Diameter Of Growth Inhibition Zone Research Articles

In vitro Antimicrobial Activity, Antioxidant Activity and Synergistic/Antagonistic Effect of Arum maculatum L. in Mersin Province, Turkey

Arum maculatum is used for the treatment of colitis and internal bleeding haemorrhoids among the local people in Turkey. This study was designed to evaluate the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity and protective effects of the leaf and root methanol extract of Arum maculatum L. The phenolic compound content of the root and leaf extract was determined as 207.135±0.07 µg GAE g-1, and 386.054±0.7 µg GAE g extract-1, respectively. The total flavonoid amount was determined as 53.386±0.220 µg QE g-1 and 347.704±0.352 µg QE g-1 extract, respectively. DPPH free radical scavenging of leaf and root extracts was determined as 76.69% and 67.33%, respectively.. The metal chelating effect was determined as 46.585±0.025 mg EDTA/g extract and 35.610±0.087 mg EDTA g extract-1 for roots and leaves, respectively. All extracts were effective against all tested bacteria, and Staphylococcus mutans ATTC 10449 was the most sensitive bacterium with the lowest MIC value (0.20 mg mL-1, 0.81 mg mL-1) for leaf and root extracts, respectively. The biggest diameter of growth inhibition zone (8±2.44 mm, 9±3.26) compared to Chloramphenicol. Arum leaf extracts showed a synergistic effect with OFX against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus mutans, and Arum root extracts have a synergistic effect with OFX against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus mutans. These results displayed that A. maculatum has notable natural bioactive compounds with antioxidant and antibacterial properties.

The chemical composition, in vitro, and in silico studies of Lavandula mairei essential oil

Lavandula mairei is an aromatic, and medicinal plant endemic to Morocco, mainly found in the southeastern region of the Kingdom, and used in traditional medicine for its many benefits. The purpose of the study was to identify the chemical composition of Lavandula mairei essential oil using Gas Chromatography - Tandem Mass Spectrometry, to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the plant against bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus aureus MRSA, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Escherichia coli ESBL, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 700603), and two fungal strains (Aspergillus niger ATCC 10231, Candida albicans ATCC 16404) in order to measure the microbial growth inhibition zone diameter, and to determine the minimum inhibitory, bactericidal, and fungicidal concentration of the essential oil (MIC, MBC, and MFC). Concerning antioxidant activity, six assays (6DPPH, and 1ABTS Free Radical Scavenging Assay, Total Antioxidant Capacity, Hydroxyl Radical, Reducing Power, and β-Carotene Bleaching Inhibition) were performed to determine the antioxidant potential of the essential oil. For the in silico aspect, molecular docking studies were performed to explore the potential interactions of some compounds with five microbial targets (i) Dihydropteroate synthase (1AJ0), ii) The elongation factor EF-Tu (1OB2), iii) d-alanine ligase (2I80), iv) DNA gyrase (2XCT), v) The cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (5V5Z), and 2ADMET prediction analysis was completed on a compound designated as dehydroabietinol. Carvacrol was identified as the major compound (36.38%) by analysis of the chemical composition, E. coli ATCC 25922 (MIC = 1.87 mg/mL ± 0.00, MBC = 15.00 mg/mL ± 0.00), and Enterococcus faecalis (MIC = 0.23 mg/mL ± 0.00, MBC = 5.53 mg/mL ± 2.77) were the most sensitive to the antibacterial treatment, and Candida albicans was resistant to the essential oil. The highest antioxidant potential of the plant was observed in the β-carotene bleaching inhibition test (IC50 = 1.55 mg/mL ± 0.009 and 90 % of inhibition). In the in silico study, the compound dehydroabietinol provided relevant evidence for molecular docking, and this was confirmed by the ADMET prediction analysis. The results of the study were significant, and further experiments will be necessary to find out more about the biological properties of Lavandula mairei.

