Disc Diameter Research Articles

Analysis of the parameters of technological material sprinkling devices of special road vehicles (ꞷδ=const): MAN CLA 18.280 4x2 BB CS45

In this article, the size of the wheel radius of the special road vehicle (MAN CLA 18.280 4x2 BB CS45), which is widely used to increase the economic and material efficiency in the elimination of slippage on the road surface in the winter season, and to ensure traffic safety, and the height of the wheel installation o It is studied how far the technological material can be sprayed when the rotation speed is constant. Process material spreaders have equipment that is permanently attached to vehicle chassis or trailers or can be quickly detached. The supply of technological material (salt-sand) to the spreader disk, the forces acting on the technological material (salt-sand) particle during the rotation of the spreader disk were considered. The dependence of the particle flight range when the radius of the scattering disk, the height of the disk, and the angular velocity of the scattering disk have a constant value have been considered. The impact of technological material particles on the distance of a particle flying from the outer edge of the disk and falling to a certain distance, the radius of the disk, the height of the disk above the level of the carriageway, the value of the angular velocity of the disk, and the width of spraying relative to the road surface; the diameter of the sprinkling disk and the height of the sprinkling disk: the dependence of the density of sprinkling relative to the road surface, the speed of the main machine, and the speed of material delivery were studied.

Using a machine vision sensor for wavelength estimation by measuring an Airy disk, with didactic purposes

In this manuscript, it is presented a simple and automated educational resource with the aim of determining the wavelength of a laser source that uses the Airy disk generated by a circular aperture. It is known that there is a relationship between the diameter of the central disk and the distance between the circular aperture and the image plane. These two parameters are automatically measured by using a machine vision sensor and an ultrasonic distance sensor, respectively. This resource can be applied in graduate or undergraduate Physics and Engineering laboratories and classrooms for educational, demonstrative, or measuring purposes.

Resonant Raman scattering on graphene: SERS and gap-mode TERS.

Nanoscale deformations and corrugations occur in graphene-like two-dimensional materials during their incorporation into hybrid structures and real devices, such as sensors based on surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS-based sensors). The structural features mentioned above are known to affect the electronic properties of graphene, thus highly sensitive and high-resolution techniques are required to reveal and characterize arising local defects, mechanical deformations, and phase transformations. In this study, we demonstrate that gap-mode tip-enhanced Raman Scattering (gm-TERS), which offers the benefits of structural and chemical analytical methods, allows variations in the structure and mechanical state of a two-dimensional material to be probed with nanoscale spatial resolution. In this work, we demonstrate locally enhanced gm-TERS on a monolayer graphene film placed on a plasmonic substrate with specific diameter gold nanodisks. SERS measurements are employed to determine the optimal disk diameter and excitation wavelength for further realization of gm-TERS. A significant local plasmonic enhancement of the main vibrational modes in graphene by a factor of 100 and a high spatial resolution of 10 nm are achieved in the gm-TERS experiment, making gm-TERS chemical mapping possible. By analyzing the gm-TERS spectra of the graphene film in the local area of a nanodisk, the local tensile mechanical strain in graphene was detected, resulting in a split of the G mode into two components, G+ and G-. Using the frequency split in the positions of G+ and G- modes in the TERS spectra, the stress was estimated to be up to 1.5%. The results demonstrate that gap-mode TERS mapping allows rapid and precise characterization of local structural defects in two-dimensional materials on the nanoscale.

