Crown Diameter Research Articles

Analysis of Gender Dimorphism and Assessment of Racial Variation Through Odontometric Technique: A Cross-Sectional Study.

When conducting a forensic investigation, one of the most important steps is establishing the biological profile of a victim who cannot be positively recognized or is just a skeleton. It has been shown that, among the other clinical indicators, the diameters of dental crowns are a good and dependable source for determining gender in a particular population sample. However, the literature is sparse regarding their assessment as a viable marker for the determination of a particular race. In addition, the need for population-specific data has also been advocated while determining gender dimorphism based on tooth size. To study the bisexual variation in the permanent dentition of individuals from three different sets of populations: Arabian, South Asian, and East Asian. The other objective is to explore the role of this odontometric analysis in predicting the racial identity of the subjects belonging to the aforementioned population. The research was conducted at the College of Dentistry, AlJouf University in Sakaka. Measurements of mesiodistal and buccolingual (BL) distances were taken using a digital vernier caliper on a total of 75 pairs of research models or casts. Statistical tests were run on the information gathered. Of the 75 casts, 38 (50.7%) were of male and 37 (49.3%) were of female. Our analysis showed between genders, a significant difference in maxillary central incisor (P = 0.001), first premolar (P = 0.01), and first molar (P = 0.02) while for a mandibular arch, a significant difference was noted for incisors (P = 0.002) with greater tooth dimension in male than in the female. Concerning the BLdimensions, only the mandibular canine showed a significant difference between males and females (P = 0.001). Comparisons of the crown dimensions between population groups showed that the Arabian population consistently exhibits larger tooth dimensions than the other two populations in both arches. A few crown dimensions can be used as an adjunctive tool for the identification of the gender and race of an individual.

Teak‐Soil Interaction: Teak (Tectona grandis) Plantations Impact and are Impacted by Soil Properties and Fertility in Southwestern Ghana

Teak (Tectona grandis) is one of the most widely established plantation species globally due to its potential for degraded forest restoration, timber supplementation, and easing pressure on natural forest resources. However, the extent to which plant‐soil interactions in teak plantations impact tree growth and productivity and soil nutrient dynamics is not well understood. This study assessed the impact of teak plantations on soil physicochemical properties as well as the influence of soil properties and fertility on teak growth. The study was conducted in teak plantations aged 5, 10, 15, 20, and over 20 years and an adjacent natural forest remnant. We established three 25 m × 25 m plots in each teak plantation and recorded the diameter at breast height (DBH), height, crown length, and depth of all trees. We collected 54 soil samples at 0–20 cm depth and analysed them for 29 soil parameters. The study revealed that teak plantations resulted in a decline in soil N (45%–81%) and available P (63%–98%) concentration, while soil pH improved by 0.41–0.64 units. However, soil organic carbon, K, Mg, Ca, and Na concentrations and their ratios were unaffected with teak plantations over time. Also, soil textural characteristics, acidity, and nutrient ratios were observed to influence tree‐related characteristics such as DBH and crown dimensions (crown, diameter, breadth, length, and volume). Three principal components (PC1, PC2, and PC3) explained 69% of the overall variability and were significantly related to tree crown parameters, height, and diameter at breast height. We concluded that site selection and tailored integrated soil fertility management for each plantation age are critical to sustainable teak production as teak plantations both affect and are affected by soil properties. The study recommends the adoption of management practices aimed at maintaining soil nutrient balance to ensure the long‐term growth and ecological sustainability of teak plantations.

Optimização do crescimento in vitro e composição de óleos essenciais de cultivares de manjericão

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the use of the Murashige & Skook (MS) and Linsmaer & Skoog (LS) media and of filter caps on culture flasks on the morphological and physiological characteristics of basil cultivars in vitro, as well as to determine the composition of the essential oil of plants acclimatized in pots. For the evaluation of the cultivation media, cultivars Anise, Cinnamon, Grecco a Palla, and Italian Large Leaf were used. The Anise, Cinnamon, Italian Large Leaf, and Maria Bonita cultivars were used for the evaluation of the use of filter caps. The composition of the essential oils of cultivars Anise, Cinnamon, and Italian Large Leaf was also evaluated. The basil seedlings showed a higher aerial-part dry mass and a lower hyperhydricity rate when grown in the MS medium. The flasks without filter caps produced seedlings with lower contamination rates. When acclimatized in pots, cultivars Limoncino and Anise presented the tallest plants with the largest crown diameters. In the composition of essential oils, methyl cinnamate and linalool stood out in cultivar Cinnamon, methyl chavicol in Anise, and linalool in Italian Large Leaf. In the in vitro cultivation, the evaluated cultivars present a higher aerial-part production in the MS medium and a lower contamination without the use of filters, whereas, in the pots, the composition of essential oils varies according to the cultivar.