ANTIBACTERIAL PROPERTIES OF COMMERCIAL PEPPERMINT ESSENTIAL OIL AGAINST SOME GRAM-POSITIVE AND GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA

The authors of this article conducted research and studied the antibacterial properties of commercial peppermint essential oil (PEO) against several gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria provided by Polish manufacturers of essential oils (Naturalne Aromaty sp. z o.o., Klaj, Poland). Therefore, to conduct research with the aim of to study the antibacterial properties of commercial peppermint essential oil (PEO), an antimicrobial susceptibility test (Kirby-Bauer diffusion test) was used to measure diameters of bacterial growth inhibition zones). In the current study, Gram-negative strains such as Escherichia coli (Migula) Castellani and Chalmers (ATCC® 25922™ ), Escherichia coli (Migula) Castellani and Chalmers (ATCC® 35218™ ), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Schroeter) Migula (ATCC® 27853™ ) and Gram-positive strains such as Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus Rosenbach (ATCC® 29213™ ), methicillin-resistant (MRSA), mecA positive Staphylococcus aureus (NCTC® 12493), Enterococcus faecalis (Andrewes and Horder) Schleifer and Kilpper-Balz (ATCC® 51299™ ) (resistant to vancomycin; sensitive to teicoplanin) and Enterococcus faecalis (Andrewes and Horder) Schleifer and Kilpper-Balz (ATCC® 29212™ ) were used. Results of the current study revealed that resistant to the PEO were Gram-negative bacterial strains, such as E. coli (Migula) Castellani and Chalmers (ATCC® 35218™ ) and P. aeruginosa (Schroeter) Migula (ATCC® 27853™ ) strains. The authors found that the diameters of the inhibition zones after application of PEO were similar to the control samples (96% ethanol). It was also found that after the application of REO, the increase in the diameters of the inhibition zones was 60.3% (p < 0.05) for the Escherichia coli strain (Migula) Castellani and Chalmers (ATCC® 25922™ ) compared to control samples (96% ethanol ). Accordingly, Gram-positive strains such as S. aureus subsp. aureus Rosenbach (ATCC® 29213™ ) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (NCTC® 12493) were equally resistant to PEO, similarly. On the other hand, Enterococcus faecalis (Andrewes and Horder) Schleifer and Kilpper-Balz (ATCC® 29212™ ) and Enterococcus faecalis (Andrewes and Horder) Schleifer and Kilpper-Balz (ATCC® 51299™ ) were sensitive to PEO. After the application of PEO, the largest diameters of inhibition zones were observed for the E. faecalis strain. The results suggest that commercial peppermint essential oil provided by Polish essential oil manufacturers (Naturalne Aromaty sp. z o.o., Kłaj, Poland) possesses some noteworthy antimicrobial properties. In vivo studies are necessary to calculate the effective dose of EOs and determine their possible side effects and toxicity.

Antimicrobial effects of Cynara scolymus essential oil: In vitro analysis

By benefits of using silicon and vermicompost based biofertilizers and also induction of drought stress for growing more efficient medicinal plants, we investigated such issues on growing Cynara scolymus (C. scolymus), as one of the most significant edible medicinal plants. In this regard, the antimicrobial effects of grown C. scolymus essential oil was investigated against some foodborne pathogens. Different concentrations of silicon and vermicompost with and without drought stress were considered for growing the plant and the extracted essential oils were extracted to examine their antimicrobial effects against different bacterial agents. Using vermicompost and silicon and 50% moisture discharge yielded significant increase in the mean diameter of growth inhibition zone and significant decrease in the minimum inhibitory concentration of tested bacteria (P < 0.05). The highest diameters of the inhibition zones of S. aureus, S. saprophyticus, P. aeruginosa, S. dysenteriae, and S. typhi were found for C. scolymus essential oil treated with 8 mmol silicon and conventional irrigation (14.92 mm), 4 mmol silicon and 50% moisture discharge (15.28 mm), 50% vermicompost and 50% moisture discharge (15.71 mm), 8 mmol silicon and conventional irrigation (17.34 mm) and 25% vermicompost, and 50% moisture discharge (15.48 mm), respectively. Antimicrobial effects of some treatments of C. scolymus were higher than some kinds of referenced antibiotics such as erythromycin. These findings could be used for the production of antibiotic drugs for specific purposes against certain bacteria.

