize the importance of biological acclimatization of micropropagated fegra fig plants with AMF.

Effects of soil physical ameliorants on the growth and root morphology of Prunus yedoensis and Ginkgo biloba seedlings in compacted soils

ABSTRACT Soil compaction is prevalent in forest ecosystems, it alters the physical structure of the soil and impedes tree growth. Although ameliorants are known to enhance soil properties and positively influence tree growth, studies remain limited on the effects of potential factors on root development in compacted soils after amelioration. This study aimed to examine the effects of the physical ameliorant treatments BIOC (compaction + biochar) and ORGF (compaction + organic fertilizer) on the soil properties, growth, and root development of Prunus yedoensis and Ginkgo biloba seedlings in compacted soils. We found that ameliorant treatments improved physicochemical soil conditions, such as bulk density, porosity, permeability, pH, total carbon, and total nitrogen, which in turn influence seedling growth. Specifically, in P. yedoensis, the relative growth rate of height was significantly higher in BIOC (46.19 ± 3.47%) compared to the control (29.58 ± 3.22%). The ameliorants did not significantly affect root morphological traits; however, we found that the total fine root length was positively correlated with shoot biomass in G. biloba (R = 0.97), but not in P. yedoensis. Root length tended to increase in BIOC, with measurements of 288.12 ± 68.97 m for P. yedoensis and 65.96 ± 25.08 m for G. biloba, while the mean fine root diameter tended to decrease in ORGF (1.25 ± 0.04 mm) and BIOC (1.37 ± 0.08 mm) for G. biloba. We conclude that biochar and organic fertilizer positively affect both soil properties and plant growth, highlighting that enhanced root development through ameliorants can improve plant growth in compacted soil.

Root physiological and morphology processes co-regulate the growth of Chinese-fir saplings in response to warming and precipitation reduction in the sub-tropical regions

Subtropical China is projected to experience elevated temperature greater than the mean global temperature increase and is accompanied by reduced precipitation. The plasticity of roots to changing environment strongly influences ecosystem feedbacks to climate change. However, knowledge gaps on the individual and combined effects of warming and precipitation reduction on root systems hinder our ability to accurately predict the growth and adaptability of forests under future climate change. To examine the effects of warming (W) and precipitation reduction (P) on roots physiology and morphology of Chinese-fir saplings, we used a randomized complete block design with factorial soil warming (ambient, ambient + 5℃) and precipitation reduction (ambient, ambient-50%) treatments. A full excavation method was adopted to obtain roots, then we measured the root physiology (osmoregulatory substances, oxidant substances, protective enzymes, endogenous hormones), morphology (specific root length, SRL; surface root area, SRA; root tissue density, RTD). The content of carbon and nitrogen, isotopes (δ13C and δ15N); soil temperature, soil moisture and sapling growth were also measured. We found that compared with the control, W decreased the abscisic acid (IAA) content; P increased the contents of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and proline (Pro), and decreased the contents of IAA and cytokinin (CTK); warming plus precipitation reduction (WP) increased the Pro content, and decreased the contents of IAA and CTK. In addition, the effects of W and P on root morphology varied with soil depth and root diameter class. W, P, and WP all increased fine root SRL and SRA in deep soil. Warming and precipitation reduction could affect physiological traits (e.g. non-enzymatic substances and antioxidant enzymes) and subsequently morphological traits via influencing soil environment and root tissue chemistry. Collectively, the results indicated that Chinese-fir saplings responded to warming and precipitation reduction by comprehensive regulation of the non-enzymatic substances (e.g., osmotic substances and endogenous hormones) of fine roots and changing root morphological characteristics in deep soil.