Clinical and histological characteristics of axial myopia

Myopic axial elongation is associated with various non‐pathological changes. These include a decrease in photoreceptor cell and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cell density and retinal layer thickness, mainly in the retro‐equatorial to equatorial regions; choroidal and scleral thinning pronounced at the posterior pole and least marked at the ora serrata; and a shift in Bruch's membrane opening (BMO) occurring in moderately myopic eyes and typically in the temporal/inferior direction. The BMO shift leads to an overhang of Bruch's membrane (BM) into the nasal intrapapillary compartment and BM absence in the temporal region (i.e., parapapillary gamma zone), optic disc ovalization due to shortening of the ophthalmoscopically visible horizontal disc diameter, fovea–optic disc distance elongation, reduction in angle kappa, and straightening/stretching of the papillomacular retinal blood vessels and retinal nerve fibres. Highly myopic eyes additionally show an enlargement of all layers of the optic nerve canal, elongation and thinning of the lamina cribrosa, peripapillary scleral flange (i.e., parapapillary delta zone) and peripapillary choroidal border tissue, and development of circular parapapillary beta, gamma, and delta zone. Pathological features of high myopia include development of macular linear RPE defects (lacquer cracks), which widen to round RPE defects (patchy atrophies) with central BM defects, macular neovascularization, myopic macular retinoschisis, and glaucomatous/glaucoma‐like and non‐glaucomatous optic neuropathy. BM thickness is unrelated to axial length. Including the change in eye shape from a sphere in emmetropia to a prolate (rotational) ellipsoid in myopia, the features may be explained by a primary BM enlargement in the retro‐equatorial/equatorial region leading to axial elongation.

Optic nerve head dimension as biomarker in Leber hereditary optic neuropathy

Aims/Purpose: To study the optic nerve head (ONH) dimension in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and to correlate ONH parameters with genotype and clinical phenotype.Methods: Seventy‐eight affected patients, 175 asymptomatic carriers, and 29 age‐matched healthy controls were enrolled in the study. All patients underwent ONH optical coherence tomography (OCT) measurements by DRI OCT Triton (Topcon, Japan) and were analysed with the Orion custom software (Volexeron, CA, USA). The following parameters were obtained for each eye: disc area, horizontal and vertical diameter; retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) and ONH volume. For the comparison of the different parameters the ANOVA with Bonferroni post‐hoc test was performed.Results: LHON‐affected patients appeared to have smaller ONH size parameters compared to control cases, but only the vertical disc diameter of patients with mutations 11 778 and 14 484 were statistically significant. Also, carrier patients with the mutation 11 778 presented a statistical significantly smaller vertical disc diameter compared to controls, instead 14 484 carriers presented a bigger diameter. ONH volume of all affected patients was significantly smaller. Moreover, asymptomatic 11 778 carriers older than 35 years were significantly smaller. Linear regression sustained the relationship between age, volume, and RNFL, unlike between age and disc area.Conclusions: This study exposed the differences of ONH size in LHON‐affected and ‐carrier patients with different mutations: smaller disc in 11 778 affected and unaffected patients and larger disc in 14 484 carriers. A strong correlation was found between ONH volume both in affected patients and carriers older than 35 years old. These results highlight the importance of the 3D ONH structure as a potential biomarker to support clinicians in the characterization of symptomatic LHON patients and possibly at‐risk mutation carriers with different genetic mutations and clinical course.

Fungitoxic effect and phytochemical characteristics of Brazilian Cerrado weeds against Rhizoctonia solani and Macrophomina phaseolina fungi.

The use of natural products obtained from plants, for example, invasive plants, offers a variety of allelochemicals with fungicidal potential. With this in perspective, the objective was to evaluate the fungicidal potential of ethanolic extracts of Cerrado plants on Rhizoctonia solani and Macrophomina phaseolina. The ethanolic hydroalcoholic extract of the 12 plants identified as invaders in the Brazilian Cerrado was prepared (Anacardium humile Saint Hill; Baccharis dracunculifolia DC.; Cenchrus echinatus L; Commelina erecta L.; Erigeron bonariensis L.; Digitaria horizontalis Willd.; Digitaria insularis L.; Porophyllum ruderale Jacq. Cass; Richardia brasiliensis Gomes; Sida rhombifolia L.; Turnera ulmifolia L.; Smilax fluminensis Steud)) and phytochemical screening and determination of total phenols and flavonoids were performed. To evaluate the in vitro antifungal activity, the hydroalcoholic solutions at concentrations of 800, 1200, 1600, 2000, and 2400 µL 100 mL-1 were separately incorporated into BDA agar and poured into Petri dishes, followed by the mycelium disk of the fungus. As a control, two solutions were prepared, one ethanolic solution added to the BDA medium (2400 µg 100 mL-1) and the other with BDA medium only. They were poured into Petri dishes, followed by a 0.5 cm diameter disk of mycelium of the fungus, incubated (23±2 ºC), with a 24-hour photoperiod. Among the constituents found in the plants, 75% are phenolic compounds, 58.3% are cardiotonic heterosides, 50% are steroids, 33.3% are flavonoids, 16.7% are anthraquinones, and 8.3% are alkaloids, saponins, and reducing sugars. Out of the 12 species, only the extracts of C. erecta and R. brasiliensis were active for M. phaseolina and R. solani. Thus, it is concluded that the ethanolic extract of C. erecta has the fungicidal potential to control diseases caused by fungi that are soil inhabitants. Of the other species, A. humille, B. dracuncufolia, D. insulares, C. erecta, D. insulares, P. ruderale, and R. brasiliensis have natural fungitoxic potential because they stand out in the content of polyphenols efficient in reducing the mycelial growth of M. phaseolina and R. solani.