Undecylenic acid and N,N-dibutylundecenamide as effective antibacterials against antibiotic-resistant strains

Evaluation of undecylenic acid (UA) and its tertiary amide N,N-dibutylundecenamide (DBUA) activity­ in vitro against the standard and antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus strains was carried out. The antibacterial potential of the acid and its amide at 2.5 and 5.0 μM concentration both against gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus) and gram-negative (E. coli) cultures was confirmed by monitoring the diameter of the bacterial growth inhibition zones. The docking study identified methionine aminopeptidase (MAP) as the most energy-favorable potential biotarget associated with the drug resistance of E. coli and S. aureus with a binding energy in the range from -8.0 to -8.5 kcal/mol. The ligands complexation was due to the formation of hydrogen bonds with ASP108, HIS171, HIS178, GLU204, GLU235, HIS76, ASP104, GLU233, ASP93 and metal-acceptor interactions with Co2+. Overall, the results indicated that UA and DBUA activity against antibiotic-resistant strains creates prospects for the development of new antibacterial formulations. Keywords: Escherichia coli, methionine aminopeptidase, molecular docking, Staphylococcus aureus, tertiary amide, undecylenic acid

Quinoline Hydrazone Derivatives as New Antibacterials Against Multidrug Resistant Strains.

To develop novel antimicrobial agents a series of 2(4)-hydrazone derivatives of quinoline were designed, synthesized and tested. QSAR models of the antibacterial activity of quinoline derivatives were developed by the OCHEM web platform using different machine learning methods. A virtual set of quinoline derivatives was verified with a previously published classification model of anti-E. coli activity and screened using the regression model of anti-S. aureus activity. Selected and synthesized 2(4)-hydrazone derivatives of quinoline exhibited antibacterial activity against the standard and antibiotic-resistant S. aureus and E. coli strains in the range from 15 to 30 mm by the diameter of growth inhibition zones. Molecular docking showed the complex formation of the studied compounds into the catalytic domain of dihydrofolate reductase with an estimated binding affinity from -8.4 to -9.4 kcal/mol.

The Investigation of the Antibacterial Activity of Eryngium caucasicum trautv, Saponaria officinalis, Froriepia subpinnata, Malva sylvestris, and Urtica dioica

Background: Regarding the increasing resistance of bacteria against antibiotics and the existence of antibacterial compounds in plants, we here investigated the antimicrobial effects of the methanolic extracts of several plants on pathogenic bacteria. Methods: Ten grams of the dry ingredients of Eryngium caucasicum trautv (leaf), Saponaria officinalis (flower), Froriepia subpinnata (leaf), Malva sylvestris (leaf), and Urtica dioica (leaf) was poured in 100 mL of methanol and shaken for 24 hours. After 24 hours, the extracts were strained and dried in the oven, and their antimicrobial activity at the 100 mg/mL concentration was evaluated against the mentioned bacteria using the sinkhole method. Results: The plant extracts inhibited the growth of all bacteria in various degrees. Among all the plant extracts used, that of F. subpinnata delivered the largest diameter of growth inhibition zone (6 mm) against S. dysenteriae, and the extracts of E. caucasicum and F. subpinnata showed the largest diameter of inhibition zone against Xanthomonas translucens. Also, the extract of M. sylvestris delivered the largest inhibition zone diameter (8 mm) against E. coli. Conclusions: Our results showed that the methanolic extract of E. caucasicum was the most effective plant extract against S. dysenteriae, Rathayibacter tritici, and L. monocytogenes, but M. sylvestris extract revealed the greatest impact on E. coli. It is recommended to further investigate the antibacterial compounds of these plants as potential treatments for bacterial infections.

Riverine antibacterial resistance gradient determined by environmental factors.