Influence of Chicken Manuer Compost on Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) Field Production in the South Cameroon Region

The objective of the present field work in southern Cameroon was to test the effect of chicken dung compost on growth parameters and yield of cowpea. Two cowpea varieties (Lori and Komcalle) and four treatments (T= control; C= compost; CF= chemical fertilizer; CCF= mixture of compost and chemical fertilizer) were used in a completely randomized block design with three replications. Seed emergence rate, height, number of leaves, leaf area, crown diameter, number of nodules per plant and grain yield were evaluated. The results show that the Komcalle variety recorded an emergence rate of 94.85% and the Lori variety a washout rate of 91%. At 60 DAS, the chicken droppings compost shows the optimum values on height of (60.6±11.73 and 63.93±9.39 cm), number of nodules (73.63±1.60 and 72.7±1.62 nodules) and number of leaves (76.13±23and 60.41±18 leaves) for Lori and Komcalle variety respectively. The best seed yields were provided by chicken droppings compost (230±3.7 and 243±2 kg/ha) for Lori and Komcalle varieties respectively, compared to synthetic chemical fertilizer which recorded values of 217±4.7 and 214±2 kg/ha for Lori and Komcalle respectively. Based on the results, it appears that chicken dung compost is beneficial for cowpea cultivation due to improved growth and yield in the Southern Cameroon region.

Changes in the provision of ecosystem services based on sidewalk tree-composition scenarios

Cities have been experiencing environmental and social issues due to urban expansion processes, be them planned or not. However, several environmental solutions have been proposed and sidewalk tree planting stands out among them. The aim of the current research is to assess the process to estimate ecosystem services under different sidewalk tree composition scenarios in Irati and Curitiba cities, Paraná State. In order to do so, 10 street segments from neighborhoods sampled in city-wide inventories were selected. Information about sidewalk length, curb ramps’ width, and number of utility poles was collected for each street segment. The number of trees to be fit in each segment and sampled neighborhood was determined based on safety recommendations for these urban structures. Tree dimensions (Diameter at Breast Height - DBH, total height and crown diameter) were projected for the 55th year post-planting, based on using minimum dimensions of seedlings from small, medium and large-sized species. It was done to estimate ecosystem services in i-Tree Eco software. Significant differences among floristic composition scenarios (p<0.05) were observed for all ecosystem services in both cities. Compositions featuring large-sized species have show higher ability to provide ecosystem services, as well as higher monetary valuation, despite fitting a smaller number of trees in the assessed street segments. The herein formulated scenarios have shown the potential to increase the number of planted trees and to select compositions capable of maximizing ecosystem services’ provision and trees’ monetary value.

The Investigation of Effect of Bacteria in Biological Control of Red Spider Mite (Tetranychus spp.) and Plant Yield Parameter in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

The purpose of this study was to assess the usability of two bacterial strains, namely Bacillus subtilis PA1 and Paenibacillus azotofixans PA2, for the biological control of red spider species, and their effects on plant quality and yield in cotton under field conditions. The experiments were conducted at three different locations with multiple replications. As a control, a commercial preparation containing Lambda-Cyhalothrin as the active ingredient was used. The obtained results from the study revealed that the application of the bioagent formulation led to a significant decrease in the density of Tetranychus spp. at different biological stages, ranging from 59.22% to 61.07%, when compared to the control group. Additionally, several important plant growth parameters showed remarkable improvements. The number of fruit branches increased by 130.20%, plant crown diameter by 88.16%, plant height by 40.15%, the number of flowers by 21.25%, the number of wood branches by 18.13%, the average number of cocoons by 126.53%, and cocoon weights by 54.65% significantly across all three trial parcels. The successful implementation of the bacterial application for pest control had a positive impact on cotton yield. Bulk cotton yield increased by 80.03%, and fiber yield increased by 82.17%. Consequently, the bacterial formulation containing these two bacteria demonstrated its potential as a biopesticide in cotton cultivation, effectively controlling pests while also playing a crucial role in enhancing productivity. Overall, the study suggests that using the bioagent formulation consisting of Bacillus subtilis PA1 and Paenibacillus azotofixans PA2 could be an effective and environmentally friendly approach for pest control in cotton farming, leading to increased productivity.

