Dialogue Style Research Articles

Intervention to change parent–child reading style: A comparison of instructional methods

Dialogic reading is an evidence-based intervention to promote the language skills of 2- and 3-year-old children. This study examined conditions under which dialogic reading could be implemented in a community setting. Three methods of instruction were compared: (a) in-person with video instruction in small groups, (b) self-instruction by video with telephone follow-up and, (c) self-instruction by video alone. Results showed few parents read with a dialogic style prior to instruction. Instruction yielded more than a 4-fold increase in parents' dialogic reading behaviors and had significant positive effects on children's language use (including number of words and mean length of utterances) during shared reading. When the data were stratified by parents' education and instructional method (in-person vs. self-instruction), there was a significant difference favoring in-person instruction as the more efficacious method of instruction, especially for parents with high school education.

Learning through Teaching

This work is the result of a study undertaken aimed at providing an insight into the way individuals learn through their work in an organization. Twenty interviews were held with 20 managers, each lasting between 8 and 10 hours, in which a total of 282 learning stories were acquired. All those interviewed gave accounts of the learning potential that was acquired when they took on the role of teachers within their organization. Observation, listening and experimentation were the most common processes in facilitating learning during the course of teaching. The great learning potential inherent in teaching would appear to be generated as the result of a particular aspect of the teaching process itself: the encounter with diversity, which on the one hand tends to increase reflexivity while on the other hand tends to break down resistance to change. In this sense, the learning process that emerges during the course of teaching is of an intrinsically social nature, made possible by the investigation of an authentically symmetrical relationship between teacher and pupils in which all the interlocutors are able to contribute to a common goal. Teaching also proved to be an important opportunity for recognizing one's own ignorance and thereby rendering oneself open to the possibility of learning. The results of this study confirm certain evolutionary trends which are to be found in the current method of planning managerial training: the utilization of internal resources, the use of a dialogic style, the search for a link between work and training, and the use of small groups. The actual narration and exchange of learning stories also provided an opportunity for promoting the learning process in those interviewed.

Distributed interface bits: dynamic dialogue composition from ambient computing resources

This paper discusses a particular issue in the context of disappearing computing, namely, user mobility. Mobile users may carry with them a variety of wireless gadgets while being immersed in a physical environment encompassing numerous computing devices. In such a situation, it is most likely that the number and type of devices may dynamically vary during interactions. The Voyager development framework supports the implementation of ambient dialogues, i.e., dynamically distributed user Interfaces, which exploit, on-the-fly, the wireless devices available at a given point in time. This paper describes the Voyager implementation, focusing on: device discovery and registry architecture, device-embedded software implementation, ambient dialogue style and corresponding software toolkit development, and a method for dynamic interface adaptation, ensuring dialogue state persistence. Additionally, this paper presents two ambient dialogue applications developed using Voyager, namely, a game and a navigator.

Monologic and Dialogic Styles of Argumentation: A Bakhtinian Analysis of Academic Debates between Mainland China and Taiwan

This study applies the concept of “reported speech“ advanced by the renowned Russian literary scholar Mikhail Bakhtin to compare the argumentative styles of Mainland China and Taiwan. These societies in question are considered by many scholars as sharing the same argumentative style. The study reports that the Mainland debaters more frequently than the Taiwanese debaters maintained the authenticity of the quotations cited from ancient Confucian sources, whereas Taiwanese debaters paraphrased more frequently. On the other hand, this difference cannot be found when debaters quoted from sources other than Ancient Confucians. The findings, according to Bakhtin, imply a contrast of “monologic“ and “dialogic“ tendencies toward authority, which results in a style difference between Mainland and Taiwan argumentation.