Polluted waterbodies such as rivers provide a pathway or reservoir for bacterial resistance. We studied water quality and bacterial antibacterial resistance along the subtropical Qishan River in Taiwan as a case study of environmental resistance spread in a pristine rural area. Human settlement densities increased generally from pristine mountain sites to the more polluted lowlands. Accordingly, as a working hypothesis, we expected the antibacterial resistance level to increase downstream. We collected sediment samples from 8 stations along the Qishan river and where the Qishan river reaches the Kaoping river. The samples were processed in the lab for bacteriological and physicochemical analysis. Antibacterial resistance was tested with common antibacterial. A comparison was made among the sites where isolates began to occur at the upstream (sites 1-6) with the downstream, including site 7 (Qishan town), site 8 (wastewater treatment plant), and site 9 (Kaoping river). The results of multivariate analysis for bacteriological and physicochemical parameters showed increasing water pollution levels downstream of the Qishan river. Bacterial isolates including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens, Enterobacter sp., Acinetobacter sp., Staphylococcus spp., and Bacillus spp. were analyzed and tested in the study. Their percentage of occurrence varied at each site. The resistance level was determined from the growth inhibition zone diameter (disk diffusion) and the minimum inhibitory concentration (micro-dilution). The results indicated that antibacterial resistance was related to certain environmental factors. Besides, the usage pattern of different classes of antibacterial in different sections could alter trends of their resistance. Bacteria were found with increased resistance to antibacterial used in agriculture through the downstream sites. The WWTP discharging wastewater was demonstrated to be a hotspot of resistance in aquatic environments. In conclusion, bacterial resistance against antibacterial from the Qishan river has become a potential public health threat. This study could assist authorities by providing a reference for risk assessment and management of water quality in Kaohsiung city and southern Taiwan.

Synthesis of Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles (bAgNPs) Using Leaf Extract of Mirabilis jalapa and Evaluation of Anti-vibriocidal, Anti-oxidant properties and Cytotoxicity

Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) and luminescent vibriosis are two major bacterial diseases of penaeid shrimp which are caused by gram-negative pathogenic bacteria Vibrio parahaemolyticus (Vp) and Vibrio harveyi (Vh) respectively. These diseases cause massive mortality and huge economic loss worldwide in shrimp aquaculture. Extensive and inappropriate usage of antibiotics against these pathogens resulted in antibiotic-resistant strains. Drug repurposing appears to be an appropriate solution to eliminate antibiotic resistance in pathogens. In the present study, biogenic silver nanoparticles (bAgNPs) are synthesized by reducing AgNO3 using the aqueous extract of Mirabilis jalapa (MJ) leaves. The anti-oxidant, cytotoxic, and anti-vibriocidal activity of bAgNPs against Vp and Vh are evaluated. The formation of bAgNPs was confirmed by the appearance of a dark brown coloured solution and with a maximum absorption peak at 434 nm. The characterization of bAgNPs using FESEM and EDX, TEM, XRD, FTIR, and DLS has confirmed that the nanoparticles are crystalline and spherical in shape with an approximate diameter of 50 nm and have capping agents. The diameters of microbial growth inhibition zones for Vp and Vh are 26 mm and 23 mm respectively. Further, the MIC values for Vp and Vh are 31.25 µg/mL and 93.75 µg/mL respectively. The DPPH and FRAP assays showed substantial anti-oxidant activity with IC50 values of 67.39 µg/mL and 5.509 µg/mL respectively. MTT assay to check the cytotoxicity effect of bAgNPs on Vero cells resulted in very less toxicity at the maximum concentration tested with an IC50 value of 293.5 µg/mL. Therefore, the bAgNPs synthesized from leaves of MJ showed effective anti-vibriocidal and anti-oxidant properties with negligible cytotoxic effects.