Determination of Draft Power, PTO Power and Fuel Consumption of Single Acting Disc Harrow Driven from PTO

In this study; A single-acting disc harrow is used, which takes its movement from the tractor PTO. PTO driven single-acting disc harrow was tested with disc diameters of 610 and 660 mm, disc direction angles of 160 - 230 and 300, and disc revolutions of 104.97 - 119.97 and 143.96 min-1. Single-acting disc harrow moving from PTO was compared in terms of disc diameter, directional angle and disc revolutions. The lowest draft force requirement was obtained from D1N1Y1, D2N1Y1 and D1N1Y2 applications, with values of 0.48 kW, 0.61 kW and 0.79 kW, respectively. The highest draft power requirement was obtained from D2N3Y3, D2N3Y2 and D1N3Y3 applications with 7.80 kW, 6.97 kW and 5.25 kW values, respectively. The lowest PTO power take-off power requirement from the applications was obtained from the D1N1Y1, D1N2Y1 and D1N3Y1 applications, with values of 22.80 kW, 22.88 kW and 24.82 kW, respectively. The highest PTO power take-off power requirements were obtained from the D2N3Y3, D1N3Y3 and D2N3Y2 applications, with power requirements of 41.15 kW, 39.40 kW and 38.62 kW, respectively. In terms of fuel consumption, the lowest fuel consumption was determined in D1N1Y3, D1N1Y2 and D1N1Y1 applications with 11.40 L ha-1 11.63 L ha-1 and 11.95 L ha-1 values. The highest fuel consumption was obtained from 18.34 L ha-1, 17.78 L ha-1 and 17.58 L ha-1, respectively, and D2N3Y3, D2N3Y2 and D2N3Y1 applications.

QTL Mapping and Genetic Map for the Ornamental Sunflower in China

Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping and genetic map are of great significance for ornamental sunflowers in China. In this study, a total of 956.50 Mbp data were obtained, the average Q30 was 93.76%, the average GC content was 42.43%, and the GC distribution of the parents and F2 population of the ornamental sunflowers was normal. At the same time, the double-end comparison efficiency of control data was 90.28%, and the enzyme digestion efficiency was 92.01%. The Specific-Locus Amplified Fragment (SLAF) library construction was normal. Furthermore, a total of 734,893 SLAF markers were obtained, among which 127,855 were polymorphic SLAF markers and 38,908 could be used for genetic map construction, and the effective polymorphism of the parents was 5.29%. Moreover, we constructed a total of 17 linkage groups, with 6181 markers in the QTL mapping, the total map distance was 2608.66 cM, the marker integrity in the figure above was 99%, the proportion of double exchange was 0.05, the sequencing depth of the parents was 42.455 × , and the progeny was 9.24 × . The relationship of traits (plant height, stem diameter, disk diameter, number of petals, leaf number, stigma color, petal color, petiole color) and QTL mapping was closely related to show the best of ornamental effect.

Development and validation of a gel wax phantom to evaluate geometric accuracy and measurement of a hyperechoic target diameter in diagnostic ultrasound imaging.