To Think or Not to Think: Two Pathways Towards Persuasion by Short Films on Aids Prevention

Health messages are designed to stimulate an active cognitive process in those audiences generally with little involvement. The Elaboration Likelihood Model by Petty and Cacioppo sustains that subjects with high involvement and those with low involvement react differently to the persuasive message to which they are exposed. One efficient way to capture the attention of the low involvement audiences is to insert the messages within an entertainment context. Our study attempted to analyze affective and cognitive processes to explain the impact of these new formats, fictional shorts for HIV/AIDS prevention. A 2 2 2 factorial design was used, with involvement in the AIDS issue (high/low) and the type of format (musical/dialogue) as independent variables. The finding showed the better the quality of the short (with dialogue style) the more negative affectivity was stimulated, also the more cognitive processing was induced, and a more favorable attitude towards preventive behavior was stimulated.

The Problematics of Dialogue and Power

In recent years, dialogic approaches to communication have become far more common and persuasive in interpersonal communication, organizational life, rhetoric, political communication, and media studies. Yet, the relationship between dialogue and power remains relatively unexplored. In this chapter, we clarify the distinction between convergent dialogue and emergent dialogue, offering a new synthesis of relevant sources along with personalized examples from consulting practice. After surveying definitions and research in dialogue studies, we describe the contours of dialogue by considering its characteristics as they relate to power. We then identify and explore the persistent dialogic tensions that affect power relations: identity, outcome, meaning, voice, and field. Finally, we relate the concepts of convergent and emergent dialogic styles to Foucault’s descriptions of juridical and contingent power.

I Am Not Sick, I Don’t Need Help! Helping the Seriously Mentally Ill Accept Treatment: A Practical Guide for Families and Therapists

Back to table of contents Previous article Next article Book Forum: Mental Illness and Its BoundariesFull AccessI Am Not Sick, I Don’t Need Help! Helping the Seriously Mentally Ill Accept Treatment: A Practical Guide for Families and TherapistsMARY V. SEEMAN, M.D., MARY V. SEEMANSearch for more papers by this author, M.D., Toronto, Ont., CanadaPublished Online:1 Mar 2002https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.159.3.513AboutSectionsView EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail This is a guidebook primarily meant for families of severely and persistently mentally ill patients who don’t realize that they are ill, don’t want to seek treatment, and, once discharged from involuntary hospitalization, are not likely to continue in treatment. The author has had personal experience of this at home with his brother. He has also had professional experience with it, being at the forefront of a scientific approach to the study of insight or recognition/acknowledgment of illness. Unfortunately, such patients form a substantial proportion of those with illnesses like schizophrenia, which means that, no matter how our treatments for these conditions improve, only a minority will ever take full advantage of them. This, perhaps above all else, is the tragedy of schizophrenia and related disorders. It is one thing to develop treatments aimed at eradicating delusions and hallucinations. It is another to develop treatments aimed at improving the recognition that beliefs so fervently held and constantly confirmed by the most minute of everyday events are, in fact, “figments of one’s imagination,” nightmares conjured in waking life by a disorder of the brain.Families will welcome this book; indeed, it receives well-deserved endorsements from many highly respected mental health professionals. It even provides a web site through which families and others can write in and have their questions answered—an innovative and useful extra to the information provided.For therapists, the conversational style and heavy use of dialogue seem less immediately helpful, although there are some very useful tips for enlisting a reluctant patient’s cooperation. These include the following: 1) Set aside the time to listen. 2) Agree on an agenda (even if it ends up being agreeing not to have an agenda). 3) Understand the patient’s own beliefs about himself or herself and the illness. 4) Don’t react (with shock, surprise, dismay, fear, disappointment, disbelief, etc.). 5) Let chaos be (if the patient can stand it, so can you). 6) Echo what you’ve heard. 7) Write it down. Another helpful recommendation, for therapist and for family member, is to convey empathy for the many frustrations, fears, discomforts, and desires (perhaps unreasonable) that the patient expresses. This includes normalizing the psychotic experience as much as possible when the oddness of it seems to be a source of humiliation. There are times, of course, when the patient does not want the experience normalized because the one saving grace is the feeling of being specially selected for the harrowing things he or she is being subjected to. Grace notes on the general theme are learned through experience, but the basics are well covered in this primer. I will be recommending it to the families of my patients.By Xavier Amador, Ph.D., with Anna-Lisa Johanson. Peconic, N.Y., Vida Press, 2000 (originally published in 1959), 239 pp., $17.95 (paper). FiguresReferencesCited byDetailsCited ByNone Volume 159Issue 3 March 2002Pages 513-513 Metrics History Published online 1 March 2002 Published in print 1 March 2002