Fabrication, characterisation and antimicrobial activity of electrospun Plantago psyllium L. seed gum/gelatine nanofibres incorporated with Cuminum cyminum essential oil nanoemulsion

SummaryPlantago psyllium L. seed gum (PPSG)/gelatine nanocomposites containing Cuminum cyminum essential oil (CCEO) were prepared via electrospinning, and the antibacterial properties of the electrospun nanofibres were assessed against Staphylococcus aureus. The nanoemulsion was prepared by adding CCEO to the PPSG/gelatine mixture and sonicated. Uniform nanofibres resulted from the nanoemulsion containing 1.5% PPSG, 8% gelatine and 3% CCEO, and no chemical reactions between the components of the electrospun nanofibres were detected. Growth inhibition zone diameter indicated that the electrospun nanofibres containing at least 3% CCEO had the most significant inhibitory effect on the growth of S. aureus. The electrospun PPSG/gelatine‐CCEO nanocomposites are capable of being used as a biodegradable material in food packaging as well as in edible coatings for the preservation of food products.

Evaluating the antimicrobial effects of turmeric, ginger and clove extracts on some food pathogen

The aim of this study was to investigate the antibacterial effects of hydroalcoholic extracts of turmeric, ginger and clove on food pathogens including Salmonella Typhimurium, Shigella Dysenteriae and E. coli. To determine the antimicrobial effects, certain volumes of hydroalcoholic extracts of turmeric, ginger and clove were added to the blank disks, and after culturing the bacteria in Müller-Hinton Agar culture medium, the disks were placed on the culture medium and after the time required for the growth of the microorganism, the cultures were examined for the diameter of the growth inhibition zone. Among the aqueous extracts, the highest antibacterial effect was related to the aqueous extract of turmeric on Escherichia coli pathogen with an average diameter of the growth inhibition zone of 17 mm and the lowest antibacterial effect was related to the aqueous extract of turmeric versus Salmonella with an average diameter of the growth inhibition zone of 9.5 mm. Among ethanolic extracts, the highest antibacterial effect was related to turmeric and ginger against Escherichia coli and Shigella (average diameter of growth inhibition zone 15.1 mm) and the lowest effect was related to ethanolic extract of turmeric versus Salmonella (mean diameter of growth inhibition zone of 10 mm. Among methanolic extracts, the highest antibacterial effect was related to turmeric methanolic extract versus Shigella (mean diameter of growth inhibition zone of 16.8 mm) and the lowest effect was related to methanolic extract of clove versus Escherichia coli (mean diameter of growth inhibition zone of 10.5 mm). Among the studied pathogens, Salmonella showed the highest sensitivity to the hydroalcoholic extracts of the medicinal plants used, and the highest resistance was obtained for Shigella. Considering that the hydroalcoholic extracts of turmeric, ginger and clove have antimicrobial properties, they can be used as food preservatives against Salmonella, Escherichia and Shigella.

In vitro antibacterial activity of essential oils from Carum copticum and Ziziphora clinopodioides plants against the phytopathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae

The present study aimed to determine the in vitro antibacterial activity and the chemical composition of essential oils (EOs) from two medicinal plants (seeds of Carum copticum L. and leaves of Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam) against the bacterial plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae. The sensitivity of P. syringae to the two types of EOs was investigated through three methods including disc diffusion, well diffusion, and vapor phase tests. Gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography attached to a mass spectrometer (GC-MS) were used to identify and quantify the essential oil compounds. The greatest growth inhibition zones for disc diffusion, well diffusion, and vapor tests were observed for the highest essential oil volume (50 µL) of Z. clinopodioides as 0.925 cm, 1.75 cm, and 1.45 cm, respectively. Concerning the EOs from C. copticum seeds, the diameters of growth inhibition zones were 0.775 cm, 1 cm, and 0 cm, respectively. Based on the obtained results, the highest antibacterial activity, with a growth inhibition zone of 1.75 cm, belonged to 50 µL EOs of Z. clinopodioides on Luria-Bertani (LB) agar medium. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for the EOs of Z. clinopodioides were 8 µL mL−1 and 1 µL mL−1 in LB agar medium. The MBC and MIC values for EOs of C. copticum were 16 µL mL−1 and 1 µL mL−1, in LB agar medium, respectively. According to the chromatography results, 16 different compounds were identified in the EOs of C. copticum, of which thymol (54.6%) was the major constituent. Moreover, 27 different compounds were identified in the Z. clinopodioides EOs, of which pulegone (23%) and 1,8 cineole (20.3%) were the main essential oil constituents. The results demonstrated that the EOs of Z. clinopodioides plants had higher chemical diversity and displayed stronger antibacterial activities against P. syringe pv. syringae, compared to those of C. copticum.

