Negotiation Theory Research Articles

Identity Negotiation of Expatriates (High-Skilled Immigrants) in the Context of Intercultural Communication in Work Environment

In the industry world, a successful business is highly dependent on effective globalization (Toomey, 1999:4). And effective globalization is linked with diverse workforce, workers who come from diverse cultural backgrounds. This opens up many opportunities, especially for high-skilled immigrants or expatriates, but at the same time it also provides room for uncertainty in how individuals construct their identities. This uncertainty may trigger tension between individuals in their daily interactions. This study aimed to determine how high-skilled immigrants carry out identity negotiation in a culturally diverse work environment. The framework of thought in this research was mainly Stella Ting-Toomey's theory of identity negotiation. The method used in this research was phenomenology. The primary data of this study were the results of interviews with employees in culturally diverse companies and were supported by secondary data in the form of direct observations at the research site. The main findings of this study include how the values of a culturally diverse company provide climate that supports the identity negotiation process among high-skilled immigrant individuals within it.

Language Acquisition Concerning Intercultural and International Dialogue

This paper aimed to systematically review the literature on language acquisition concerning intercultural and international dialogue. Using Google Scholar and PRISMA screening, 27 papers could be selected for this review. Due to the inherent and inseparable nature of culture with language, learning language alone will not achieve intercultural awareness, essential for intercultural and international dialogue. Second Language Acquisition theory needs to be integrated with the dialogue theory of Bhaktin and operationalised through Byram’s intercultural citizenship theory using tools such as telecollaboration for the effective development of both language and intercultural awareness for intercultural and international dialogue. From a practical standpoint, the most appropriate way to build competency in the language-culture nexus is to raise awareness of both language and intercultural aspects; this can lead to effective intercultural and international dialogue. &nbsp

KOMUNIKASI ANTARBUDAYA DALAM KONFLIK DI MEDIA SOSIAL (CONTENT ANALYSIS KONFLIK OVERSTAY KRISTEN GRAY DI TWITTER)

Social media has become a place for various limitless interactions, including conflict interaction. This research is intended to discover the face management of individuals with different cultural backgrounds in intercultural conflict situations on social media. One of the issues that can be studied using the concept of face negotiation theory is the case of Kristen Gray’s overstay, which was discussed for several days on Twitter. Therefore, three research questions emerge: (1) how is face management between Indonesian citizens and Black Americans in the intercultural conflict "Kristen Gray" on Twitter in the period of January 17-20, 2021? (2) when compared to Ting-Toomey's assumption, is there any change in face management in Indonesian and Black American individuals? (3) why did face management changes occur? Content Analysis is used as a primary method. There are several findings in this research: individualistic face management is shown by both conflicting actors, shifting in Indonesian’s netizen face management that analyzed using the role of social media, and absence of Black’s face management shifting is analyzed using community perspective.

THEORETICAL PREREQUISITES FOR FORMING INTERCULTURAL COMPETENCE OF FUTURE OFFICERS OF COMBAT AND OPERATIONAL SUPPORT

The article defines the essence of the concepts of language and culture, which are important for the process of intercultural communication of combat and operational support specialists, as well as for the process of forming their intercultural competence. Language performs an expressive function and is a universal means for expressing the inner world of a person. Culture preserves certain values and depends on the interpretation of the environment by the participants of communication. Based on the studies of prominent scientists an analysis of theories of language communication, speech acts (the operations that provide them and their main classes) and speech genres (in particular, its linguistic essence and nature). The theory of linguistic personality (its main varieties) and the theory of dialogue of cultures are reflected. The totality of these theories forms the basis for the process of forming intercultural competence in the mentioned specialists. Intercultural competence of future combat and operational support specialists is defined as a set of knowledge abilities and skills that help future military specialists to effectively conduct their professional activities and freely communicate with partners of other cultures under conditions of international integration and mutual understanding and respect. The components of intercultural competence of future specialists of combat operational support appropriate knowledge, abilities, skills, namely: language knowledge: a)lexical, grammar, spelling; multicultural knowledge; knowledge of verbal and nonverbal, communicative rules of behavior; cognitive knowledge and skills; ability to dialogue with representatives of other cultures; ability to control their actions in communication, in particular, the ability to overcome fear; the ability to observe the rules of etiquette.

Does a brief surgeon training in negotiation theory principles decrease rates of contralateral prophylactic mastectomy?

