Diagnostic Poll Method Research Articles

Environmental Awareness of Rural Population in the Light of the Authors' Research

High regard for the natural environment is a value which is widely accepted and declared by Polish society. However, this positive attitude toward nature does not fully correspond with actual choices of environmental values and environmentally friendly consumer behavior. This article is an attempt to determine the environmental awareness of inhabitants of rural areas of the Chojniki powiat (county) located in the Pomeranian Voivodeship. The study was conducted in the second quarter of 2014 using the diagnostic poll method, which included 224 rural inhabitants. The study shows that only a small percentage of inhabitants of rural areas make the type of environmentally-friendly choices in their everyday lives which would make them environmentally conscious consumers.

What do Children Learn from their Parents and what from their Grandparents? Changes in the Perception of Gender and Family Roles as Seen from the Developmental Perspective.

The main objective of this presentation is to show changes in common knowledge concerning the intergenerational transmission of knowledge, values and skills in the family system, from the stand point of developmental perspective. The research was based on the cognitive-structural approach. The research focused on beliefs of both children and adults on the intergenerational transmission of personality traits and specific activities associated with gender roles (both male and female) and roles in the family, i.e. the stereotypical assigning of certain values and skills to the generation of parents and grandparents. The survey covered 200 respondents who were classified into five age groups (with the distinction of sex), ranging from the pre-school period up to middle adulthood. The diagnostic-poll method was used. Interview techniques and the enquiry form were applied, a questionnaire designed by the author inclusive. The qualitative and quantitative analyses was carried out. The results suggest that the age and sex of the respondents has a significant impact on their knowledge about the content of intergenerational communications. This will surely contribute to skilful design of educational programmes in this area.

Knowledge assessment of women living in the Wielkopolska region concerning risk factors for cervical cancer

IntroductionCervical cancer (CC) is a malignant tumor which for many years has been a serious epidemiological problem in Poland. This issue is important because CC is the second most common type of malignant tumor, after breast cancer, and the second most common cause of death among women. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge and awareness of women living in the Wielkopolska region (Gniezno district) of risk factors for cervical cancer.Material and methodsThe study used the diagnostic poll method, based on a previously developed survey questionnaire. The study was carried out between March and April 2013. The study group consisted of 100 women, involving schoolgirls from the secondary school in Gniezno (Group I), workers (doctors, nurses and midwives) of two outpatient clinics in the Gniezno district (Group II) and patients of the same clinics (Group III).ResultsAccording to the respondents, the main cause of CC is human papillomavirus (Group II – 36%) and genetic predisposition (Group III – 35%). It is alarming that 26% of women did not know the risk factors for CC.ConclusionsIt is necessary to improve health education, especially concerning the main factors affecting the development of CC, in order to reduce the morbidity and mortality rates related to this cancer.

The analysis of male nursing students and professionally active male nurses’ opinions on the presence of men in the nursing profession

Background: Since the 19th century nursing has been dominated by female nurses. Although the evolution of men into nursing profession has increased recently, the presence of male nurses still surprises patients. Despite the stereotype, more and more men replenish the nursing staf. Aim of the study: The main goal of the conducted research is to get to know male nursing students and male nurses’ opinions on the topic of the profession chosen by them, as well as to discover the level of satisfaction they derive from their work.Materials and methods: The research is based on the diagnostic poll method carried out according to the authorial questionnaire which consisted of 20 one-choice questions and one which required indicating three answers. He anonymous survey was directed to male nurses and male nursing students. 60 people took part in the research: 42 male nurses and 18 male students of nursing. Results: 47 respondents feel satisfaction derived from their work. 45% of respondents would choose nursing again if they could decide about their career one more time. 66.7% of the examined male nurses are pleased with their earnings, but 46.2 % of them work in a few places. The questionnaire in 53.3 % showed that they had chosen the profession of the male nurse, because they wanted to work in medical profession, and in the 25% they acknowledged that nursing was a perfect profession for them.Conclusions: During the research a low percentage of male nurses was observed in health care teams. Therefore, it should suggest a bigger promotion of this profession among men. The analysis of the results showed, moreover, that there is a need to continue examinations concerning the issue, in the aim of identifying possible problems and increasing the awareness of the society and potential students.Keywords: male nurse, student, man, nursing

Functional assessment of geriatric patients in regard to health-related quality of life (HRQoL).