Comparative evaluation of antibacterial efficacy of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications and proton-pump inhibitor against Enterococcus faecalis: An in vitro study.

The present in vitro experimental study was undertaken to evaluate and compare the antimicrobial activity of triple antibiotic paste (TAP), diclofenac, and proton-pump inhibitor (PPI) against the microorganism Enterococcus faecalis. Three medicaments were selected for the study, TAP, diclofenac, and PPI. The experimental groups for the test were as follows: Part 1 - Group 1: TAP, Group 2: diclofenac, and Group 3: PPI; Part 2 - Group 1: TAP + PPI and Group 2: diclofenac + PPI. An agar well diffusion test was used to determine the efficacy of the experimental medicaments against E. faecalis (ATCC 29212). The diameter of inhibition zones was measured in millimeters using an inhibition zone measuring scale and the results were recorded. The statistical analysis was done using an analysis of variance and an unpaired t-test. P value was set at < 0.05. There was a significant difference in the diameter of growth inhibition zones, with the greatest diameter noted for TAP + PPI followed by diclofenac sodium (DS) + PPI, TAP, DS, and PPI. The antimicrobial effectiveness of TAP + PPI was found to be superior to all other medicaments (DS + PPI, TAP, DS, and PPI).

Brine-Shrimp Lethality Bioassay of Different Extracts of the Medicinal Plant Matricaria (Chamomilla) Flowers

Objective: The present study aimed to throw some light on phytochemical constituents of Matricaria (cammomile) flowers. Results: The 95% ethanolic crude extract was subjected to column chromatography and nine fractions were collected. Fractions 1-6 have the same Rf value, (using thin layer pre-coated silica gel (0.25cm). were combined and subjected to spectroscopic analysis; infrared spectra showed absorption at 1860, 1637 and 805 cm’ indicating the presence of c=o, c=c, and c-o groups respectively. Ultra violet absorption at 250-283nm assign for the presence of flavonoids, (lit. 250-280). Finally GC/MS spectra performed the presence flavonoids.Crude extracts (ethanol, methanol, petroleum ether, and chloroform) were investigated for antimicrobial activities against four strains of bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus sub tills, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and two fungi: Asperigillus niger, and Candida albican) with disc diffusion method, the diameter of growth inhibition zone ranged 15-22mm.

Thymus musilii Velen. Methanolic Extract: In Vitro and In Silico Screening of Its Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anti-Quorum Sensing, Antibiofilm, and Anticancer Activities.

Thymus musilii Velen. is a rare plant species cultivated in the Ha'il region (Saudi Arabia) under greenhouse conditions. In this work, we described, for the first time, the phytochemical composition, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-quorum sensing, and anticancer activities of T. musilii methanolic extract using both experimental and computational approaches. The obtained results showed the identification of eight small-like peptides and eighteen phyto-compounds by using high-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HR-LCMS) dominated mainly by compounds belonging to isoprenoid, fatty acyl, flavonoid, and alkaloid classes. The tested extracts exhibited high antifungal and antibacterial activity with the mean diameter of growth inhibition zones ranging from 12.33 ± 0.57 mm (Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853) to 29.33 ± 1.15 mm (Candida albicans ATCC 10231). Low minimal inhibitory concentrations were recorded for the tested micro-organisms ranging from 0.781 mg/mL to 12.5 mg/mL. While higher doses were necessary to completely kill all tested bacterial and fungal strains. Thyme extract was able to scavenge DPPH•, ABTS•+, β-carotene, and FRAP free radicals, and the IC50 values were 0.077 ± 0.0015 mg/mL, 0.040 ± 0.011 mg/mL, 0.287 ± 0.012 mg/mL, and 0.106 ± 0.007 mg/mL, respectively. The highest percentage of swarming and swimming inhibition was recorded at 100 µg/mL with 39.73 ± 1.5% and 25.18 ± 1%, respectively. The highest percentage of biofilm inhibition was recorded at 10 mg/mL for S. typhimurium ATCC 14028 (53.96 ± 4.21%) and L. monocytogenes ATCC 7644 (49.54 ± 4.5 mg/mL). The in silico docking study revealed that the observed antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities of the constituent compounds of T. musilii are thermodynamically feasible, notably, such as those of the tripeptides (Asn-Met-His, His-Cys-Asn, and Phe-His-Gln), isoprenoids (10-Hydroxyloganin), and diterpene glycosides (4-Ketoretinoic acid glucuronide).