Population structure and dynamics of Seriphidium herba-alba (Asso) Soják in different habitats in Jardas Jerrari, Al-Jabal Al- Akhdar, Libya

Seriphidium herba-alba (Asso) Sojàk is a dwarf shrub fast growing in arid and warm climates and muddy areas at southern Al-Jabal Al- Akhdar, Libya. The present work aims to study the size structure of Seriphidium herba-alba populations in relation to their physiographic and soil conditions. Cover percentage of the species was assessed in ten selected quadrates (20 x 20 m) representing three habitats. The number of individuals of species was counted while the height (H) and mean crown diameter (D) were measured. The size index of each individual was calculated and then used to classify population into 7 size classes: 1 cm size 7 cm. Generally, the height to diameter ratio was less than unity for Seriphidium herba-alba, this means that the diameter of these species tend to expand horizontally rather than vertically , The total size structure of Seriphidium herba-alba in the study area is characterized by the preponderance of the young individuals comparing with the old ones. Five forms of size distributions along the different elevations were recognized: more or less inverse J-shaped distribution, positive skewed distribution, and bell shaped distribution. Soil of the upstream has the highest values of SO4--, Cl-, Ca++, Na+, and K⁺, while, while that of mid-stream has the lowest values. The populations of Jardas Jerrari trees, one of the most important tree components of the desert wadis in the central region of Al-Jabal Al- Akhdar area subjected to tremendous pressure from human impacts. Apart from human caused changes in the unprotected habitats, other biotic and abiotic factors may also play a role in the decline of the plant population.

A general approach analyzing transient dynamics in plant biomass allocation patterns

Allometric biomass allocation theory and optimal partitioning theory are the most important theoretical frameworks for explaining and predicting plant biomass allocation patterns. But their focus on equilibrium conditions does not advance our understanding of transient allocation patterns. To address this limitation, we develop a heuristic approach with a quantitative metric to theoretically analyze transient patterns of plant allocation of photosynthetic products to different plant organs. The approach is also used to ask how various factors can drive transient patterns. A case study is analyzed, showing how periodic perturbations of transient patterns of plant leaf and stem biomass can decrease or increase in response to plant height, crown diameter, and projected crown area. The predictions are consistent with global data on forest plants. The approach here addresses the limitations of optimal partitioning theory by revealing the variation in plant photosynthetic partitioning over short time scales. Given the central role of plant biomass allocation patterns for both empirical and theoretical studies, there is a large scope for applying this approach to improve estimations of carbon stock, and stabilized yields in forest management.

Pemilihan jenis pohon untuk pengembangan arboretum Kampus IV Universitas Khairun

Arboretum is an artificial forest that collects various types of plants for educational purposes and plant preservation. The development of an arboretum requires basic information on environmental conditions and tree species suitable for planting. Therefore, this study was carried out with the aim of selecting tree species for the development of the arboretum at Campus IV, Khairun University. The research was carried out at Campus IV of Khairun University which included a study of land conditions, a literature review of local tree species, and tree species selection. A potential location for an arboretum is the triangular park at the campus entrance. This location was planted with the Angsana species (Pterocarpus indicus) in 2019, which has now grown to the pole and tree stage with an average height of 6 m and an average crown diameter of 4.1 m. The soil has a clay texture with a pH of 5.2 and humidity of 55%. Thus, the location can be planted with intolerant tree species on the edges and tolerant species in the middle which has been shaded by angsana vegetation. The tree species selected for species enrichment in the arboretum are local species in the Wallacea region, namely Canarium indicum, Palaquium spp., Syzygium malaccense, Vitex cofassus and Diospyros celebica; timber wood-producing species, namely Swietenia macrophylla and Ochroma pyramidale; producer of gaharu NTFPs, namely Aquilaria malaccensis; and shade-tree for aesthetics, namely Tabebuia rosea.