PurposeThe main aim of our research was to evaluate general health, functioning, and performance parameters, as well as care problems of Geriatric Clinic inpatients in relation to deficits in fulfilling needs. The assessment of health-related quality of life was also performed.Patients and methodsThe research subjects were patients attending the Clinic of Geriatrics: 149 women and 78 men; 227 persons in total. The research was carried out using a diagnostic poll method, with the application of the Activities of Daily Living questionnaire of assessment of daily efficiency on the basis of the Katz index, the Instrumental Activities of Daily Living questionnaire, the Care Dependency Scale used to measure the level of care dependency and human needs, and the Nottingham Health Profile scale.ResultsThe results showed that the majority of respondents achieved high and medium levels of functional capability. The main problems associated with the fulfillment of needs were difficulties with the adoption of appropriate body posture, movement restrictions, and problems related to participating in unassisted leisure activities outside the home. The general deficit in fulfilling the needs of the patients was low. The most significant problems were related to sleep disorders, restrictions in freedom of movement, loss of vital energy, and ailments resulting in the observable presence of pain.ConclusionGood daily functioning of elderly patients significantly depended on their intellectual and mental efficiency. Elderly patients require a comprehensive, holistic approach to a variety of problems that occur with aging.

Burned Out Or Just Frustrated? Reasons Why Physical Education Teachers Leave Their Profession

Abstract This work focuses on the reasons why physical education (PE) teachers leave their profession. The study included 80 individuals who decided to leave a teaching profession in 2013. A diagnostic poll method with the use of the QWL (Quality of Work Life) index was employed in the study. It was observed that there are usually a number of reasons why they give up their job, the most important being financial reasons. Their decision is influenced by the accumulation of professional and personal problems as well as their inability to solve them. The findings showed that teachers‘ departure from the profession is generally associated with the issue of burnout; however, financial reasons are most frequently ones that directly affect this decision.

Forms of Physical Activity of Biała Podlaska Preschool Children

Abstract Introduction. Physical activity is fundamental to children's all-round development in the first six years of their life. It is particularly significant in preschool age, when the need for movement is predominant. Psychomotor development, conditioned by children's innate abilities and their own activity, depends upon the influence of external surroundings as well as parental upbringing and preschool education. The aim of the study was to obtain data regarding physical activity (both structured and unstructured) of children during their stay in a kindergarten. Material and methods. The study was conducted in five state kindergartens situated in four main housing estates of Bia³a Podlaska. It included 11 groups of older preschool children. It was a diagnostic study. A diagnostic poll method employed in the study included interviews with teachers, lesson observations (during one day) and document analyses (programmes and class registers). Results. During their stay in a kindergarten children take part in physical activities for 1.5 hours a day. During this period they participate in obligatory forms of physical activity such as morning gymnastics, movement plays, outdoor activities and gymnastic exercises. Furthermore, optional movement activities are organised in kindergartens (different forms in different kindergartens). Such extra classes enable children to be physically active for over two more hours per week. Conclusions. In terms of caring about health and motor development of children, not all elements of preschool education programmes are fully realised. Training sessions, workshops and lectures showing diverse forms of physical activity for children ought to be organised for preschool teachers.

Knowledge of Nurses on Prevention of Nosocomial Infections in post-stroke Patients

Introduction. Nosocomial infections are associated with daily functioning of a hospital and constitute one of major medical issues. The role and duty of the nurse is to prevent hospital infections in every hospitalized patient, especially in post-stroke patients. Only nursing staff that is educated and aware of their actions is able to minimize the risk of infection and thus reduce the suffering of the patient.Aim. The purpose of the paper was to assess, quantitatively, nurses’ knowledge about nosocomial infections and the procedures used most often in post-stroke patients.Material and Methods. The research was conducted in a group of 80 nurses working in randomly selected stroke and neurological units in the territory of Silesia province. The research used diagnostic poll method and research tool was a questionnaire developed based on the literature.Results. Analysis of the research material allowed concluding that investigated nurses have insufficient knowledge about the prevention of nosocomial infections and the procedures used most often in post-stroke patients. Knowledge of the surveyed nurses depends on education, age and seniority.Conclusions. The results of our tests are not satisfactory and allowed to formulate following conclusions:1. The nurses surveyed have insufficient knowledge on how to prevent nosocomial infections. Nurses do not know sufficiently basic procedures used at neurological wards, such as degumming the patient’s airway and also bladder catheterization.2. Self-assessment of nurses’ knowledge is much higher than proved in the study performed.3. The knowledge of the nurses surveyed depends mainly on age, seniority and education. The research showed that nurses with shorter seniority and younger have broader knowledge regarding prevention of nosocomial infections, they more often know the definition of nosocomial infection and more frequently use protective clothes and apply the procedure of washing hands than their older colleagues do. (JNNN 2014;3(2):58–63)

