Diagnostic Markers For Early Detection Research Articles

Validity of Umbilical Cord Blood Procalcitonin in the Diagnosis of Early-Onset Neonatal Infection.

Early-onset neonatal infection (EONI) poses significant risks to neonatal health, necessitating reliable diagnostic markers for early detection. This study aims to evaluate the diagnostic validity of procalcitonin (PCT) concentration in umbilical cord blood as a biomarker for EONI. This prospective study was conducted at Ho Chi Minh University Medical Center from April 2022 to September 2022. The PCT level was measured in umbilical cord blood at birth. Based on clinical, laboratory, and microbiologic results, neonates were classified into infected and non-infected groups. One hundred eighty neonates with risk factors for EONI were recruited. Among the neonates studied, 22 (12.2%) were classified as infected and 158 (87.8%) as non-infected by the classification criteria of clinical manifestations, laboratory tests, and blood culture. The median PCT in the infected group was significantly higher than that in the non-infected group (0.389 ng/mL vs. 0.127 ng/mL, p = 0.007). The optimal PCT cut-off was found by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) to be 0.23 ng/mL, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.87. The results were 59.1%, 98.7%, 86.2%, 94%, 45, and 0.41 for sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and positive and negative likelihood ratios, respectively. The post-test probability was 86% if the test was positive and 5% if it was negative. Umbilical cord blood PCT might be a reliable marker in the diagnosis of EONI, and its value helps limit the harmful effects of unnecessary prescriptions in non-infected neonates. However, considering the low sensitivity of procalcitonin, further research is necessary to fully integrate this biomarker into clinical practice.

Screening Metabolic Biomarkers in KRAS Mutated Mouse Acinar and Human Pancreatic Cancer Cells via Single-Cell Mass Spectrometry.

Pancreatic cancer is a highly aggressive and rapidly progressing disease, often diagnosed in advanced stages due to the absence of early noticeable symptoms. The KRAS mutation is a hallmark of pancreatic cancer, yet the underlying mechanisms driving pancreatic carcinogenesis remain elusive. Cancer cells display significant metabolic heterogeneity, which is relevant to the pathogenesis of cancer. Population measurements may obscure information about the metabolic heterogeneity among cancer cells. Therefore, it is crucial to analyze metabolites at the single-cell level to gain a more comprehensive understanding of metabolic heterogeneity. In this study, we employed a 3D-printed ionization source for metabolite analysis in both mice and human pancreatic cancer cells at the single-cell level. Using advanced machine learning algorithms and mass spectral feature selection, we successfully identified 23 distinct metabolites that are statistically significantly different in KRAS mutant human pancreatic cancer cells and mouse acinar cells bearing the oncogenic KRAS mutation. These metabolites encompass a variety of chemical classes, including organic nitrogen compounds, organic acids and derivatives, organoheterocyclic compounds, benzenoids, and lipids. These findings shed light on the metabolic remodeling associated with KRAS-driven pancreatic cancer initiation and indicate that the identified metabolites hold promise as potential diagnostic markers for early detection in pancreatic cancer patients.

The diagnostic value of lncRNA HOTAIR for cervical carcinoma in vaginal discharge and serum.

There is a lower incidence of cervical carcinoma compared with other common carcinomas, however, the mortality rate of cervical carcinoma is higher, suggesting that the treatment and prognosis of cervical carcinoma are relatively poor. Therefore, cervical carcinoma patients urgently need to find new diagnostic markers for early detection and treatment. One hundred and fifty cervical carcinoma and 100 benign cervical disease patients from 2019 January to 2021 December in Tianjin Central Hospital of Gynecology Obstetrics were selected and 100 healthy women were as normal group. The expression of HOX transcript antisense RNA (HOTAIR) in cervical carcinoma and paracancerous tissue, serum sample was measured by realtime PCR assay. The receiver operating characteristic of HOTAIR for cervical carcinoma was analyzed. The study found that the expression level of HOTAIR in primary cervical carcinoma is closely related to tumor metastasis and prognosis. The expression level of HOTAIR in paracancerous tissue was significantly lower than that in cancer tissue, and the expression level of HOTAIR in vaginal discharge and serum was higher than that in cervical carcinoma patients which was positively correlated with tumor malignancy, meanwhile, HOTAIR was significantly reduced after surgery 3 months both in vaginal discharge and serum. In order to examine the diagnostic efficiency of HOTAIR for cervical carcinoma, we found that the area under curve of vaginal discharge was 0.9723, sensitivity was 92%, specificity was 98%, the area under curve of serum was 0.8518, sensitivity was 79%, and specificity was 94% by receiver operating characteristic analysis. The accuracy were 92.7% and 89.3% in vaginal discharge and serum via certified by cervical carcinoma and benign cervical disease patient and healthy people. The above results show that the diagnostic performance of HOTAIR in vaginal discharge is higher than that of serum, and it is expected to become a marker for cervical carcinoma diagnosis and treatment.