Phytochemical profiling, antibacterial, and antibiofilm activities of Sargassum sp. (brown algae) from the Red Sea: ADMET prediction and molecular docking analysis

Brown algae from the Red sea are a rich source of bioactive molecules with high biological activities. The present work was aimed at studying the phytochemical composition of the methanol/water extract from Sargassum sp. collected from Al-Kharrar Lagoon (Red sea, Saudi Arabia). The antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities were tested against S. aureus (methicillin resistant/sensitive strains), E. coli, K. pneumoniae, S. epidermidis, and C. albicans strains. The obtained results showed that 2-pentadecanone, 6,10,14-trimethyl-, hexadecenoic acid, methyl ester, n-hexadecanoic acid, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, and mono(2-ethylhexyl) ester were the dominant compound in the methanol/water extract from Sargassum spp. extract. In addition, the same crude extract was effective against all tested microorganisms with a diameter of growth inhibition zone ranging from (10.67 ± 0.58 mm) for methicillin sensitive-S. aureus to (44.67 ± 1.15 mm) for S. epidermidis. Minimal inhibitory concentrations and minimal bactericidal concentrations ranged from 6.25–12.5 mg/L to 50–>50 mg/mL, respectively. Interestingly, the tested methanol/water extract was able to inhibit the biofilm formation by Staphylococcus spp. strains in a concentration dependent manner, and the highest percentage was recorded at 12.5 mg/mL for S. epidermidis (82.35 ± 0.03 %). These findings have been confirmed by in silico results, specifically the drug-ability, free binding energies and molecular interactions of the extract compounds with some targeted receptors. Potential antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities could be attributed to the Sargassum sp. for which the phytochemical compounds possessed promising drug-likeness and pharmacokinetic properties.

In vitro antibacterial effect of Pimpinella anisum essential oil on Enterococcus faecalis, Lactobacillus casei, Actinomyces naeslundii, and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans.

Pimpinellaanisum is a medicinal plant with antimicrobial, antifungal, and anti-oxidative properties. Limited studies have assessed the antibacterial properties of Pimpinellaanisum on oral and dental pathogens.

FORMULASI DAN UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI SEDIAAN GEL HAND SANITIZER EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN BAYAM MERAH (Amaranthus Tricolor L.) TERHADAP BAKTERI Staphylococcus aureus &amp; Eschericia coli

Red spinach has function as skin antiseptic. It has antibacterial activity because it contains compounds such as tannins, flavonoids, saponins, and steroids. The purpose of formulation and test of antibacterial activity of hand sanitizer gel preparation red spinach extract and evaluation of physical quality of hand sanitizer. Antibacterial activity test was measured by diffusion method using paper disk to measuring the diameter of the bacterial growth inhibition zone of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Concentration extract ethanol of leaf red spinach (and formula of hand sanitizer gel used (F1) blanco; (F2) 5%; (F3) 10%; (F4) 20% and (F5) control positive/detol. Evaluation of physical properties of hand sanitizer gel include of: homogeneity test, stability test and pH test. The results has found showed that antibacterial activity test of gel extract leaves red spinach (on Escherichia coli inhibited at without extract/blanco was 0 mm, concentration of 5% with diameter of inhibit was 14,99 mm, concentration of 10% with diameter of inhibit was 17,26 mm, concentration of 20% with diameter of inhibit was 18,26 mm and using control positive was 19.33. And then for bacteri Staphylococcus aures at concentration of without extract/blanco was 0 mm, 5% with diameter of inhibit was 15,5 mm, concentration of 10% with diameter of inhibit was 15,96 mm and concentration of 20% with diameter of inhibit was 17,43 mm and using control positive was 18.33 mm. So we can conclude that hand sanitizer gel of leaf red spinach have less inhibited growth against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.