Seasonal vertical accretion in different hydro-geomorphic environments of Indian Sundarban: Assessing the role of mangroves in mitigating sea level rise impacts

The Indian Sundarban, renowned for its unique hydro-geomorphic diversity, faces rising threats from sea level rise, necessitating an examination of the spatio-temporal variation of vertical accretion and the role played by mangroves in mitigating these impacts. As such, fifteen transects were chosen across buffer and transition zones of Indian Sundarban, each equipped with 4–6 sedimentation pins, to gauge accretion rates in premonsoon, monsoon, and postmonsoon season during period March 2020 to March 2022, considering diverse hydro-geomorphic attributes. The vertical accretion rate exhibits a curvilinear pattern, ascending from the lower seafront zone towards the middle of the estuarine region, reaching a peak, and subsequently declining towards the upper estuarine zones. Specifically, in the seafront zone, the yearly mean accretion (focusing solely on accretion and excluding subsidence) ranges between 5 and 10 mm/year, while in the middle estuarine region, it increases to an average of 38.1 ± 9.44 mm/year. However, in the upper zone, the yearly mean accretion decreases slightly to approximately 17.71 ± 9.54 mm/year. Similar patterns are observed when considering the distance from the riverfront to the interior of the mangrove zones. Seasonal analysis demonstrates that the postmonsoon period exhibits the highest accretion, followed by the premonsoon season, while the monsoon tends to be erosional in nature. Mangrove zonation, and subsequent distribution of root height, root diameter, root density, tree density, tree basal area, inundation frequency, current speed, variation in suspended sediment concentration were identified as influential factors affecting vertical accretion rates. Based on multiple regression analysis, root density, inundation frequency, and tree density demonstrated moderate-positive correlations with vertical accretion, whereas distance from the riverfront, root height, and root diameter displayed negative correlations. This study enhances our understanding of the intricate processes behind vertical accretion in the Sundarban, offering valuable insights for future research and advancing discussions on the broader implications of climate change in coastal regions.

Effects of different karst fissures and rainfall distribution on the biomass, mineral nutrient elements, antioxidant substances, and photosynthesis of two coniferous seedlings

BackgroundStudying the physiological growth status of Pinus yunnanensis Franch and Pinus elliottii Engelm. seedlings under different karst fissure thicknesses and rainfall distributions is of great significance for the management, vegetation restoration, and tree species selection in karst rocky desertification areas. In this study, we used a two-factor block experiment and set different rainfall durations, namely reduced rainfall duration (I3d), natural rainfall duration (I6d), and extended rainfall duration (I9d); Different karst small habitats, i.e., stone-free soil (S0), less stone and more soil (S1/4), and half stone and half soil (S1/2), are simulated at these three levels. Analyze the changes in physiological growth and photosynthetic characteristics in two coniferous seedlings under different treatments with different karst thicknesses.ResultsThe results showed that with the increase of karst thickness, the growth volumes of height and diameter of P. yunnanensis seedlings, the biomass of various organs, and the accumulation of K+, Ca2+, Na+, and Mg2+ showed a significant change pattern of first increasing and then decreasing (P < 0.05); P. elliottii seedlings show a gradually decreasing trend (except for Ca2+). The biomass accumulation of each organ in two coniferous seedlings showed that leaves > stems > roots. The K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ content in various organs of P. yunnanensis seedlings showed that leaves > roots > stems, while Na+ shows the order of roots > leaves > stems. The accumulation of mineral elements in various organs of P. elliottii seedlings is manifested as roots > stems > leaves and the accumulation of mineral elements in both coniferous seedlings is manifested as Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+ > Na+. Root length, root volume, root surface area, root diameter, SOD, POD, SP, photosynthetic pigment content, fluorescence parameters, and gas exchange parameters of P. yunnanensis seedlings gradually increase with the increase of karst thickness (except for the 9-day rainfall duration), while those of P. elliottii seedlings gradually decrease. The light saturation point of P. yunnanensis seedlings is highest under the I6dS1/2 treatment, while that of P. elliottii is highest under the I3dS0 treatment.ConclusionsIn summary, prolonging rainfall duration has an inhibitory effect on the growth of two types of coniferous seedlings. Increasing karst thickness inhibits the growth of P. elliottii seedlings, and to some extent, promotes the growth and development of P. yunnanensis seedlings. I6dS1/4 and I3dS0 treatments have the best growth effects on P. yunnanensis and P. elliottii seedlings. Therefore, we give priority to P. yunnanensis as the tree species for vegetation restoration or rocky desertification management in karst areas. Our study reveals the role of limestone-filled different karst fissures in mitigating the effects of drought as “containers” for plant growth. These findings help us understand the response of plants to drought stress and provide valuable insights for vegetation restoration in karst environments affected by global climate change. Therefore, further experiments with various karst fissure sizes are necessary to test the universality of the reactions of various plants under different karst fissures.