NEDD9 Overexpression Causes Hyperproliferation of Luminal Cells and Cooperates with HER2 Oncogene in Tumor Initiation: A Novel Prognostic Marker in Breast Cancer.

HER2 overexpression occurs in 10-20% of breast cancer patients. HER2+ tumors are characterized by an increase in Ki67, early relapse, and increased metastasis. Little is known about the factors influencing early stages of HER2- tumorigenesis and diagnostic markers. Previously, it was shown that the deletion of NEDD9 in mouse models of HER2 cancer interferes with tumor growth, but the role of NEDD9 upregulation is currently unexplored. We report that NEDD9 is overexpressed in a significant subset of HER2+ breast cancers and correlates with a limited response to anti-HER2 therapy. To investigate the mechanisms through which NEDD9 influences HER2-dependent tumorigenesis, we generated MMTV-Cre-NEDD9 transgenic mice. The analysis of mammary glands shows extensive ductal epithelium hyperplasia, increased branching, and terminal end bud expansion. The addition of oncogene Erbb2 (neu) leads to the earlier development of early hyperplastic benign lesions (~16 weeks), with a significantly shorter latency than the control mice. Similarly, NEDD9 upregulation in MCF10A-derived acini leads to hyperplasia-like DCIS. This phenotype is associated with activation of ERK1/2 and AURKA kinases, leading to an increased proliferation of luminal cells. These findings indicate that NEDD9 is setting permissive conditions for HER2-induced tumorigenesis, thus identifying this protein as a potential diagnostic marker for early detection.

Correlation of Renal Oxygenation with Renal Function in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Preliminary Prospective Study

Introduction: Chronic hypoxia is prevalent in chronic kidney disease (CKD), and blood oxygenation level-dependent magnetic resonance imaging (BOLD-MRI) provides noninvasive evaluation of renal oxygenation. This study aimed to explore the correlation of renal oxygenation evaluated by BOLD-MRI with renal function. Methods: 97 non-dialysis patients with CKD stages 1–5 and healthy volunteers (HVs) were recruited in the study, all participants without diabetes. Based on their estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), the patients were divided into two groups: CKD stages 1–3 (CKD 1–3) and CKD stages 4–5 (CKD 4–5). We measured cortical and medullary T2* (COT2* and MET2*) values in all participants by BOLD-MRI. Physiological indices were also recorded and compared among three groups. Correlation of T2* values with clinical characteristics was determined. Results: The COT2* values were significantly higher than MET2* values in all participants. The COT2* and MET2* values of three groups were ranked as HV > CKD 1–3> CKD 4–5 (p r > 0.4, p rs = −0.2301, p = 0.0265) and no correlation with the MET2* value (p > 0.05). Urinary microprotein, including urinary alpha1-microglobulin, urinary beta2-microglobulin (β2-MG), and urinary retinol-binding protein (RBP), showed strong correlation with COT2* and MET2* values. According to the analysis of receiver operating characteristic curve, the optimal cut-points between HV and CKD 1–3 were “Conclusion: The decline of renal oxygenation reflected on T2* values, especially in cortex, may be an effective diagnostic marker for early detection of CKD.

H-FABP as a diagnostic marker for early detection of young myocardial infarction among Indians.

It is of interest to document the point-of-care test using heart-type fatty-acid binding protein (H-FABP) in comparison with CK-MB, Troponin T and hsCRP. This is a more sensitive and specific cardiac biomarker than cTnT and CK-MB, and it has a higher diagnostic effectiveness for detecting early acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The case-control study enrolled 220 participants (110 myocardial infarction patients as cases and 110 healthy subjects as control) > 18 years of either sex after ethical clearance and informed consent form. The study conducted was conducted in the OPD and IPD of Medicine and Biochemistry Department at Moti Lal Nehru Medical College and Swaroop Rani Nehru Hospital Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh; Index Medical College & Hospital, Malwanchal University, India. The amount of H-FABP, CKMB and cTnT was measured using the Sandwich ELISA method and hs-CRP was evaluated using the immune-turbidimetry method. H-FABP correlation with selected markers (CK-MB, hs CRP and TnT) and CK-MB was significant. A positive correlation (r=0.2 to 0.29) was found when H-FABP was compared with CK-MB (p<0.05). Similar positive correlation was found in CK-MB with cTnT. H-FABP is a useful cardiac marker for the early diagnosis of young AMI and thus prediction of myocardial injury is possible. H-FABP compared with CK-MB showed positive correlation. CK-MB with cTnT also showed statistically significant relation. Thus, H-FABP and CK-MB, as well as the correlation between CK-MB and TnT, reflects utility in early-stage diagnosis of myocardial injury.