Depression and its Severity among Patients with Multiple Sclerosis

Introduction. As a psychopathological disorder, depression affects a lot of people with chronic neurological diseases and poor prognosis. It touches approximately 40–50% of patients with multiple sclerosis (SM). Depression may be a consequence of patients’ poor mobility caused by MS, the location of inflammation or side effects of phase 1 pharmacotherapy and immunomodulatory treatment. As experience shows, co-occurrence of MS with depression impairs rehabilitation, patients’ quality of life and their physical fitness.Aim. The aim of this study was to assess the presence of depression and its intensity as well as to analyse its relationship to patients’ everyday functioning and such sociodemographic factors as age and sex.Material and Methods. 38 people with multiple sclerosis who were patients of Neurology Clinic in Cracow (both of the hospital ward and the hospital out-patient clinic) took part in a survey. It was carried out using diagnostic poll method and the analysis of documentation. Patients were asked to complete data collection tools such as Beck’s Scale, Katz Scale and sociodemographic inventory. Patients’ medical history and individual medical order sheets were also analysed. Then statistical calculations were performed.Results. Depression symptoms vary in intensity. According to Beck’s scale results, 23.7% of patients were affected by minimal depression. Another 23.7% of respondents reported mild depression. Moderate and severe depression was observed in two equal groups — 7.9% of patients. Beck’s Scale and Katz Scale results correlation proved to be statistically insignificant (p=0.08). Age and sex were not related to the emotional state of the patients. However, detailed analysis of the data showed that young people (20–29 years old) do not suffer from depression symptoms.Conclusions. Although multiple sclerosis patients may suffer from depression, its intensity varies. Young people do not feel negative emotions because they are not ill for a long time. (JNNN 2014;3(4):169–174)

The Impact of the Place of Residence on Middle School Pupils' Attitudes towards Physical Culture

Abstract Introduction. Differences and inequalities connected with the place where a person lives are a subject of interest to social sciences, sociology in particular. Empirical findings indicate that residents of urban and rural areas differ significantly in terms of such variables as physical development, health condition, life expectancy, affluence, education level, access to power, cultural capital and so on. It is interesting to check whether the above regularity also applies to young people's attitudes towards physical culture. The aim of this study was to examine attitudes which middle school pupils (ages between 13 and 16) in Poland's urban and rural areas held to physical culture. Material and methods. The study involved a survey conducted between 10th November 2011 and 10th March 2012 on a purposive sample of 336 children. They were pupils aged 13-16 in two middle schools in Świętokrzyskie province: the Jan Karski no. 4 Middle School in the city of Kielce and the John Paul II Middle School in the village of Masłów, Kielce county. The diagnostic poll method was used in the study and an original, categorised poll was the research tool. The surveying technique was an auditorium questionnaire. Results. After analysis, empirical data obtained from the survey shows that the place of residence causes slights differences in middle school pupils' attitudes towards physical culture. The data allows for the conclusion that pupils from urban areas possess a little better knowledge of physical culture than their peers from rural areas. Pupils from villages have, in turn, a slightly more positive emotional approach to physical culture than pupils in cities. Urban middle school pupils manifest more positive behaviours within physical culture than rural pupils. The place of residence does not cause such striking differences in attitudes to physical culture as it does in other social and cultural variables, such as affluence, education level, access to power, health condition, fitness, participation in culture and so on.