La prevención del SIDA mediante cortos de ficción. Una investigación experimental

It was denoted that the designers' goal for their health messages is to stimulate an active cognitive processing in audiences who, on the whole, show little involvement. The Elaboration Likelihood Model by Petty and Cacioppo sustains that subjects with both high and low involvement react differently to their persuasive message exposure. One efficient way to capture the attention of the audiences with low involvement in health issues is inserting the messages within an entertainment context. The present study attempted to analyze the affective and cognitive processes in order to explain the impact from these new audiovisual formats for HIV/AIDS prevention films (fictional shorts). For this investigation, a 2 x 2 factorial experimental study was designed, using personal relevance or involvement in AIDS issue (high/low) and the type of audiovisual format (musical/dialogic) as independent variables. It was observed that the personal involvement had no restrains on the impact from the prevention short films with different framing. In accordance with the hypothesis previewed, the better quality the format was (with dialogic style) the more it stimulated the negative affectivity and also induced more cognitive processing, thus, it stimulated a more favorable attitude towards preventing behavior.

Low‐ and high‐context communication patterns: towards mapping cross‐cultural encounters

States that the major reasons for difficulties in cross‐cultural communication stem from the fact that actors from different cultures have different understandings regarding the interaction process and different styles of dialogue. Suggests that better understanding of communication within other cultures is the key to success. Uses past literature to suggest a number of cultural variability constructs concerning preferred interaction behaviours and the common themes they share. Presents three case studies to illustrate this.

Learning from human tutoring

Human one-to-one tutoring has been shown to be a very effective form of instruction. Three contrasting hypotheses, a tutor-centered one, a student-centered one, and an interactive one could all potentially explain the effectiveness of tutoring. To test these hypotheses, analyses focused not only on the effectiveness of the tutors’ moves, but also on the effectiveness of the students’ construction on learning, as well as their interaction. The interaction hypothesis is further tested in the second study by manipulating the kind of tutoring tactics tutors were permitted to use. In order to promote a more interactive style of dialogue, rather than a didactic style, tutors were suppressed from giving explanations and feedback. Instead, tutors were encouraged to prompt the students. Surprisingly, students learned just as effectively even when tutors were suppressed from giving explanations and feedback. Their learning in the interactive style of tutoring is attributed to construction from deeper and a greater amount of scaffolding episodes, as well as their greater effort to take control of their own learning by reading more. What they learned from reading was limited, however, by their reading abilities.

Learning from human tutoring

AbstractHuman one‐to‐one tutoring has been shown to be a very effective form of instruction. Three contrasting hypotheses, a tutor‐centered one, a student‐centered one, and an interactive one could all potentially explain the effectiveness of tutoring. To test these hypotheses, analyses focused not only on the effectiveness of the tutors' moves, but also on the effectiveness of the students' construction on learning, as well as their interaction. The interaction hypothesis is further tested in the second study by manipulating the kind of tutoring tactics tutors were permitted to use. In order to promote a more interactive style of dialogue, rather than a didactic style, tutors were suppressed from giving explanations and feedback. Instead, tutors were encouraged to prompt the students. Surprisingly, students learned just as effectively even when tutors were suppressed from giving explanations and feedback. Their learning in the interactive style of tutoring is attributed to construction from deeper and a greater amount of scaffolding episodes, as well as their greater effort to take control of their own learning by reading more. What they learned from reading was limited, however, by their reading abilities.