Circulating metabolite biomarkers: a game changer in the human prostate cancer diagnosis.

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in men in Western and Asian countries. Serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test has been the routine diagnostic method despite the tremendous research in diagnostic markers for early detection of PCa. A shift towards a promising and potential biomarker for PCa detection is through metabolomic profiling of biofluids, particularly the blood and urine samples. Finding reliable, routinely usable circulating metabolite biomarkers may not be a distant reality. We performed a PubMed-based literature search of metabolite biomarkers in blood and urine for the early detection of prostate cancer. The timeline of these searches was limited between 2007 and 2022 and the following keywords were used: 'metabolomics', 'liquid biopsy', 'circulating metabolites', 'serum metabolite', 'plasma metabolite', and 'urine metabolite' with respect to 'prostate cancer'. We focussed only on diagnosis-based studies with only the subject-relevant articles published in the English language and excluded all of the other irrelevant publications that included prostate tissue biomarkers and cell line biomarkers. We have consolidated all the blood and urine-based potential metabolite candidates in individual as well as panels, including lipid classes, fatty acids, amino acids, and volatile organic compounds which may become useful for PCa diagnosis. All these metabolome findings unveil the impact of different dimensions of PCa development, giving a promising strategy to diagnose the disease since suspected individuals can be subjected to repeated and largescale blood and urine testing.

GENOMIC, EPIGENOMIC AND PROTEOMIC LANDSCAPING OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common and fatal malignancy in humans and proves to be the third most common cause of cancer-related death. Thus, HCC contributes to major international health problem because its incidence is exponentially increasing in many countries. One of the main reasons for the lethality of HCC is the lack of diagnostic markers for early detection of the disease. At late stages, HCC shows a high clinical heterogeneity with poor prognosis i.e. high tumor recurrence is observed in 60-70% of cases within 5 years after surgery. One of the major reasons is that most patients with HCC were diagnosed at advanced stages. It is crucial to find out new therapeutic targets and novel diagnostic biomarkers for the early diagnosis and timely treatment of HCC and to develop preventive strategies and therapeutic interventions based on an improved understanding of molecular hepato carcinogenesis. Therefore, it is still urgent to further explore the exact molecular mechanisms of the development, progression, invasion, and metastasis of HCC. It has been shown that both genetic and epigenetic alterations are crucial for the initiation of HCC, thus making epigenetics a promising and attractive field for identifying the subset of patients at a high risk of recurrence and with dismal survival outcomes.However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unknown. Thus, it is urgent and important to dig the hub molecules and to uncover the key molecular mechanisms. Due to the advances made in research based on next generation sequencers, it is now possible to detect and analyse epigenetic abnormalities associated with cancer. In this review article we are trying to explore previously reported to play key role in HCC development and progression such as, DNA methylation, various histone modifications, chromatin remodelling, and non-coding RNA associated gene silencing are considered to be transcriptional regulatory mechanisms associated with gene expression changes.

Circulating cell-free circRNA panel predicted tumorigenesis and development of colorectal cancer.

BackgroundColorectal cancer (CRC) is reported with high morbidity and mortality. Currently, the sensitivity of diagnostic markers for colorectal cancer is low. Therefore, further exploration of new plasma diagnostic markers for early detection of colorectal cancer is of great value. We aimed to explore potential circRNAs in plasma as biomarkers for early diagnosis of CRC.MethodsWe employed the circRNA microarray to investigate dysregulated circRNAs in plasma samples of CRC patients, colorectal adenoma patients (CRA), and healthy controls. Through in‐depth analysis, significantly differentially expressed circRNAs were screened as candidate targets.ResultsEight circRNAs (hsa_circ_104885, hsa_circ_100185, hsa_circ_103171, hsa_circ_001978, hsa_circ_105039, hsa_circ_103627, hsa_circ_101717, and hsa_circ_104192) were obtained as candidate circRNAs with upregulation in CRC comparing with both CRA and healthy control. Through detecting the plasma expression levels of eight candidate targets, we identified three circRNA (hsa_circ_001978, hsa_circ_105039, and hsa_circ_103627) with increased level which were consistent with the microarray results in training set. Further validation found the circRNA panel was consistent with training set. The ROC curve also revealed a high diagnostic ability of hsa_circ_001978, hsa_circ_105039, and hsa_circ_103627 in predicted the CRC from CRA patients (AUC = 0.966) as well as healthy controls (AUC = 0.969).ConclusionOur data suggest that hsa_circ_001978, hsa_circ_105039, and hsa_circ_103627 might be a CRC‐specific biomarker for early diagnosis.