INSTANCE SEGMENTATION OF LIDAR DATA WITH VISION TRANSFORMER MODEL IN SUPPORT INUNDATION MAPPING UNDER FOREST CANOPY ENVIRONMENT

Abstract. Inundation mapping in forest and dense vegetated areas requires the ability to generate well defined Digital Terrain Models (DTM) to derive floodwater extent, depth, and duration. Due to the occlusion caused by overlapping leaves and branch structures of forest canopies, the ability to extract elevation point clouds through UAV and airborne optical imagery and photogrammetry is challenging. LiDAR is an active sensor that acquires direct 3D measurements by transmitting hundreds of thousands of laser measurements per second producing incredibly detailed mapping layers of not only the terrain but also forest attributes such as crown diameter, tree density and height that can support inundation mapping as well as hydrological models and monitoring of floods.In this research, we propose a methodology to map the inundated areas under canopies by using photon base Geiger Mode LiDAR point cloud dataset and a deep learning model to conduct instance segmentation of tree canopy. The method is to segment the vegetation from water and determine the gap fraction between trees to quantify the penetration through canopy for the detection of water pixels in vegetated areas. To conduct the segmentation Masked-attention Mask Transformer (Mask2Former) for universal segmentation model was implemented and trained to automate the extraction of tree crown segments from the LiDAR data. Furthermore, a semi-automatic experimental approach using a Canopy Height Model and watershed segmentation was applied to develop a rapid tree crown annotation strategy.

Prediction Models for Ceiba pentandra in the Guinea Savanah Ecological Zone of Ghana

This study investigated the relationships between seven dendrometry variables in Ceiba pentandra. The relationships between stem diameter at breast height, total tree height, crown diameter, crown height, crown ratio, crown projection area and number of branches. Also, the relationship between Crown diameter and total tree height was studied. Regression prediction models were derived using simple linear regression analysis. Pearson correlation between variables was done using the Pearson’s Correlation coefficient. Stem diameter at breast height and crown diameter were used as independent variables as they are readily easy to measure with high accuracy. The study showed that positive correlations exited between stem diameter at breast height and total tree height, crown diameter, crown height, crown projection area, number of branches and crown ratio. Again, a positive correlation exited between the crown diameter and total height (0.39). The value of Pearson correlation coefficient (r) between the stem diameter at breast height, total tree height, crown diameter and crown height was 0.98; that between stem diameter at breast height and crown projection area was 0.95; between stem diameter at breast height, number of branches and crown ratio was 0.96. The correlation coefficient between crown diameter and total height was also 0.98. The coefficient of determination (Ar2) between the stem diameter at breast height, total tree height and crown height was 0.9; between stem diameter at breast height and crown diameter was 0.91; between stem diameter at beast height and crown projection area was 0.84; and 0.88 between stem diameter at breast height, number of branches and crown ratio. The coefficient of determination between crown diameter and total tree height was 0.9. Thus, the stem diameter at breast height accounted for about 90% of the total tree and crown heights. Also stem diameter accounted for 91% of crown diameter, 84% of crown projection area, and 88% of both crown ratio and number of branches. The crown diameter, on the other hand, accounted for 90% of the crown projection area. P-values were significant at 0.05 for all the variables studied (P ≤ 0.05). The models developed will enhance decision making in forest management and save cost and time spent in collecting data on these dendrometry variables studied.