Despite the lack of any oncologic benefit, contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM) use among women with unilateral breast cancer is increasing. This patient-driven trend is influenced by fear of recurrence and desire for peace of mind. Traditional educational strategies have been ineffective in reducing CPM rates. Here we employ training in negotiation theory strategies for counseling and determine the effect on CPM rates. In consecutive patients with unilateral breast cancer treated with mastectomy from 05/2017 to 12/2019, we examined CPM rates before and after a brief surgeon training in negotiation skills. This comprised a systematic framework for patient counseling utilizing early setting of the default option, leveraging social proof, and framing. Among 2144 patients, 925 (43%) were treated pre-training and 744 (35%) post-training. Those treated in the 6-month transition period were excluded (n = 475, 22%). Median patient age was 50years; most patients had T1-T2 (72%), N0 (73%), and estrogen receptor-positive (80%) tumors of ductal histology (72%). The CPM rate was 47% pre-training versus 48% post-training, with an adjusted difference of -3.7% (95% CI -9.4 to 2.1, p = 0.2). In a standardized self-assessment survey, all 15 surgeons reported a high baseline use of negotiation skills and no significant change in conversational difficulty with the structured approach. Brief surgeon training did not affect self-reported use of negotiation skills or reduce CPM rates. The choice of CPM is a highly individual decision influenced by patient values and decision styles. Further research to identify effective strategies to minimize surgical overtreatment with CPM is needed.

The literary work as dialogue and relationship

The intention of this article is to present the results of a collective scientific research project in the theory of literature that was carried out in a period of more than ten years (2011–2022) on the topic “Dialogism of the literary work”. These results determined another collective contribution in the theory of literary criticism. By the notion of “scientific project” we understand the PhD thesis (Aliona Grati) and other four doctoral theses (Oxana Popa, Elisaveta Iovu-Macari, Diana Dementieva, Rodica Gotca), which were carried out in the same research direction and a collective monograph. The objective of this vast project was to present the development directions of dialogic theory/aesthetics and dialogism that Mikhail Bakhtin imposed on the international circuit. The scientist insisted on the idea that the literary work is the aesthetic area for the full unfolding of dialogic relationships, thus foreshadowing a paradigm in the research of 20th century literature. The doctoral theses presented how dialogic theory was approached within some theoretical schools and systems, as well as by some brand personalities. These researches constituted pretexts for the theorization of five new models of literary criticism that grew from the stem of dialogism: Dialogic, Imagology, Sociocriticism, Criticism oriented towards the reader, Ergocriticism. They aim at modern, complex and layered literary works that represent the existence and the world with human voices in dialogue, with texts in relation and with systems in relation.

Research on the Application of Language Input and Interaction Hypothesis in HSK Personalized Tutoring

This paper briefly introduces three hypotheses in the theory of language input and interaction, and some related researches. Guided by the theories of comprehensible input, semantic negotiation and effective output, we carried out a teaching experiment aimed at improving the primary teaching of HSK standard course through two teaching observations and reflections. The teaching experiment proves that the improved teaching design can promote learners to learn Chinese more effectively. At the same time, the author also points out the problems in the teaching of Chinese as a foreign language by applying the principles of comprehensible input and semantic negotiation, and that the theory should be applied to promote the innovation of the method of teaching Chinese as a foreign language.

The Possibility of Interreligious Dialogue: A Philosophical Foundation

The possibility of interreligious dialogue depends, at least, on the justification for the existence of religion itself. Thus, the constructionist theory of religion becomes a fundamental problem in constructing a framework of interreligious dialogue theory because religion is expressed as an imaginary existence, in the sense that it is only the construction of scholars and academics. If the existence of religion itself cannot be justified ontologically, it means that interreligious dialogue is impossible. Hence, to answer that problem, we inevitably have to prove ontologically the existence of religion without having to reject the constructionist theory. In this paper, I use the social ontology analysis proposed by John Searle and the historical ontology theory proposed by Ian Hacking to prove that religion as a constructed social reality exists objectively. Thus, interreligious dialogue is possible within a framework of existential hermeneutics that presupposes a process of understanding that changes continuously in accordance with historical ontology as its foundation.