Diagnostic ultrasound (US) scanners are generally evaluated using proprietary quality assurance (QA) phantoms, but their prohibitively high cost may prevent organizations to perform the necessary tests. This study aimed to develop a low-cost gel wax phantom with targets to determine the lateral and axial resolution and diameter of a hyperechoic target in an US scanner. The acoustic property (AP) of gel wax, which includes the speed of sound (cus), acoustic impedance (Z), and attenuation coefficient (µ), were determined for multiple transducers operating at 2.25, 5, 10, 15, and 30MHz. These results were compared to the AP of soft tissue. Two polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) rectangular frames with holes separated by 5, 10, and 20mm were constructed. Nylon filaments and stainless-steel disc (SS disc) (diameter = 16.8mm) were threaded through the frames and suitably placed in gel wax to obtain orthogonal targets in the phantom. The target dimensions obtained from computerized tomography (CT) and US images of the phantom were compared for phantom validation. The average cus=1431.4m/s, mass density ρ = 0.87g/cm3, Z = 1.24 MRayls, and µ ranged from 0.7 to 0.98 dB/cm/MHz for gel wax at 22°C. The US image measurement exhibited a maximum error in determining the diameter of the SS disc, resulting in a value of 18mm instead of its actual value of 16.8mm. The phantom volume decreased by 1.8% in 62 weeks. The present phantom is affordable, stable, customizable, and can be used to evaluate diagnostic US scanners across multiple centers.

FLUORESCEIN ANGIOGRAPHY EVALUATION OF CHILDREN PREVIOUSLY TREATED WITH ANTI-VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR MONOTHERAPY FOR RETINOPATHY OF PREMATURITY.

To determine the level of vascularization and peripheral vascular findings by fluorescence angiography in patients with aggressive retinopathy of prematurity or Type 1 retinopathy of prematurity treated with a single dose of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor. Data of patients referred to the authors' clinic for fluorescence angiography examination between June 2016 and September 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. Patients who had their first fluorescence angiography examination at the age of 1 year or older were included in the study. A total of 486 eyes of 250 patients were included. Of these, 83 eyes (17.1%) had vascular termination in Zone II and 403 eyes (82.9%) in Zone III. In 62.7% of eyes, the distance from the vascular terminals to the temporal ora serrata was less than two disk diameters, and in 20.2%, it was more than two disk diameters. Abnormal vascular findings were noted, including circumferential vessels (41.2%), finger-like projection anomaly (36.2%), hyperfluorescence (16.9%), fine branching and blunt termination (15%), and arteriovenous shunt (9.9%). Fluorescence angiography performed late in the course of treatment can clearly define the vascular termini and detect abnormalities that cannot be detected by indirect ophthalmoscopy. Follow-up with fluorescence angiography can help prevent complications that can lead to vision loss.

An outbreak of subhyaloid hemorrhage after accidental laser exposure during an Indian festival.

To report the clinical manifestations and outcomes of patients who experienced retinal damage due to accidental laser exposure during a festival in Kolhapur, Maharashtra. Consecutive patients who presented with sudden loss of vision following exposure to laser lights during a religious Indian festival (Ganapati festival) on the same day (9 September 2022) at the same location (idol visarjan procession) were identified from the medical records of various eye hospitals in Kolhapur district of Maharashtra. Eyes with persistent subhyaloid hemorrhage (SHH) were taken up for neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd: YAG) posterior hyaloidotomy. Patients were examined at weekly intervals up to 1 month. Thirty-four eyes of 34 men were identified with age ranging from 18 to 27 years. The mean duration of exposure to the laser projections was 4.9 ± 1.7 h, and the mean distance from the laser source was 7.3 ± 2.7 feet. All presented with SHH involving the macula. SHH had a median size of 3 disc diameters or larger in 30 eyes (88%), and 29 (97%) of these required hyaloidotomy while one patient underwent pars plana vitrectomy. The mean visual acuity improved from 1.45 ± 0.5 log of minimum angle of resolution (logMAR; 20/560 Snellen) to 0.11 ± 0.19 logMAR (20/25 Snellen) (P < 0.001). One eye showed full-thickness macular hole with visual acuity of 20/200. We report a large number of patients experiencing laser-induced SHH, resembling an outbreak, due to exposure to a malfunctioning high-powered recreational laser during a religious festival.