On edge chipping in molar teeth from blunt occlusal contact

Edge chipping is a leading failure mode in dental teeth. Virtually all chipping studies are limited to Vickers indentation on polished cusps of molar teeth. Such works are here extended to spherical contact. Occlusal loads are applied on the tooth's central fossa or a polished cusp using ball radii ranging from 0.4 to 5.16 mm. The chip dimensions are characterized by h/Dm and D/Dm, where h, D and Dm denote indent distance, chip size and tooth crown diameter. For the fossa loading, h/Dm, D/Dm and the least chipping force Pch are virtually independent of ball radius r for r < ≈ 4 mm. In this range, h/Dm and D/Dm lie between ≈0.30 to 0.36 and 0.51 to 0.69, respectively, while Pch equals ≈1330 N. For r > ≈ 4 mm, the failure occurs by debonding of enamel sectors from the dentin core. In the case of cusp loading, h/Dm < ≈ 0.3 while D/Dm and Pch vary with r. For relatively small h or large r, the failure occurs as soon as radial cracks initiate under the loading point. For a load applied near a cusp tip, the failure occurs by enamel debonding. Finally, the present work is easily extendable to fossil teeth of hominins and apes as well as prosthetic teeth. The morphological features obtained in such studies should provide quantitative means to assess the relationships between chip dimensions, chipping force and diet characteristics.

Remote-Sensed Tree Crown Diameter as a Predictor of Stem Diameter and Above-Ground Biomass in Betula pendula Roth and Populus tremuloides Michx. × Populus tremula L. Plantations

Striving for climate neutrality and wider implementation of climate change mitigation measures including tree introduction in agricultural land, request for approaches and general allometric models for estimating carbon (C) stock in tree above-ground biomass (AGB) based on relatively easily obtainable remote sensing data is increasing. Here, we present estimates of individual trees’ crown diameters (CDs) for Betula pendula Roth (B. pendula) and Populus tremuloides Michx. × Populus tremula L. (P. tremuloides × P. tremula) in 11-year-old tree plantations (tree height ranged up to 12.8 and 18.1 m, respectively) in the hemiboreal region of Europe (in Latvia). Individual trees’ CDs were measured using a drone orthophoto map. Afterwards, linear equations were developed to predict individual trees’ stem diameters at breast height (DBHs) and, consequently, tree AGB (which was then converted to C stock) from remote-sensed tree CD data. RMSEs of the prediction models of tree stem DBH were in the ranges of 1.87–2.12 cm for B. pendula and 2.50–3.12 cm for P. tremuloides × P. tremula. This demonstrated approach is applicable to carry out, for instance, a self-assessment and approximate C stock in the AGB of selected tree species by land owners, managers, and other implementers of climate change mitigation measures.

Dendrometric Relationships and Biomass in Commercial Plantations of Dipteryx spp. in the Eastern Amazon

The objective of this study is to characterize and compare the relationships between dendrometric variables in Dipteryx spp. stands in the Western Amazon by fitting linear regression equations for total height (ht) and crown diameter (dc). Six forest stands were evaluated in three municipalities. The variables collected included diameter at 1.3 m height (dbh), ht, and dc. Simple and multiple linear regression equations were fitted to characterize the relationships between ht and dc. The aboveground biomass and carbon stock of the stands were estimated. Most dendrometric variables were positively correlated (97.5%). The general equations presented an R2adj. greater than 0.7, and all coefficients were significant. Equations with non-significant coefficients were common in settlement adjustments (45%). The error for these equations varied between 1.1 and 23.6 m. The trees averaged 22 t ha−1 of aboveground biomass in the stands. There was a variation in carbon sequestration potential among stands, ranging from 5.12 to 88.91 t CO2 ha−1. Single-input equations using dbh as an independent variable are recommended for estimating dc and ht for individual Dipteryx spp. stands. Stands in the Western Amazon play a significant role in carbon sequestration and accumulation. Trees can sequester an average of 4.8 tons of CO2 per year.

Impact of Canopy Coverage and Morphological Characteristics of Trees in Urban Park on Summer Thermal Comfort Based on Orthogonal Experiment Design: A Case Study of Lvyin Park in Zhengzhou, China