Proline Accumulation and Drought Tolerance in Green Gram (Vigna radiata L.)

Green gram (Vigna radiata L.), a key legume crop in Asia, contributes to sustainable agriculture by fixing atmospheric nitrogen and providing valuable nutrients. Despite its importance, productivity is hindered by various factors including drought, affecting key physiological and biochemical processes, leading to reduced yields. This study aimed to identify drought-tolerant green gram genotypes by evaluating 50 accessions for root, shoot and biochemical parameters under controlled moisture stress. An increase in root length and diameter under stress was observed, which aids in nutrient uptake and osmoregulation. Conversely, shoot length and dry weight decreased due to moisture limitations, with genotypes like VBN 3 and PLM 38 showing resilience by maintaining higher dry weights. Biochemical analysis revealed that proline accumulation, which correlates positively with drought tolerance, increased in most genotypes, particularly in IC 395518 and ML 1415. This suggests its role in maintaining cell turgor and mitigating stress effects. Chlorophyll content decreased under stress, while total phenolic content increased in some genotypes, further indicating drought tolerance. Correlation and path analysis revealed strong positive relationships between root traits and proline content, emphasizing their importance in drought tolerance. The study concludes that genotypes with robust root systems and higher proline accumulation are more capable of withstanding drought, highlighting the need for breeding programs targeting these traits for improved green gram productivity under changing climates.

Structural echocardiographic parameters in male and female Asian athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract Introduction Following repetitive structured and intense physical training, elite athletes’ hearts undergo physiological cardiac remodelling, including increased left ventricular (LV) size and LV wall thickness. These changes may mimic those seen in pathological cardiac conditions such as dilated and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, posing a challenge for accurate diagnosis. Reference ranges for common echocardiographic parameters in elite Caucasian and Black athletes have been reported, facilitating differentiation between physiological and pathological changes in these demographics. However, there remains a paucity of data for Asian athletes despite their increasing representation in global sport. Methods We searched MEDLINE via PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Database for relevant studies from inception till 20th November 2023. We included observational studies that reported relevant echocardiographic parameters in elite Asian athletes. Studies that did not report gender-specific cardiac imaging parameters were excluded. After study selection and data extraction, random-effects meta-analysis of means was performed to obtain the weighted mean and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of common echocardiographic parameters stratified by gender. Results Our final search yielded 10 studies comprising a total of 1,111 elite athletes (996 male, 115 female; 53% Japanese, 21% uncategorised, 14% South-East Asian). Athletes participating in skill and power disciplines were excluded from analysis post-hoc due to a paucity of data and extreme data ranges. In male athletes, mean LV wall thickness was 9.4 mm (95% CI 8.5-10.3, I2 = 98.9%), mean LV end diastolic diameter was 54.7 mm (95% CI 52.5-57.0, I2 = 98.6%), mean LV mass indexed to body surface area was 97.5 g/m2 (95% CI 90.5-104.5, I2 = 97.5%) and mean aortic root diameter was 31.9 mm (95% CI 29.2-34.7, I2 = 99.5%). In female athletes, mean LV wall thickness was 7.9 mm (95% CI 7.5-8.4, I2 = 85.4%), mean LV end diastolic diameter was 47.1 mm (95% CI 45.8-48.3, I2 = 77.3%), mean LV mass indexed to body surface area was 79.5 g/m2 (95% CI 69.2-89.7, I2 = 92.8%) and mean aortic root diameter was 27.5 mm (95% CI 26.9-28.1). Conclusion This meta-analysis describes commonly reported echocardiographic parameters in elite Asian athletes from endurance and mixed sport disciplines. The absolute values of all reported parameters appear to fall far below reported limits for non-Asian athletes, highlighting substantial ethnic and regional variation in cardiac remodelling in elite athletes. While our results facilitate preliminary referencing of expected normal ranges in this demographic group, further studies are necessary to fully define the cardiac characteristics of Asian athletes.