Fabrication of a Palladium Hydride pH Microelectrode with an Extended Lifetime

Stable miniaturized pH microelectrodes are crucial in exploring localized pH changes, but most suffer from instability and short lifetimes. Palladium hydride in a mixer phase has been reported to measure the solution pH taking advantage of the interaction between the alloyed hydrogen atoms and hydrogen ions in the solution. However, with the escape of the hydrogen atoms from the palladium lattice, the palladium hydride will transition to single phase and become invalid for pH measurement. The duration of the mixer-phase palladium hydride is even shorter as the sensor is made small. A method to stabilize the mixer-phase is needed for the development of palladium hydride sensors.A method of synthesizing the mixer-phase palladium hydride in dimethylformamide at an elevated temperature has been reported. The synthesized palladium hydride can be stable under aerobic conditions. We used the stable palladium hydride to fabricate a pH microelectrode. In contrast to electrochemically generated palladium hydride microelectrodes, chemically generated palladium hydride microelectrodes are longer lasting and importantly have good an analytical performance under aerobic conditions. Chemically generated palladium hydride microelectrodes perform best in acid to neutral electrolytes devoid of Cl-. They can readily be produced on 10 µm diameter disk platinum microelectrodes, which makes them attractive candidates for future localized electrochemical studies.

Features Associated With Vision in Eyes With Subfoveal Fibrosis From Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration

PurposeTo report the characteristics and correlation of visual acuity in eyes treated for neovascular AMD (nAMD) and developed fibrosis. DesignCase-control study Methods356 treatment naive nAMD eyes that were treated for 12 months were included. Fibrosis was defined as present if well-defined hyperreflective material (HRM) between the neurosensory retina and the Bruchs’ membrane (BM) on optical coherence tomography (OCT) which correlated with well-defined regions of yellowish pallor on fundus photography and/or staining on fluorescence angiography were present. OCT features of sub foveal fibrosis and the overlying retina were correlated with visual acuity at month 12. Results20.3% developed incident fibrosis at month 12. Compared to eyes that did not develop fibrosis these eyes had lower baseline vision (49 vs 54 letters, p=0.02), more had type II macular neovascularisation (15.0 vs 8.8%, p=0.03), larger lesion area (29.6 vs 15.1 mm2, p=0.02) and sub-retinal haemorrhage ≥4 disc diameters (44.4% vs 19.8%, p<0.01). Visual acuity was worse in the incident fibrosis compared to the group that never developed fibrosis by month 12. (-1.4±17.1 versus +6.0±17.4 letters, p<0.01). In 83 eyes that had sub foveal fibrosis, better vision was associated with intact EZ/ELM complex (β coefficient (95% CI) 29.4 (14.2 to 44.6, p<0.01) while worse vision was associated with RPE-involving HRM, HRM above the RPE and width of HRM. (β coefficient (95% CI) -25.4 (-36.3 to -14.6, p<0.01), -23.5 (-39.0 to -7.9, p<0.01) and -3.8 (-7.2 to -0.4, p=0.03) respectively). ConclusionWhile fibrosis is associated with poorer visual outcome, preservation of ELM and level of fibrosis relative to the RPE are associated with visual outcomes.

Multi-objective design and optimization of squeezed branch pile based on orthogonal test

In recent years, the emergence of the squeezed branch pile has presented a new avenue for civil engineering, offering a distinctive structure and favorable mechanical characteristics. Squeezed branch piles have strong compressive, uplift, and horizontal load resistance capabilities. Due to the existence of discs, the geometric parameters of squeezed branch piles are abundant but important. This article selects number of discs, disc diameter, disc squeeze angle, and disc spacing as the main influencing factors on the bearing capacity of squeezed branch piles and conducts a qualitative analysis of their mechanical properties. The aim of this article is to analyze the different bearing performances of squeezed branch piles through orthogonal experimental design, simulate test conditions using finite element software ABAQUS, obtain relevant data, and finally determine the weight ranking and optimal combination of influencing factors through range analysis to provide better guidance for engineering practices. Through multi-objective optimization design, six optimization objectives including compressive performance, compressive economic efficiency, uplift performance, uplift economic efficiency, maximum horizontal displacement and maximum bending moment of pile body were analyzed. The analysis methods used included comprehensive balance method, queue scoring method, principal component analysis method, entropy weight method, and analytic hierarchy process. The conclusions obtained are similar, and based on the judgment, the squeezed branch pile with 4 discs, disc diameter of 2.5D, disc squeeze angle of 35°, and disc spacing of 3D is considered as the optimal combination under consideration of all optimization objectives.