Dialogical theory of constitutional jurisdiction

The metaphor of dialogue between constitutional jurisdictions and legislatures was born in Canada to describe the role of the Supreme Court after the adoption of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms in 1982. Then he was engaged in the Anglo-American academic space of comparative constitutional law. It is the relationship of the constitutional judiciary to the deliberative paradigm that raises questions, as it is difficult to see how the supervisory function of the judge and his authority to repeal or amend legislative texts can be anything other than a transfer within the limits of the separation of powers. A famous argument in the 1803 U.S. Supreme Court decision Marbury v. Madison: Justice Marshall postulated that the existence of a written Constitution, supreme since its adoption by a sovereign people, implied a judicial guarantee, even if the text did not state it, which applies to all legal acts. including the law. Constitutional justice developed mainly a century later, and then especially at the end of World War II, as did the theory that accompanied it. Those proposed in the context of continental Europe by the Austrian legal theorist Hans Kelsen, who participated in its creation in Austria in 1920. Schematically, the legal order is a hierarchically structured system of norms, each norm of which is valid when it is produced by a norm of a higher rank, up to the Constitution. The judge checks the validity of the rules within the system; A constitutional judge, whether a court specializing in this control or an ordinary judge headed by a universal Supreme Court, checks the conformity of all or part of the norms with the constitutional norm, thus performing an essential function in structuring the legal order. Outside the European Union, the dialogue metaphor has been reused in two contexts where it has played two very different roles, in the space of English-language comparative law and then in America. Then the theory of democratic deliberation was extended to the constitutional judge. In the dialogic conception, as in other variants of constitutionalism understood as cooperative, the case for constitutional revision derives from the ability of courts to help counter failures of inclusiveness and responsiveness to the political process, framed here in terms of "blind spots" and "inertia weights."

“ĐỐI THOẠI” TRONG TRUYỆN NGẮN CỦA AKUTAGAWA RYUNOSUKE

The article focuses on exploring the dialogue in short stories of Japanese writer Akutagawa Ryunosuke. Applying the dialogue theory of the Bakhtin Circle, we suppose that in Akutagawa's short stories, relationships are established and continuously dialogue, creating many layers of meaning for the text, while they themselves create lines of hidden dialogue. In addition, the use of declearizated style in the narrative makes his short stories always include dialogue. This happens not only between the characters in the story but also between the character\narrator and the reader, placing the reader in the role of co-creating meaning for the work. In terms of ideology, the dialogue in Akutagawa's short stories also deeply expresses his views on human values such as trustworthiness, brotherhood, democracy, or other ethical standards in human life.

Brand anthropomorphism on Twitter: communication strategies and consumer engagement

Purpose Anthropomorphized brands have been widely used as marketing communication tools to engage consumers on social media, especially on Twitter. Guided by the social exchange theory (SET) and the dialogic theory, this study aims to investigate how anthropomorphized brands leverage different communication strategies on Twitter and how these strategies are related to consumer engagement. Design/methodology/approach Supervised machine learning was used to identify the communication strategies (i.e. message types and dialogic principles) of 125,887 tweets from 21 brand characters. Some statistical analyses (e.g. frequency analysis, Chi-square analysis and Poisson regression analysis) were performed to explore the relationships between communication strategies and consumer engagement (i.e. retweets and replies). Findings The majority of anthropomorphized brands’ tweets belonged to the socioemotional category and the most adopted dialogic principles were generation of return visits and conservation of visitors. Consumers engaged more with socioemotional tweets as well as the tweets that adopted the principles of dialogic loop and conservation of visitors. There were clear relationships between message types and dialogic principles in anthropomorphized brands’ tweets, and certain dialogic principles were found to effectively improve consumer engagement with certain message types. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first to investigate the communication strategies of anthropomorphized brand characters on Twitter using computational research methods. It not only provides brand managers a systematic review of how current anthropomorphized brands communicate with consumers on Twitter and what strategies work more effectively to trigger consumer engagement but also contributes to theory building in brand management by integrating the SET and the dialogic theory in brand anthropomorphism research.

Sounding others’ sensations in interaction

ABSTRACT This study investigates the practice of “sounding for others,” wherein one person vocalizes to enact someone else’s putatively ongoing bodily sensation. We argue that it constitutes a collaborative way of performing sensorial experiences. Examples include producing cries with others’ strain or pain and parents sounding an mmm of gustatory pleasure on their infant’s behalf. Vocal sounds, their loudness, and duration are specifically deployed for instructing bodily experiences during novices’ real-time performance of various activities, such as tasting food for the first time or straining during a Pilates exercise. Vocalizations that are indexically tied to the body provide immediate displays of understanding and empathy that may be explicated further through lexicon. The existence of this practice challenges the conceptualization of communication as a transfer of information from an individual agent – even regarding assumedly individual body sensations – instead providing evidence of the joint nature of action and supporting dialogic theories of communication, including when language-marginal vocalizations are used.