Sex differences in aortic prognosis in Marfan patients, a retrospective longitudinal study from the REPAG registry

Abstract Introduction Previous studies(1-4) have suggested a more favourable aortic outcome among women with Marfan syndrome (MFS), although the precise underlying mechanism remains not completely understood. In this retrospective longitudinal study, we aim to evaluate sex differences in aortic events in a large cohort of Marfan patients seen in 11 tertiary centres in Spain. Methods Patients with diagnosis of Marfan syndrome (MFS) were included. Data on aortic events (AE) including elective aortic surgeries, acute aortic syndrome or death were incorporated. Survival free of the combined endpoint of death or first aortic event (elective aortic surgery or acute aortic syndrome) was compared between male and female by the Kaplan-Meier curves, log-rank test and subsequent Cox regression analysis. Results A total of 442 patients with MFS where included, 48.2% female and 56.2% index cases. Although systemic score and proband proportion was not different between both sexes, the diagnosis was earlier in males (p=0.01) (Table). Furthermore, among adult patients, males exhibited greater height, weight, and body surface area (BSA). Absolute aortic root diameter at baseline was greater in males, but not BSA-indexed diameters or z-scores. Combined endpoint of death or aortic event was observed in 192 patients (120 male, 72 female, p=&amp;lt;0.00001). Female sex had better survival free of the combined endpoint in a multivariable Cox analysis (HR 0.41 95% CI=0.30–0.55) with a mean survival free of the combined endpoint of 41.3yrs in male and 61.4 years in females (p&amp;lt;0.0001) (Figure).Although a higher proportion of elective aortic interventions as first event was observed in males (66.7% vs 52.8%), the proportion of type A dissections was similar between both sexes (26.7 vs 26.4%) with increased frequency of type B dissections in females as first aortic event (4.2 vs 15.3%) (p=0.026) Conclusions Male patients with MFS present higher aortic root diameters but similar BSA-indexed and zscores than females. Survival free of first aortic event or death is reduced in male with MFS, with greater frequency of elective aortic intervention. Although this last is driven by absolute aortic diameter, no increase on type A dissection was observed in women. These findings might suggest a potentially less aggressive manifestation of proximal aortic disease in women with MFS.Table:Comparison male and female Marfan