Ute Pott (review)

MLR,96.3,200I 88I Brtefgesprache. Uber den Brieechsel zwaschen Anna Louisa Karsch undiohann Wilhelm Ludwig Gleim. Miteinem Anhang btslang ungedruckter Brzefe ausder Xorrespondenz zwzschen Gleim und C]aroline Luise von KZencke. BYUTEPOTT. Gottingen: Wallstein. I998. 2I6 PP. DM 48. In I996,ReginaNortemann andUtePott published a two-volume edition ofthe correspondence between AnnaLouisaKarsch andJohann Wilhelm Ludwig Gleim (reviewed inMLR,93 [I998],II52-55).Thisedition included an afterword by Regina Nortemann which commented inparticular onthe early years ofthe GleimKarsch correspondence andreferred repeatedly topoints inUtePott's analysis of the roleofKarsch's daughter, Caroline LuisevonKlencke, inthe later correspondenceandtoPott 's exploration ofKarsch's prosestyle inherletters. Yetwhen the edition oftheletters appeared, Pott's analysis wasnotyetinprint: itwasonly published two years subsequently. Thebook that wassolong inthe making contains anessay onthecorrespondence andanappendix, publishing a selection oftwentyeight letters oftheGleim-Klencke correspondence for the first time. Themain part ofthe bookbuilds onanessay byPott from I992which foreshadows the topics dealt with here:themother-daughter relationship andthedifferent attitudes ofboth women authors toGleim asexemplified inthediscussion oftheir publications and intended publications, their artistic self-conception, andprovision bytheking for Karsch. Pott analyses theletters bythethree authors with regard totheir historical and aesthetic, their communicative andliterary importance. Shestresses that allthree letter-writers exploited thedialogic nature ofthegenre inrole-plays. Gleim tended toswitch between a friendly dialogic style anda formal stiSoneifhewanted to express annoyance, ortothird-person narratives offixed types. Pott reads the latter asanexpression ofhisattempt tomake thecommunication objective, general and binding, andhence suitable for hisliterary archive which wastoserve asa chronicle offriendship andliterature intheeighteenth century. Itishisroleas an archivist that Pott stresses as hismost important contribution toliterary history inhernot entirely convincing attempt todefend theoften criticized stiiness ofGleim's letterwriting . Karsch's style ofrole-play inher letters isdescribed asmuch more flexible, spontaneous andhumorous. Theeasewith which Karsch narrates anddramatizes, mixes proseandverse, as wellas hersuccessful employment oftheprinciple of associative combination, andhertalent for precise observation andaptdescription, allraise herabovemany correspondents ofhertime inPott's eyes. Pott alsonotices something inKarsch's letter-writing that isnotinherpoetry: 'eineMischung aus Raffinesse undNaivitat' (p. 35). Pottemphasizes theletters as documents of Karsch's self-confidence inher professional role as'Gelegenheitsdichterin'. Karsch's daughter, Klencke, onthe other hand, presented her own work assomething private andintimate, employing sexual innuendo, flirtatiousness, andthemask ofshyness while denying herownartistic ambitions behind formulas ofmodesty, contrasting with anapotheosis ofGleim, the addressee. Klencke wasthus steering the reception ofherwork ina gender-specific way,offering Gleima roleas mentor, which he, however, rejected. Pott shows that thedynamics ofthecorrespondence between Gleim andKarsch inpartdepended on Gleim's correspondence with Karsch's daughter. Klencke, adaptable tothepoint ofself-denial, usedherknowledge ofconflicts between her mother and Gleimin orderto distance herself from hermother and to fulfil contemporary concepts offemininity. The conflicts between KarschandGleim revolve aroundthecritique ofeach other's publications, theinterpretation of Karsch's unpublished Sapphicpoemsto Gleimas either playful or serious, the Reviews 882 reasons Gleim never edited a second volume ofKarsch's poems orherletters, and, aboveall,Karsch's wish togeta provision for her oldagefrom the king which went against Gleim's viewoftherelationship between writers andthemonarch. What fascinates Pott abouttheKarsch-Gleim correspondence isaboveallthelackofa hierarchical roledivision: 'Gleim undKarsch fuhrten eineKorrespondenz, beider eineRollenverteilung vonmannlicher Dominanz undweiblicher Unterlegenheit kaum feststellbar ist'(p. II8).Thepersonal andhistorical reasons for this equality, as wellas theproblems in their relationship, are convincingly and sensitively explored inPott's essay. UNIVERSITY OFMANCHESTER RICARDA SCHMIDT Unpopular Virtues: TheCritical Reception of j}. M. R.Lenz.ByALAN C. LEIDNER and KARIN A. WURST.(Literary Criticism in Perspective) Columbia: Camden House. I999. XVi + I67PP. $ 55. Writing to Herderin I775,Lenz describes himself as being'meinen edelsten Freunden einRatsel', andhehasremained so tofriend andfoealikeeversince. AlanC. Leidner and KarinA. Wurst attempt to recount thestory ofLenz's reception, thus following a number ofsimilar studies published overthelasttwo decades, yet this volume claims topresent 'anexperiment incultural history' (p.xi), aswellasgiving anupdate onthemany recent developments inLenzscholarship. The'unpopular virtues' ofthe title, especially those ofsocial critique, aredefined as 'hisstrikingly modern attitudes' (p.xi).Theyalsoprovetobe a highly sensitive instrument, though perhaps pronetodistortion, with which theauthors hopeto measure 'thenature ofcriticism itself byshowing howaesthetic judgement reflects socialandhistorical currents, andthevalues that determine a writer's reputation through the centuries' (p.xiv). Theauthors duly give a concise andinformative overview, which actsasa helpful preliminary guidetoLenzcriticism andtothemost important work todateon Lenz'sreception: Peter Muller's andJurgen Stotzer's extensive three volumes, Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz im Urteil dreier iahrhunderte (Frankfurt a.M...