Dynamics in International Contract Business Negotiations: A Comparison of Brazil, Russia, Indian and China (BRIC)

Globalization has increased countries interaction and trade exchange. Brazil, Russia, India and China (BRIC) became more important economies at the global level during the 21st century. As the success of international negotiations depends on reaching satisfactory agreements for all parts involved, many people have found difficulties in conducting international negotiations involving BRIC negotiators. Several factors may impact the result of the negotiation process. Understanding how these relevant factors may impact on the outcomes of international negotiations among BRIC countries may help to mitigate the adverse effect of different perspectives in an international agreement and allow companies to become more competitive globally. Based on theories of negotiation, this study focuses on the dimensions of negotiating outcomes and process as perceived by BRIC negotiators in international business transactions. As misunderstandings occur during a domestic agreement negotiation within the same culture, one can affirm that the same happens when BRIC negotiators are negotiating an international business agreement. What kind of misunderstandings can prevent successful cross-cultural negotiations among BRIC negotiators? How are BRIC negotiators able to overcome the challenges of the international environment while negotiating an international agreement? Is it possible to settle a common path among BRIC negotiators based on an international business agreement negotiation? The purpose of this research is to answer to these and other questions. From a review of international negotiation practices, a questionnaire focusing on retrospective international contracts negotiation experiences was developed and sent to negotiators from BRIC countries. The results indicate some important outcomes that may be taken into consideration for a successful international negotiation involving negotiators from BRIC countries.

Paulo Freire’s dialogic theory and socio-scientific issues in early childhood teaching education about the presence of water in the Solar System

Resumo Neste trabalho apresentamos as dificuldades e aprendizagens de pedagogos em formação inicial que participaram de um minicurso sobre Astronomia e Astrobiologia, na perspectiva da Educação por meio das questões sociocientíficas e o conceito de dialogicidade de Paulo Freire. Consideramos que esta pesquisa possui abordagem qualitativa, e os métodos de obtenção dos dados foram as gravações das aulas e os planos de aula elaborados pelas participantes. A análise de conteúdo realizada a partir dos conceitos teóricos trabalhados e dos dados obtidos proporcionou a criação de três dimensões: Conteúdo, Dialogicidade e Questão Sociocientífica. Os resultados apontam, principalmente, para a importância de oportunizar uma formação crítica em Ciências que incentive a dialogicidade, a autonomia de pensamento e a reflexão sobre temas científicos controversos a pedagogos em formação.

Should the campus newspaper change its brand? Applying formative research and dialogic theory to address DEI questions

Organizations face a growing and urgent need to address diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) in their branding and communication. However, it is important not to make decisions based on anecdotal evidence, but rather to conduct formative research with key stakeholders and employ two-way, symmetrical communication strategies fundamental to dialogic theory and ethical public relations practice. When students at a large public university petitioned to change the campus newspaper's name, the Daily Forty-Niner, because of its parallel connection with the California Gold Rush that resulted in thousands of Native Americans' deaths, understanding the opinions of the university's key stakeholders became critical. Through an online survey with students, faculty, administrators, staff, and alumni (N = 2542), this study assessed understanding of the name's history, knowledge of the controversy behind it, and the desire to change the name. Results showed that more than 60% of key stakeholders believed the name to be tied to the Gold Rush; however, less than a third were aware of the controversy surrounding the paper's name. There was also no overall consensus regarding changing the name, with 27.6% supporting a name change, 36.7% opposing it, and 35.7% indicating no preference. Reasons behind participants' responses are discussed in depth, and results from this study are presented within the tenets of dialogic theory to highlight how key stakeholders' perceptions can inform such decisions. While this research can serve as a valuable foundation for other campuses and organizations facing DEI issues, we recommend conducting further research, especially with Native stakeholders and other affected groups, as well as establishing ongoing dialogue before and during the decision-making process.

Dictum-modus pluralism in virtual dialogic discourse (based on Internet comments)

The article explores the dictum and modus content of the virtual dialogue, formed by news published on the Internet and comments by the discussion participants. The problematics of the study is determined by the contradiction between the uniqueness of the content plane for the news publication as the embodiment of the author’s intention and the dictum-modus pluralism expressed in the comments of the participants in the Internet discussion. The study involves 155 comments of internet discussion to the news “What will the Russian soldiers die in Kazakhstan for?” posted on the maxpark portal. The Internet discussion of political news establishes the role of the categories of the expected and the conflict of interpretations that influence the dictum-modus content of the dialogue. While researching a virtual dialogue, we revealed two types of text space organization: syntagmatic and paradigmatic, which set up the undulating and radial principles of virtual dialogue development. The syntagmatic structure of the dialogue is manifested when the latter develops from a specific topic stated in the publication to related ones, then to global ones, which determines its multidimensional and polymodal development. The paradigmatic dynamics of the virtual dialogue is determined by the multi-vector nature of the topics discussed. The analysis of comments discovered two models of their interaction: linear-chain and parallel. The linear-chain model determines the development of a dialogue in accordance with centrifugal tendencies, expanding its dictummodus space. The parallel model ensures the development of a dialogue in accordance with centripetal tendencies; it is implemented according to the principle of a common structural model and the same mode, providing the stabilization and dictum-modus integrity of the virtual dialogue. The theory of Internet dialogue developed in the article, the explanatory potential of the categories of the expected and the conflict of interpretations can be used in the analysis and forecasts of the mental state of the society.