Anatomical classification of patent foramen ovale before percutaneous closure

Abstract Introduction Anatomical characteristics of patent foramen ovale (PFO) vary a lot, potentially impacting the embolic risk, selection of the device and the final sealing results of the closure procedure. Objective To categorize the different PFO anatomies and evaluate the consequence on the type of device used and the incidence of residual shunt. Methods 624 consecutive patients who underwent PFO percutaneous closure with transoesophageal echocardiography (TEE) guidance were retrospectively reviewed. Four types of PFO were identified once a rigid wire was in place using per-procedural TEE. This new classification was based on the PFO sheathed tunnel’s length and width, presence of concomitant atrial septal aneurysm (ASA) or additional defect (ASD), width of the septum secundum (SS) and aortic enlargement (Figure 1). Type I, or "single PFO" was defined by the absence of ASA or ASD, a tunnel width ≤ 4mm, SS’s width ≤ 10mm and no aortic enlargement (i.e., aortic root diameter &amp;lt;21mm/m², distorted anatomy or scoliosis). Type II or "dominant septal aneurysm" was defined by the presence of an ASA, with a distinction between subtype IIa (long PFO tunnel with length ≥10mm) and subtype IIb (short PFO tunnel with length &amp;lt;10mm). Type III or "modified PFO" was defined by SS’s width &amp;gt; 10 mm, aortic enlargement, or severe scoliosis, and type IV or "multi perforated" was defined by the presence of a concomitant ASD or a multifenestrated septal wall. In case of concomitant criteria, the predominant order was IV, then IIb, then III. For each category, the presence of residual shunt was evaluated after Valsalva manoeuvres with contrast echocardiogram 6 months after the procedure. Results Our population had a median age of 51 [41-59] years and included 43.8% women. The type II PFO was the most frequently encountered, with 42% of the patients (Table 1). A total of 44 (7.1%) patients presented multiple types concomitantly (mostly type II and III). PFO occluders were the most implanted devices overall, particularly with type I and IIb, while ASD occluder were more frequently used with types IV and IIb. Cribriform/Uni™ devices were more frequently used with type IV. Large devices (i.e., left disc’s diameter &amp;gt;25 mm) were predominantly used with type III and IV, but scarcely employed with type I and II. Within type II anatomies, large devices were significantly more frequently used with type IIb. Fluoroscopy duration was significantly higher with type IV. At 6 months ultrasound evaluation, large right-to-left residual shunt was significantly more frequent with type IV anatomy and with patients presenting multiple types concomitantly (18/34 - 40.9%). No significant differences were observed regarding clinical outcomes during follow-up. Conclusion Based on specific anatomical characteristics, four types of PFO may be identified, presenting with increasing procedural complexity, and requesting specific closure devices.

Soil Physical Properties, Root Distribution, and “Ponkan” Tangerine Yield Across Different Rootstocks in a Deep Tillage Ultisol

Deep soil tillage and proper rootstock selection mitigate the root development limitations in Ultisol’s Bt horizon, enhancing the citrus yield potential. This study evaluates the root spatial distribution of three Ponkan tangerine rootstocks in Ultisol under deep tillage alongside the physical-hydric attributes and plant measurements. The experimental area underwent furrow creation, subsoiling, and hole opening for planting. The treatments included three rootstocks: “Cravo Santa Cruz” (CSC), “Sunki Tropical” (ST), and “Citrandarin Índio” (CI). Under the Ultisol preparation, these rootstocks were compared to a native forest area (FA). Three years post-initial tillage, soil samples were collected at depths of 0–0.05, 0.35–0.40, and 0.45–0.50 m from the pre-established positions. The evaluation encompassed soil dispersive clay, available water, crop water use, plant measurement, and crop yield. The root evaluation utilized the crop profile method and 2D images, with subsequent surface mapping of the root variables, number (NR), and diameter (RD) analyzed via kriging geostatistical analysis. The Ultisol showed significant changes in its physical-hydric attributes regarding structural change and more excellent clay dispersion, with a considerable contribution to the micropore volume. Deep tillage effectively improved the root spatial distribution, especially concerning the number and diameter of roots, and enhanced the water use, reflected in the vegetative growth and yield, with the rootstock CSC standing out.

Short-Term Effects of Incorporation Depth of Straw Combined with Manure During the Fallow Season on Maize Production, Water Efficiency, and Nutrient Utilization in Rainfed Regions