Influence of sex and disease etiology on the development of papilledema and optic nerve sheath extension in the setting of intracranial pressure elevation in children

IntroductionDilatation of the optic nerve sheath diameter and swelling of the optic disc are known phenomena associated with intracranial pressure elevation. Research questionDo sex and disease etiology have an impact on the development of optic disc elevation and optic nerve sheath extension in children in the setting of ICP elevation? Fundoscopic papilledema and point-of-care-ultrasound techniques-optic nerve sheath diameter (US-ONSD) and optic disc elevation (US-ODE) - were compared in this regard. Material and methods72 children were included in this prospective study; 50 with proven pathology (e.g. pseudotumor cerebri, tumor), 22 with pathology excluded. Bilateral US-ONSD and US-ODE were quantified by US using a 12-MHz-linear-array-transducer. This was compared with fundoscopic optic disc findings and in 28 patients with invasive ICP values, stratified for sex and etiology. ResultsIn patients with proven disease, significant more girls (69%) had fundoscopic papilledema compared with boys (37%, p < 0.05). Girls had also larger US-ODE values (0.86 ± 0.36 mm vs. 0.65 ± 0.40 mm in boys). 80% of tumor patients had initial papilledema (100% girls, 79% boys), compared with 50% in pseudotumor cerebri (PTC) (83% girls, 30% boys). US-ONSD had no sex- and no etiology-specificity. Discussion and conclusionPresence of papilledema appears to be influenced by sex and etiology, whereas US-ONSD is not. Girls seem more likely to develop papilledema under similar conditions. Male sex and PTC appear as risk factors for being undetected by fundoscopic findings. US-ONSD and US-ODE seem useful tools to identify pathologies with potentially increased ICP requiring treatment in children regardless of sex and etiology.

Pengaruh Lubang Dan Jumlah Disk Terhadap Performa Turbin Tesla

This research focuses on the effect of holes and the number of disks on the performance of the Tesla turbine, where this experiment uses one Tesla turbine unit with a constant inflow discharge of 0.037 m3/s and a constant load of 50 kg on. Then testing was carried out by varying the number of holes on the disk (4, 6, 8) and varying the number of disks (11,13, 15) with a hole diameter of 10 mm, disk diameter of 160 mm, disk thickness of 0.5 mm. After testing and data analysis, it can be seen that the variations in the number of holes on the disk (4,6,8) and the number of disks factor can be concluded that the maximum power is 310,148 Watts for the number of holes on the disk factor while for the number of disks factor it is 301,154 Watts, where there is a difference of 8,994 Watts. Meanwhile, the maximum efficiency is 73.754 for the number of holes in the disk, while for the number of disks it is 71.652, where there is a difference of 2.102.&#x0D; Keywords : Turbine, Tesla, Disk, Performance

Tunable bound states in the continuum in active metasurfaces of graphene disk dimers.

Bound states in the continuum (BICs) in metasurfaces have lately attracted a great deal of attention stemming from their inherent (formally) divergent Q factors, which lead to an enhancement of light-matter interaction in two-dimensional geometries. However, the development of plausible means to actively manipulate them remains a major challenge. The use of graphene layers has recently been suggested, employed either as a substrate or a coating that modifies the dielectric environment of the metasurface. Here, instead, we propose to exploit graphene disk dimers supporting in-plane plasmons directly as active meta-atoms in a square array. We prove analytically that both the emergence of a BIC and its Q factor can be tuned in an active manner by applying a different external potential to each of the disks in the dimer, thus being formally equivalent to engineering the disk diameters in a passive, geometrically-dependent manner. Moreover, we propose an approach to mitigate the effect of the inherent losses of graphene plasmons based on exploiting the collective behavior of the array, which is achieved by adjusting the lattice parameter so that the wavelength of the BIC mode lies closer to the Rayleigh anomaly.