Threshold for learning: The case for prioritizing the in-between spaces in education

In this paper, the author analyses learning as a function of the threshold between parties and ideas. Using Bakhtinian dialogic theory, literacy learning in particular is envisioned as a dialogue of the threshold. This instructional threshold is viewed both in pedagogical and biological terms. The physiological process of learning is described, making a biological case for instructional scaffolding and the gradual release of responsibility in the classroom. The dialogue of different disciplines serves as integration of several thresholds and further strengthening of learning. Curriculum integration is then promoted as a means to lasting learning.

Dialogue and Growth: The Transformative Power of Female Characters in Margaret Atwood’s The Testaments

This paper aims to revisit the self-psychological growth of female protagonists within multiple dialogues in Margaret Atwood’s latest fiction The Testaments (2019). The plot of this novel is formed and deployed through three female narrators, Aunt Lydia, a character from the previous novel, as well as two next-generations, Agnes Jemima and Daisy who witness and experience the oppressive and suffocating female condition in Gilead. By utilizing Bakhtinian keywords, such as monologue, heteroglossia, polyphony, double-voices, etc., this article focuses on how the characters fight against the ‘monological world’ Gilead through Aunt Lydia’s imaginative dialogue with the reader and her previous self as well as her official discourse with others, the ‘micro-dialogue’ of two sisters, and dialogues among three of them. Along with their dialogues, the protagonists’ self-consciousness is marked by autonomy, fluidity, openness, and growth-turn, which enable them to form a sisterhood and lead their respective ‘Testaments’ to challenge Gilead rules. Margaret Atwood gives voice to marginalized women, which shatters the male-centered narratives. This arrangement is consistent with the core of M. M. Bakhtin’s dialogue theory, while also offering more possibilities for addressing the complexities and precariousness of contemporary female existence. (Chungnam National University)

Komunikasi Antarbudaya Masyarakat Multikultur dalam Menciptakan Toleransi

The purpose of this study was to find out how intercultural communication creates tolerance in the people of the Permu Immigration Village, where the Permu Immigration Village has ethnicities with five different multiculturalities that can maintain a tolerant life. The research method used is a qualitative research method by relying on Face Negotiation Theory to see the interaction behavior of people of different ethnicities with facework in order to see communicative behavior. The results of this study indicate that interactions between ethnic immigrants and indigenous ethnicities have taken place in the Permu Immigration Village, which has always avoided prolonged conflict and has become a tolerant village. mutual respect and respect for the existence of agreement decisions that have existed since long ago there has never been any change to the agreement. The conclusion of the research is that multiculturalism in the Permu Immigration Village applies negotiation theory and an attitude of obliging (obligation) towards agreements and in avoiding problems so that they are not prolonged.
 
 Keywords: Builds, Comunication, Harmonization, Intercultural, Multiculture

Fatima’s Mimicry in Aliya Husain’s Neither This Nor That

This study aims to reveal Fatima’s mimicry as the prominent figure in Aliya Husain’s Neither This Nor That. The presence of minorities often brings the assumption that they are foreign people, so they are treated discriminatively. Immigrants who live a new life in a country whose ideology, beliefs, and lifestyle of the original population are opposite to those of their home country will experience identity problems. Muslim women or Muslimah who are diaspora from India to America also share the same thing. They have to negotiate their identity, so they can live comfortably. The form of negotiation can be done by mimicry. This research is qualitative descriptive research. This research examines mimicry narratives from a diaspora novel, Neither This Nor That (2010). In addition, other sources such as books, journals, and the web are supporting sources. This paper uses Homi Bhabha's postcolonialism theory, especially mimicry, ambivalence, and hybrid. Ting Tomey's Identity Negotiation Theory is also used to strengthen the analysis. This study reveals that the characters imitate the majority's behavior subconsciously to maintain and save their identity. In doing so, they wait for the right time and momentum to negotiate their identity so that, in the end, a hybrid identity will emerge that accommodates the old and new identities.