Zachowania kobiet w zakresie profilaktyki raka szyjki macicy

ENWEndNote BIBJabRef, Mendeley RISPapers, Reference Manager, RefWorks, Zotero AMA Słopiecka A. Behaviour among women in the scope of cervical cancer prevention. Medical Studies/Studia Medyczne. 2013;29(4):287-292. doi:10.5114/ms.2013.39977. APA Słopiecka, A. (2013). Behaviour among women in the scope of cervical cancer prevention. Medical Studies/Studia Medyczne, 29(4), 287-292. https://doi.org/10.5114/ms.2013.39977 Chicago Słopiecka, Aleksandra. 2013. "Behaviour among women in the scope of cervical cancer prevention". Medical Studies/Studia Medyczne 29 (4): 287-292. doi:10.5114/ms.2013.39977. Harvard Słopiecka, A. (2013). Behaviour among women in the scope of cervical cancer prevention. Medical Studies/Studia Medyczne, 29(4), pp.287-292. https://doi.org/10.5114/ms.2013.39977 MLA Słopiecka, Aleksandra. "Behaviour among women in the scope of cervical cancer prevention." Medical Studies/Studia Medyczne, vol. 29, no. 4, 2013, pp. 287-292. doi:10.5114/ms.2013.39977. Vancouver Słopiecka A. Behaviour among women in the scope of cervical cancer prevention. Medical Studies/Studia Medyczne. 2013;29(4):287-292. doi:10.5114/ms.2013.39977.

Systematic Review of the Research on Motor Fitness of 1st-Year Students Attending Polish Institutions of Higher Education

Aim of the study: To establish: 1) the amount of research on general motor fitness of 1st-year students, conducted at selected Polish institutions of higher education between 1953-2010; 2) the number and kind of motor tests applied in this kind of research as well as the frequency of these tests during the period under study. Material and methods: The material for this research was composed of the publications on motor fitness of the first-year students taking part in specific motor trials applied at Polish tertiary institutions between 1953 - 2010. A diagnostic poll method was used in the research. Results: Fifty-four original research cases conducted in the period under study were observed. Within this period the trials such as: 100m run, from the run-up, grenade throw and shot put were more popular during the earlier years, while the trials such us: zig-zag run, long jump, and medicine ball throw were characteristic of more recent studies. Some of the most popular motor trials were: long jump – 38 cases, medicine ball throw – 30 cases, zig-zag run – 28 cases, shuttle runs – 9 cases, short distance runs – 12 cases, downward bend from standing position – 10 cases, and vertical jump – 8 cases.Conclusions: 1. Little research concerning the level of physical fitness of first-year students attending Polish tertiary institutions was conducted in the years 1953-2010; 2. The amount of motor fitness research carried out during this period fails to provide constant systematic assessment of the state of the students’ physical condition, which is a result of too large dispersions in time and territory where the measurements were taken; 3. In the motor fitness tests conducted with 1st-year students the determining variable was mainly gender, and only few research cases were found in which general motor fitness was analyzed according to environmental factors and anthropometric parameters; 4. The popularity of some trials as well as the frequency of their applications fluctuated differently over time.

Health and nursing problems of elderly patients related to bio-psycho-social need deficiencies and functional assessment

Elderly population is characterized by larger need for social welfare and medical treatment than other age groups. Along with aging, there is a number of emerging health, nursing, caring, psychological and social problems. Complexity of these problems results from overlapping and advancing involutional changes, multi-illness, decreased functional efficiency and other factors. The aim of the study was the assessment of health problems in geriatric patients as well as bio-psycho-social need deficiencies in a view of selected parameters of functional efficiency. The research group consisted of the Chair and Clinic of Geriatrics, 186 women and 114 men, 300 persons in total. The research was carried out using a diagnostic poll method with the application of the Activities of Daily Living (ADL) questionnaire of assessment of daily efficiency on the basis of the Katz Scale; the Care Dependency Scale (CDS) questionnaire used to measure the level of the care dependency and human needs, Norton's bed sores risk assessment scale, the Nursing Care Category (NCC) questionnaire applied to assess the need for nursing care. In most patients the results unveiled manifestations of three or more illnesses. Functional efficiency was at low and average level. Half of the subjects were endangered by risk of bed sores as well as showed high need fulfillment deficiency. The highest level of the deficiency was observed in patients in the eldest age group as well as suffering from multi-illness. Material status, education, place of residence or gender showed no significant influence on the level of need fulfillment.