Diminishing soil fertility and crop productivity due to traditional intensive cultivation has prompted the use of straw and manure to improve soil health in Northeast China. However, few comparative studies have explored the influence of varying straw and manure incorporation depths on crop growth. A field experiment in the rainfed black soil regions of Gongzhuling and Keshan assessed the effects of deep (30 cm) and shallow (15 cm) incorporations of straw and manure on soil fertility, maize root growth, and maize productivity. Deep incorporations, via subsoiling tillage (DST) and deep-plow (DDT) tillage, enhanced soil water storage of 30–100 cm soil layer during periods of low rainfall, improved the availability of nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) and soil organic matter content, especially in deeper soil, compared to shallow incorporation using rotary tillage (SRT). Both DST and DDT induced a larger rooting depth and a higher fine root (diameter class 0–0.5 mm) length density by 31.0% and 28.9%, respectively, accompanied by reduced root turnover. Furthermore, the sub-surface foraging strategies of roots under the DST and DDT treatments boosted the total nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium uptake (6.5–17.9%) and achieved a higher dry mass accumulation during the later growth period, thus leading to notable improvements in the 100-kernel weight and yield (16.1–19.7%) and enhancing water- and nutrient-use efficiencies by 2.5–20.5%. Overall, compared to shallow incorporation, deep incorporation of straw and manure significantly enhances root growth and spatial distribution of soil water and nutrients, which has great potential for increasing maize yield in rainfed agricultural areas.

Association mapping unravels the genetic basis for drought related traits in different developmental stages of barley

Drought stress significantly reduces crop yields at all stages of plant development. Barley, known for its abiotic-stress adaptation among cereals was used to examine the genetic basis of drought tolerance. A population of 164 spring barley lines was subjected to polyethylene glycol (PEG) induced drought stress during germination and seedling development. Six traits were measured, including germination percentage and rate, seedling length and weight, and root-to-shoot ratios. Seedling area, volume, and root and shoot diameter was acquired with a flatbed scanner. This population was also subjected to short-term drought during the heading stage in the greenhouse. Root and shoot weight and grain yield data were collected from well watered and droughted plants. Significant variation within traits were observed and several of them exhibited strong correlations with each other. In this population, two genotypes had 100% germination under PEG-induced drought and drought tolerance throughout the heading stage of plant development. A genome-wide association scan (GWAS) revealed 64 significant marker-trait associations across all seven barley chromosomes. Candidate genes related to abiotic stress and germination were identified within a 0.5Mbp interval around these SNPs. In silico analysis indicated a high frequency of differential expression of the candidate genes in response to stress. This study enabled identification of barley lines useful for drought tolerance breeding and pinpointed candidate genes for enhancing drought resiliency in barley.

Study on Shear Strength of Soil-Root Systems of Different Vegetation Types.

The root systems of vegetation significantly contribute to enhancing slope stability. The shear strength of soil-root systems is a crucial parameter for assessing slope stability. This study focuses on six types of vegetation in the Yellow River Basin of China (woodland: Populus przewalskii and Broussonetia papyrifera; shrubland: Periploca sepium and Ziziphus jujuba; grassland: Artemisia hedinii and Setaria viridis), employing in situ shear tests and the Wu-Waldron model (Wu model) to investigate the shear strength of soil-root systems. The results show that the shear stress-displacement curves for P. przewalskii, B. papyrifera, and Z. jujuba are higher and steeper, with clear inflection points. The tensile strength of the roots from the six vegetation types decreases as the root diameter increases. According to the Wu model, the additional root cohesion is ranked as follows: A. hedinii > B. papyrifera > P. przewalskii > Z. jujuba > P. sepium > S. viridis. Based on the in situ shear tests, the shear strength increments are ranked as follows: Z. jujuba > B. papyrifera > P. przewalskii > A. hedinii > P. sepium > S. viridis. Overall, the additional root cohesion obtained by the Wu model in each soil layer is greater than the shear strength increment measured from the in situ shear tests. In the 0-30 cm soil layers, the soil-root systems of Z. jujuba, B. papyrifera, P. przewalskii, and A. hedinii exhibit a better shear strength, whereas P. sepium and S. viridis perform poorly. A principal component analysis reveals that the shear strength of the soil-root systems of different vegetation types is primarily influenced by the soil moisture content and root mass density. Z. jujuba, B. papyrifera, P. przewalskii, and A. hedinii are recommended for ecological restoration projects in the Yellow River Basin of China.