As an integral part of urban forests, urban parks play a vital role in mitigating urban heat islands (UHI) and providing residents with comfortable outdoor recreational plots. For high-quality use of the trees in regulating the thermal comfort of urban parks, previous studies primarily focused on the microclimate variations caused by tree coverage and morphological features separately. However, there is still a lack of systematic understanding of how tree canopy coverage (TCC) and its morphological elements, including leaf area index (LAI), trunk height (TH), and crown diameter (CD), combined affect the thermal comfort in the urban park. This study employed an orthogonal experiment design and ENVI-met software to simulate the microclimate of various multi-factor combination models in the case of a typical urban park in a temperate continental climate zone in China, analyzing the simulated result through physiological equivalent temperature (PET). Results show that the contribution ratio of various elements to the thermal environment vary over time. In studied elements, the contribution ratio of TCC to PET is consistently higher than 50% during the morning, midday, and evening periods, reaching a peak of 67% in the evening. The maximum contribution ratios for CD, TH, and LAI occur during midday, morning, and midday, respectively, with corresponding contribution ratios of approximately 22%, 10%, and 9%, respectively. The ranking of elements affecting thermal comfort in the urban park generally is TCC, CD, LAI, TH throughout the day, apart from the morning, when the influence of TH is greater than LAI. The optimal combination of elements is 85% TCC, 4m TH, 3.9 LAI, and 7m CD, and thirteen combinations of element cases meet the thermal comfort requirements during summer. The research findings highlight the significance of optimizing the configuration of trees in creating a more comfortable and inviting space for human activities.

Breeding evaluation of &lt;i&gt;Juglans mandshurica&lt;/i&gt; in the green zone of Krasnoyarsk

The Manchurian walnut is a highly ornamental tree with large pinnate foliage and a beautiful broadly rounded crown. The species is naturally distributed in Russia in the Far East, as well as in Japan, Korea and North China. It grows in the composition of valley broad-leaved forests on deep, fertile, humus-rich and breathable soils. The Ussuri taiga owes much to its splendor and “tropical” appearance to the Manchurian walnut growing in it. In its homeland, the Manchurian walnut forms large trees, up to 27-29 m in height and 60-70, rarely 90-100 cm in trunk diameter. The root system is powerful, with a deep taproot and well-developed, shallow lateral roots. Trees are wind resistant. Stems are straight. The bark on young trunks is smooth, light gray, on old trunks it is dark gray, with deep longitudinal cracks. The crown is sparsely branched, openwork, on some trees - low-planted, spreading, growing in a plantation – more compact, highly raised. Lives up to 250 years or more. It is of particular interest for breeding work, as it deserves wider use as a valuable food, ornamental and medicinal plant. The fruits are of nutritional and technical importance. Manchurian walnut is the most winter-hardy of all walnut relatives. This paper provides a selection assessment of Manchurian walnut trees of different geographical origin, growing in the green zone of the city of Krasnoyarsk. The aim of the work is to analyze the selection evaluation of Manchurian walnut trees growing in the arboretum of the Siberian State University – an ecologically clean area of the city. When studying the variability, we identified a biogroup that is superior to the rest in height, trunk and crown diameter – B436. Biogroup D160 of Ussuri origin is inferior in size to plants of other biogroups. In 2020–2022, fruiting intensity was studied. Manchurian walnut trees bear fruit annually, but the yield is low: 24-78 fruits per tree. Selected specimens characterized by large-fruitedness and the largest mass of fruits: D 160 (1.2), B 316 (1.2). Given the significant variation in traits, specimens are being selected to obtain breeding planting material adapted to given environmental conditions.

Evaluation of Coffee Plants Transplanted to an Area with Surface and Deep Liming Based on Multispectral Indices Acquired Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

The use of new technologies to monitor and evaluate the management of coffee crops allowed for a significant increase in productivity. Precision coffee farming has leveraged the development of this commodity by using remote sensing and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). However, the success of coffee farming in the country also resulted from management practices, including liming management in the soils. This study aimed to evaluate the response of coffee seedlings transplanted to areas subjected to deep liming in comparison to conventional (surface) liming, using vegetation indices (VIs) generated by multispectral images acquired using UAVs. The study area was overflown bimonthly by UAVs to measure the plant height, crown diameter, and chlorophyll content in the field. The VIs were generated and compared with the data measured in the field using linear time graphs and a correlation analysis. Linear regression was performed to predict the biophysical parameters as a function of the VIs. A significant difference was found only in the chlorophyll content. Most indices were correlated with the biophysical parameters, particularly the green chlorophyll index (GCI) and the canopy area calculated via vectorization. Therefore, UAVs proved to be effective coffee monitoring tools and can be recommended for coffee producers.