Globalisation, Privatisation and Restructuring of Ports

The continuous process of change in international transport management in the last 10 years, from a segmented modal approach towards a much more integrated transport concept tailored to better meet the pressing needs of customer industries, is resulting in an increasing pressure on ports to adapt their role and function to this more demanding operational environment. This entails the rethinking of national port development strategies, as well as far-reaching reforms in the legislative, regulatory, and managerial environment within which commercial ports have to operate. In particular, the need to define new partnerships between the public and private sectors in port operations, investment financing and asset management leads to a review of the respective roles of public and private actors, and specifically calls for a clarification of the mandate of the public sector, and simultaneously of the missions it would be well placed to undertake. These missions are likely to be more of a catalyst and facilitator, together with a stress on assistance to public statutory duties, with a particular attention devoted to transport safety and environmental protection. New labour practices are also calling for a changing role for port workers' unions and a new style of dialogue between labour and public and private entities on the waterfront. Simultaneously, efficiency of inland transport to serve an increasing, and most often disputed hinterland has become a critical factor of the ports potential future, as well as of overall trade growth prospects. Today's global logistics organisation makes it mandatory for shippers worldwide to be able to rely on seamless transport chains, of which the port is a prominent node. Smooth interaction between the port and the city often surrounding it, in terms of transport networks requirements, environmental protection, and overall safety, therefore appears a prerequisite for effective delivery of integrated logistics services. Port authorities are likely to have a major role to play in fostering the development of an effective cooperation between interested public and private players, which will be required to make it possible to achieve the expected benefits of integrated transport and logistic operations. Finally, the institutional context, as well as the assets ownership and managerial framework, must be conducive to an optimal cost-effective utilisation of port facilities. This supposes openness to competition in provision of port services, and establishment of appropriate regulation arrangements where market conditions make it necessary. Physical and regulatory integration of transport networks, as well as comprehensive strategies for addressing development planning, environmental and social issues, will also be required to allow national port systems to provide local and regional economies with the services they need.

The beginner's guide to Mathematica version 4

From the Publisher: This is a new edition of the successful book The Beginner's Guide to Mathematica. It teaches the basics of Mathematica's powerful new Version 4, including chapters on its new high speed numerics, statistics and data analysis, and image processing. It also includes chapters on the interactive system for typesetting equations, on using style sheets, defining functions, creating graphs and notebooks, and on applying useful problem-solving techniques. Many concepts are illustrated with real life examples written in the authors' engaging dialog style.