ANALYTICAL DETERMINATION OF ASYMMETRIC PARAMETERS DISK HARROW

Having analyzed the technologies of pre-sowing field preparation, it should be concluded that the soil is processed before sowing with cultivators, disk, tooth and needle harrows, as well as soil tillers. Rolling before sowing ensures the destruction of soil lumps, as well as partial leveling of the field surface. However, the task of qualitative preparation of the field for sowing with the use of disk harrows is currently insufficiently solved, therefore it is necessary to substantiate the rational design parameters of an asymmetric disk harrow containing working bodies, which include, in particular, spherical disks. The following should also be noted, if the harrow is intended for use on harder, for example, chernozem soil, then the rod is attached to the hole further from the axis of rotation of the two-armed lever, which ensures the distance of the attachment device from the middle line of the harrow, which conditions the preservation of its balance when working on such soil. The process of rectilinear movement and rotation of spherical disks with a certain radius R in the soil at a depth h, which are installed at different angles to the direction of harrow movement, is considered. In the work, the impact of spherical disks with the remains of stubble, chopped straw was considered, it was established that spherical disks should be clamped between the sharpened cutting edge and the soil and cut them. It has been established that for guaranteed rotation of a spherical disk in the soil with minimal slippage and rolling resistance, its diameter must be substantiated. Since the spherical disk for soil cultivation is installed at an angle of attack α, to the direction of harrow movement, the projection of the spherical disk in the longitudinal-vertical plane is an ellipse with semi-axes. The rational diameter of the spherical disc of the asymmetric disc harrow under the conditions of its rotation in the soil with minimal values of sliding and rolling resistance, as well as a high-quality process of cutting the soil, stubble and soil displacement, is theoretically substantiated. It was established that the rational values of the diameter of the spherical disc of the asymmetric disc harrow depends on the depth h of soil treatment, the angle of attack α and the physical and mechanical properties of the soil.

Effect of Mushroom Residues, Date Residues and Bacterial Inoculum (A. Chroococcum, P. Putida) on the Growth and Yield of Broccoli.

An experiment was conducted in sandy clay loam textured soil at the research station of the College of Agriculture / University of Anbar to find out the effect of adding white Spent mushroom residues Agaricus bisporus, date residues and bacterial inoculum on the growth and yield of broccoli. A three-level factorial experiment was designed for this purpose: the first is white mushroom residues with three levels [0, 10, and 20 tons ha−1] and symbolized by symbols [M0, M1, and M2], and the second date residues with three levels [0, 10 and 20 tons.ha−1] and symbolized by symbols [D0, D1, and D2] and the third factor is bacterial inoculum [Azotobacter chroococcum+Pseudomonas putida] which included two levels; No addition [B0] and inoculum addition [B1], added with all the mentioned treatments half of the fertilizer recommendation. The experiment was designed with a randomized completely blocks design [RCBD] and three replications. The results showed that the triple interaction of the treatments at the highest levels [B1D2M2] gave the best results and significantly for Plant height [PHA], Leaf Area [LA], number of leaves [NOL], number of secondary heads [NOSH], weight of the main flower disc [NOMF] and diameter of the main flower disc [DOMFD] ]75.30 cm, 1182.70 cm2 plant−1, 70.22 leaf−1, 13.53 plant heads−1, 1515.50 g and 26.49 cm] respectively. The control treatment with no residues and no bacterial inoculum [B0D0M0] was added reveal the lowest rates for all the mentioned properties.

Parameters of the disc angle of a stepped plow for tillage

The development and creation of energy-saving machines and technologies for high-quality basic processing is one of main tasks today. The existing step plows for smooth, row less plowing have a number of disadvantages. With these plows, the technology of smooth plowing is carried out in conditions of a closed furrow, as a result, they do not ensure the turnover of layers the required degree and the sealing of plant residues, and also have a high energy intensity. The purpose study is to substantiate the parameters the disk angle stepped plow. Theoretical studies were carried out using the methods of classical mechanics. Analytical expressions have been obtained to determine the permissible distance of transverse discarding of soil particles by a disk angle and the range of flight of soil particles under the action disk, depending on its parameters. Theoretical studies have established that the permissible distance of transverse discarding of soil particles by a disk angle should be no more than 29 cm. The analysis of the expressions obtained showed that with an increase in the diameter disk angle-lift, its angle of installation to the pressure of movement, the angle of inclination to the vertical of depth of processing the angle-lift, the range of transverse rejection of soil particles increases. To ensure the established distance of soil discarding, the diameter of the disk angle-lift should be no more than 480 mm, its installation angle to the direction the hole should not exceed 35°, the installation angle to the vertical should not exceed 10° and the processing depth should not exceed 11 cm.