Physical Activity and its Associations with other Lifestyle Elements in Polish Women.

The aim of the study was to determine associations between physical activity and other elements of women’s lifestyle (nutrition, being a nonsmoker, moderate alcohol consumption, medical check-ups).Between 1999 and 2004, 1361 women aged 20–75 were studied. They were inhabitants of cities located in the west of Poland and engaged in physical activity (purposeful selection). The subjects fell into four groups depending on the length of their physical exercise history: G I – those who had been exercising for 1 year; G II [1–4); G III [4–6); G IV [≥7). The diagnostic poll method was employed, (questionnaire and interview techniques). For the verification of the research hypotheses concerning the influence of socio-demographic factors on women’s physical activity, the evaluation of changes in health-related behaviors resulting from long term physical activity, indication of associated behaviors, the independence χ2 test and multiple correspondence analysis were used.Women’s physical activity was found to be related to maintenance of proper weight (BMI) (p≤0.05), moderate consumption of low-alcohol beverages (p≤0.05) and regular dental check-ups (p≤0.05). Despite more frequent attempts to take up smoking, the respondents gave up the habit two times as often as the whole population of women in Poland. These correlations were more apparent among women with longer exercise histories, who mostly had post-secondary education. Occurrence of associated behaviors affecting health positively and negatively was also shown, the latter concerning a smaller group of respondents.The noticed correlations between physical activity and health behaviors, which comprehensively influence lifestyle, may be of importance in gradual reduction of risk factors.

Actualising the Requirements and Abilities of the Students of Physical Education

Actualising the Requirements and Abilities of the Students of Physical Education Introduction. One of the elements of a teacher's professional qualifications is the ability of actualisation of one's own requirements and opportunities. The objective of the present research was to study the tendencies behind self-actualisation of the physical education students and the attempt to determine the conditions accompanying the process. Material and methods. 1036 Physical Education students graduating from BA and MA studies, participated in the research. Diagnostic poll method utilising Witkowski AS-3 Self-actualisation Scale survey was conducted for the purpose of the research. Results. The highest results were achieved by the examined in the following scales: realistic approach, ability to experience ecstatic experiences, openness in emotional relationships, exclusion of social stigmas. The lowest self-actualisation was identified in task orientation, the need for seclusion, and inner-containment. Sex, the year of studies and hobbies, in terms of statistics, significantly differentiate the majority of self-actualisation dimensions. Conclusions. The graduating students undertake the effort of self-actualisation. However, many of them are at the beginning of the process. Women demonstrate a higher level of disposition towards self-actualisation than men. The tendency increases as the student progresses in his/her education but also grows in people with various hobbies.

The sense of coherence (SOC) as an important determinant of life satisfaction, based on own research, and exemplified by the students of University of the Third Age (U3A)

The SOC is an important determinant of life satisfaction of elderly people. It determines the level of coping with various difficult situations, which accompany an old age stage. The aim of the study was to determine the connection between the SOC levels and life satisfaction among the U3A students. Another analyzed relationship was the SOC level against the background of socio-demographic factors. The study comprised 257 students of the U3A in Poland, located in the city of Bydgoszcz. The study group consisted of 237 women and 20 men, at the average age of 64.54 ± 6.01 years. The vast majority of the study group included individuals at the secondary education level, as well as married individuals. Just over half of the group claimed to be in good health, and have no afflictions. All of the respondents were fully mobile. The study was conducted with the diagnostic poll method, using the standardized questionnaires: The Scale SOC-29, WHOQOL-Bref, and the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-bref version). The average value of global SOC was 128.77; the standard deviation 21.04; discrepancy 153 (minimum 50 and maximum 203). The SOC indicated significant relationship with quality of life (QoL) in the mental domain, social relationships, and environmental domain; no significant correlation in the physical domain was observed. The QOL reached about 70% of maximum result value, showing equal levels in its specific areas. A moderately decreasing ( r = −0.375, p < 0.01) relation η = 0.376, between global SOC values and depression occurrence, as well as its non-existence was shown in the study. Individual SOC components were also negatively correlated with depression. Another observation was weak correlation between the sense of coherence and the individuals’ level of education. No statistically significant effect of age, gender and marital status on the SOC levels of U3A students was found. Higher parameters of SOC and level of education shape significantly higher effects of life satisfaction, and result in better adaptation to old age stage as a phase of multiple challenges, and increasing life difficulties.