A Balanced Language: Spoken and Dialogic Style in the Narrative of Francesca Duranti

A Balanced Language: Spoken and Dialogic Style in the Narrative of Francesca Duranti

The Language of Tolerance: Dialogism and Orality in Francesca Duranti's Sogni mancini

After the long predominance of a literary tradition, 1 modern Western cultures have returned to orality with a 'leap from the being written-oriented to the being oral-oriented.' 2 In the case of Italian, such shift 'dalla scritturalità verso l'oralità,' 3 culminating in the Eighties, has led linguists to theorise, on the language continuum, the central varieties of 'italiano dell'uso medio,' 4 and 'italiano neo-standard.' 5 Moving [End Page 120] from the assumption of spoken and written varieties as two opposite poles on a changing continuum, 6 rather than clear-cut categories, and from the debate on 'italiano scritto' and 'italiano parlato,' 7 which is paralleled by a revival of literary criticism on the present simplification of 'italiano letterario,' 8 in this study I will consider the spoken, dialogic style of Duranti's 9 fiction, 10 focusing on her latest novel, Sogni [End Page 121] mancini. 11 Duranti's language draws extensively from neo-standard Italian, in syntactic structure, insisted reference to the context (deixis), 12 marked construction of the sentence (including inversion, focalisation, dislocation), and choice of colloquial vocabulary, juxtaposed to more 'literary' expressions. Such spoken discourse structure, together with the great use of reported speech and of the address to the narratee/reader, forms the marked dialogism and orality 13 of the author's texts in a 'style which doesn't seem to be style.' 14

Behavioral issues in the use of interactive systems

This paper identifies behavioral issues related to the use of interactive computersprimarily by persons who are not computer professionals, so-called “general users”. This is not an exhaustive literature survey but instead provides: (1) a structure fordiscussing issues of interactive computing, and (2) the authors' best estimate of important behavioral problems, with suggestions for solutions. The discussion is limited in this paper to general issues which do not take into account the user's particular task. The two major topics are System Characteristics (performance, facilities and on-line information), and Interface Characteristics (dialogue style, displays and graphics, other input/output media).

Contrast and Change in the Idiolects of Ben Jonson Characters

The paper presents the results of a series of Principal Components Analyses of the frequencies of very common words in the dialogue of characters in plays by Ben Jonson. The first Principal Component in the data, the most important axis of differentiation, proves in each case to be a spectrum from elaborate, authoritative pronouncements to a dialogue style of reaction and interchange. Reference to other quantitative studies, literary and otherwise, suggests that a version of this axis may often be among the most important in stylistic difference generally. In Jonson it has a chronological aspect -- there is a shift over his career from one end to the other -- and there is often significant change within the idiolects of his characters as well. Successive segments of Volpone and Mosca's parts (they are protagonist and antagonist of Volpone, perhaps Jonson's best-known comedy) change markedly along this axis, beginning far apart but coming by the end of the play to resemble each other very closely on this measure.

“We must descend a little”: mansfield park and the comic theatre

This article suggests that Jane Austen's interest in the theatre in Mansfield Park is not confined to the debacle of Lovers' Vows. It demonstrates that there is a network of allusions to the plays of the time, which Austen expects her readers to recognize. In particular, a knowledge of the play which Tom Bertram wishes to be performed, George Colman the Younger's Heir at Law, provides key insights into the character of the heir to Mansfield. Furthermore, Austen's extensive knowledge of the comic theatre provided her with a range of quasi-dramatic narrative techniques which she deploys elsewhere in the novel. For instance, the rendition of Fanny's “low family” in Portsmouth replicates a common device in the drama of the period, whereby different styles of action and dialogue are attached to different classes, and ironically juxtaposed.

Relativising Relativism

I very much welcome both the medium and the message of the Lampeter seminar article. Fear of the ‘unscientific’ unknown has long prevented an adequate discussion of relativism in archaeology. Anxiety about the relativist abyss in which ‘all pasts are equal’ has thwarted efforts to evaluate alternatives to ‘objective science’. The dialogical style of the article opens up the debate on relativism without imposing rigid and narrow perspectives. The message itself is greatly enhanced by the helpful distinctions between ontological, epistemic and moral relativism.