A GC-MC analysis of chemical compounds and identification of the antibacterial characteristics of the essential oil of two species exclusive to Iranian habitats: New chemotypes.

BackgroundThe diversity found in the chemical compounds of a single species in different regions results in different biologic characteristics which can be considered as a strong source for identifying new chemotypes. Hymenocrater incanus Bunge and Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss. are exclusive species of the Lamiaceae family which grow in the western and central habitats of Iran. This study was designed and carried out to determine the yield, identify the chemical compounds, and evaluate the antimicrobial characteristics of the essential oil (EO) of these two species in Iran for the first time.MethodsThe flowering twigs of the species D. kotschyi and H. incanus were collected from the villages of Totmach and Kamu in Isfahan province respectively, in May 2019. The EO of these plants was extracted and separated using the water distillation method, utilizing the Clevenger device. The EO compounds were analyzed using a gas chromatograph coupled with a mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The evaluation of antimicrobial characteristics was carried out by determining the growth inhibition zone implementing the Agar method, the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC), and the minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration (MFC/MBC) utilizing liquid dilution culture.ResultsThe results indicated that the highest yield belonged to the EO of D. kotschyi at %2.6 (w/w). In this EO there were citral (%25.44), neral (%20.87), α-pinene (%14.48), trans-geranic acid methyl ester (%9.74), and D-limonene (%6.87). Moreover, H. incanus had the dominant compounds (-)-Spathulenol (%12.61), caryophyllene (%10.00), linolenic acid (%8.54), 1,8-cineole (%5.95), palmitic acid (%5.35), and α-cadinol (%5.17). The largest diameter of growth inhibition zone belonged to the H. incanus EO against the Gram-positive bacteria S. pyogenes (~17.67mm). The strongest inhibition activities in the form of growth inhibition diameter exhibited by the D. kotschyi EO were against the Gram-negative bacteria S. paratyphi-A serotype (~ 12 mm), K. pneumoniae, and Sh. dysenteriae (~ 11 mm) which was significant compared to the Gram-positive rifampin (~ 8 mm).ConclusionsIt can be seen that these species are new chemotypes with special and novel chemical compounds which can potentially be used to manufacture natural antibiotics against some bacterial strains.

INHIBITORY POWER OF PROBIOTICS DRINKS ON THE STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS GROWTH

Background: Streptococcus mutans is an oral cavity bacteria that is dominantly found. The acidogenic nature of bacteria can affect the damage to the physical and biochemical structures of dental biofilms. Streptococcus mutans growth becomes important to control. One way to control its growth is through the use of probiotic bacteria available in processed foods. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of probiotic drinks against the Streptococcus mutans mutans. Method: This study is experimental research with a posttest-only group design, using two test groups. Streptococcus mutans suspension with McFarland turbidity standard of 0.5 in MRS Agar medium was placed on a paper disc that had been soaked in aqua dest (control group) or probiotic drink (treatment group) for ± 20 minutes and then incubated for 48 hours at 37oC. Each group was replicated 16 times. After incubation, the diameter of the Streptococcus mutans growth inhibition zone formed was measured using a caliper.Result: The control group did not show an inhibitory zone, while the treatment group resulted in a mean diameter inhibition zone of 1.18 mm. The Mann Whitney test proved that the treatment group had a significantly higher diameter of the inhibition zone compared to the control one (p=0.000).Conclusion: Probiotic drink had an inhibitory power on the Streptococcus mutans growth