Inventory and Spatial Distribution of Trees in Eleme Local Government Area, Port Harcourt, Nigeria

Urban trees provide a wide range of environmental, economic and social benefits to those that live and work within and outside the community. Urban forest assessments are essential in supporting urban forest management and planning to improve environmental quality and human health in cities. The study investigated woody trees distributions in Eleme Local Government Area (Apkajo) Port Harcourt Nigeria, The study area was divided into 3 categories (Academic, Residential and Religious). Total woody tree species enumerations were carried out using tree identification and measurement while remote sensing technique was used to determine spatial distribution of trees and their land surface temperature. Morphological parameters assessed included total height (THT), crown diameter (CD), crown projection area (CPA), slenderness coefficient (SC) Merchantable area (MCH). Findings indicated total number of twenty seven (27) different woody tree species was identified from a sample population of one hundred and eighty five (185) trees. Species identified includes Mangifera indica, Dacryodes edulis,Terminalia mantaly, Azadirchta indica, Newbouldia laevis, Persea americana, Polyalthia longifolia, Terminalia catappa..Beneficial roles included medicinal, food security, income generation, beautification and micro-climate purposes. Among the species, Mangifera indica was the most abundant with a frequency of occurrence of 47. The result revealed that trees found in academic areas consistently gave higher mean tree growth variable values. Biodiversity was highest in residential areas with a Shannon index of 2.54 and Simpsons index of 0.88. Spatial distribution pattern showed that most tree species are clustered around the residential areas than the religious and academic areas. It was also observed that the trees are active in moderation of the land surface temperature by creating a micro-climate beneath it. The high species richness and diversity within the residential areas, despite its high infrastructural development, showed the importance people placed on urban greening and climate change.

The right tree for the right street canyons: An approach of tree species selection for mitigating air pollution

Trees planted in street canyons affect the dispersion and deposition of air pollutants primarily through their aerodynamic and deposition effects to change the air quality. However, the potential of trees to improve air quality is uncertain as it depends on a combination of tree forms (species), street canyon geometry and local meteorological conditions. We developed a method to select tree forms with appropriate morphology in specific street canyons based on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation, aiming to promote the dispersion and concentration reduction of pollutants at pedestrian height. In this method, we combined the leaf area density (LAD), crown diameter (CD), tree height (H), and trunk height (TH) as representative metrics for various tree forms. The effects of street canyon aspect ratio, wind direction, and wind speed on the potential of trees to regulate pollutant concentrations were comprehensively considered. In a case study in Wuhan, China, 15 tree forms and corresponding 36 tree species adapted to different street canyons were identified using the validated ENVI-met model. Our research offers practical recommendations and effective tools for professionals and policymakers to select tree species that can enhance the air quality in street canyons.

Penampilan Tanaman Krisan Pot (Dendranthema grandiflora) pada Pemberian Pupuk Organik dan Anorganik

Potted chrysanthemum plants are known as one of popular room decoration elements because they have flowers of various shapes and colors as well as long-lasting freshness. Several aspects that many consumers value are the appearance of flowers and the balance between the plant stem and the pot. This aspect is influenced by the availability of nutrients from both organic and inorganic sources. Therefore, a research was conducted on the performance of potted chrysanthemum plants by application of organic fertilizers and inorganic fertilizers. This study aimed to determine the effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the growth and development of potted chrysanthemum plants. This research was conducted from June to October 2022 in Rembangan, Arjasa, Jember. This study used randomized block design (RBD). The experimental factors were the types and amount of fertilizers consisted of 12 levels, namely cow manure 15 g/polybag; guano fertilizer 15 g/polybag; compost 15 g/polybag; NPK (16-16-16): 150, 200, 250 ppm, NPK (15-15-15): 150, 200, 250 ppm and NPK Pelangi: 150, 200, 250 ppm. The observed variables included plant height, diameter of stem and crown and the number of branches and flowers. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) with a level of 5%. Application of manure, guano and NPK (16-16-16) 200 ppm resulted in higher chrysanthemum plants compared to other treatments. Application of 150 ppm NPK Pelangi and 250 ppm NPK 15-15-15 showed the best results on the number of branches and the number of flowers.