The Course and Didactic Results of Master's Studies in Physical Education

The Course and Didactic Results of Master's Studies in Physical Education Introduction . The aim of the study was to analyse the effect of Physical Education (PE) studies at the Faculty of Physical Education and Sport (FPE&amp;S) of the University of Physical Education (UPE) in Warsaw. Material and methods . The study was carried out among the students and graduates of two unified education cycles by means of the documents analysis and the diagnostic poll method with the use of a posted questionnaire. The analysis encompassed the level of preparation for undertaking the studies, academic merits, sport achievements, other experience gained by the examined in the course of the studies and the "output effect" in the form of gained competences. Results . As a result of the study, it was established that the PE studies were undertaken mostly by physically well-prepared graduates of secondary schools whose level of theoretical knowledge was quite low. In the course of the studies, the examined scored average academic merits. The studies constituted for them an opportunity to gain new competences, mainly in the field of physical education. Sporadically, students' activities were directed at educational, organisational and social spheres. Conclusions . In the light of the obtained results, amendments in the national curriculum and changes in physical education teaching methodology seem crucial. Apart from gaining competences pertaining to a particular graduate's profile, development of creative skills, and shaping the proper attitude and behaviour seem vital.

Independence of elderly patients with arterial hypertension in fulfilling their needs, in the aspect of functional assessment and quality of life (QoL)

Functional efficiency is the ability to be independent in fulfilling the basic needs of everyday life. Independence in meeting these needs is important to maintain a good quality of life (QoL). Chronic diseases affecting elderly people may, to some extent, limit fulfilling numerous needs, however, the acquired ability to live with a disease enables such patients to cope well with their needs. The aim of the study was to evaluate in the examined patients the independence in meeting their bio-psycho-social needs in relation to functional efficiency and QoL. The study group was recruited among hospitalized patients in the Department and Clinic of Geriatrics, 91 women and 59 men, for a total of 150 people. The mean age of the study group was 73.4 years. The research was carried out using a diagnostic poll method with the application of The Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy questionnaire (FACIT-F version 4); Activities of Daily Living questionnaire (ADL) of assessment of daily efficiency on the basis of the Katz Scale; Care Dependency Scale questionnaire (CDS) used to measure the level of the care dependency and human needs. The results of CDS for the study group were running at high level and were dependent on the marital status and age. No impact of gender, place of residence, education, material situation and disease duration was revealed. Similarly, FACIT-F scores were higher for married patients than for widowed ones, and they were age-dependent. Most of CDS scores were at a high level, which means that the investigated patients were, to a limited extent, care-dependent in meeting their needs. In the majority of subjects, the level of daily activities was high, which proves an independent functioning. Results of CDS were dependent on FACIT-F scores in the study group.

Functional assessment and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of elderly patients on the basis of the functional assessment of chronic illness therapy (FACIT)-F questionnaire

Elderly patients represent a significant part of all the patients in various hospital wards. They also suffer from many diseases. Maintenance of their everyday independence, treatment, rehabilitation and improvement of their HRQOL is the main goal of geriatric care in the world, and also in Poland. Performing a comprehensive geriatric assessment for each elderly patient to identify their needs and problems is a standard procedure. The goal of this research was a functional assessment of the influence of social and clinical factors on HRQOL in elderly people. The aim of the study was to assess the influence of social and clinical factors on the functional state and HRQOL in elderly people. The study group was recruited among hospitalized patients in the Department and Clinic of Geriatrics, 64 women and 60 men, for a total of 124 people. The mean age of the study group was 72.1 years. The research was carried out using a diagnostic poll method with the application of FACIT-F questionnaire. The results of FACIT-F for the study group were running at an average level and were dependent on age, marital status, education level and duration of the illness. Correlations were found between the FACIT-F results and the following expectations of the patients: treatment, rehabilitation and information given about treatment, alleviating pain, referral to social care, organizing home care. Results of FACIT-F were dependent on activities of daily living (ADL) scores in the study group.