Diagnostic Markers for Early Detection of Neonatal Sepsis

Background: Neonatal sepsis (NS) is a major health problem throughout the world. The diagnosis of sepsis is challenging due to the non-specific nature of the clinical presentation, the variety of other neonatal disorders with the differential diagnostic workup, lack of sensitivity and specificity of available diagnostic procedures, and the delay in the results of blood cultures in addition to high negative results reported. The diagnosis of suspected sepsis has to be based on clinical symptoms together with biochemical parameters. A diagnostic marker with high diagnostic sensitivity and specificity would be a valuable tool for decreasing the burden of neonatal sepsis Purpose: Evaluate the validity of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the early diagnosis of neonatal sepsis or the use of a combination of diagnostic markers, C-reactive protein (CRP), and IL-6. Methods: The study included 30 patients with NS (Group I) and 30 healthy newborns as control (Group II) were admitted to Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) from January 2017 to June 2017. All neonates were subjected to history taking, clinical examination, and laboratory investigations including complete blood count (CBC), blood culture and sensitivity testing, CRP, and IL-6. Results: the most causative organism of neonatal sepsis in NICU was Klebsiella spp. followed by CONS. IL-6 results with cut-off value 50pg/ml, the sensitivity was 100%, the specificity was 90.32%, the positive predictive value of 90.63%, negative predictive value, and the diagnostic accuracy was 95.16. Moreover, IL-6 levels are significantly higher statistically in NS patients than controls. Conclusion: This study validated the diagnostic capability of IL-6 and showed that the combination of CRP and IL-6 as a panel for the early diagnosis of NS could enhance the sensitivity in the diagnosis of NS and may provide a new diagnostic strategy for NS patients Objective: Evaluate the validity of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in early diagnosis of neonatal sepsis or the use of combination of diagnostic markers, C-reactive protein (CRP) and IL-6. Patients and methods: The study included 30 patients with NS (Group I) and 30 apparently healthy newborns as control (Group II) were admitted to Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) from January 2017 to June 2017. All neonates were subjected to history taking, clinical examination, and laboratory investigations including: complete blood count (CBC), blood culture and sensitivity testing, CRP, and IL-6. Results: the most causative organism of neonatal sepsis in NICU was klebsiella spp. followed by CONS. IL-6 results with cut-off value 50pg/ml, the sensitivity was 100%, the specificity was 90.32%, positive predictive value of 90.63%, negative predictive value, and the diagnostic accuracy was 95.16. Moreover, IL-6 levels are significant higher statistically in NS patients than controls. Conclusion: This study validated the diagnostic capability of IL-6 and showed that the combination of CRP and IL-6 as a panel for the early diagnosis of NS could enhance the sensitivity in the diagnosis of NS and may provide a new diagnostic strategy for NS patients.

Exome sequencing identifies novel somatic variants in African American esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

Esophageal cancer has a strikingly low survival rate mainly due to the lack of diagnostic markers for early detection and effective therapies. In the U.S., 75% of individuals diagnosed with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) are of African descent. African American ESCC (AA ESCC) is particularly aggressive, and its biological underpinnings remain poorly understood. We sought to identify the genomic abnormalities by conducting whole exome sequencing of 10 pairs of matched AA esophageal squamous cell tumor and control tissues. Genomic analysis revealed diverse somatic mutations, copy number alterations (SCNAs), and potential cancer driver genes. Exome variants created two subgroups carrying either a high or low tumor mutation burden. Somatic mutational analysis based on the Catalog of Somatic Mutations in Cancer (COSMIC) detected SBS16 as the prominent signature in the high mutation rate group suggesting increased DNA damage. SBS26 was also detected, suggesting possible defects in mismatch repair and microsatellite instability. We found SCNAs in multiple chromosome segments, encoding MYC on 8q24.21, PIK3CA and SOX2 on 3q26, CCND1, SHANK2, CTTN on 11q13.3, and KRAS on 12p12. Amplifications of EGFRvIII and EGFRvIVa mutants were observed in two patients, representing a novel finding in ESCC that has potential clinical relevance. This present exome sequencing, which to our knowledge, represents the first comprehensive exome analysis exclusively in AA ESCC, and highlights novel mutated loci that might explain the aggressive nature of AA ESCC and lead to the development of diagnostic and prognostic markers as well as therapeutic targets.

Insulin-like Growth Factor Initiates Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Patients through Induction of Long Non-coding Ribonucleic Acids AF085935

Abstract&#x0D; HCV is the most commonly occurring hepatic infection worldwide. Chronic HCV infection usually complicated with cirrhosis and even HCC with significant morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study to clarify the molecular mechanism by which HCV can induce HCC and identify a new diagnostic marker for early detection of HCC. Methods: 180 participating subject were divided in to three groups. Group 1: 60 healthy individuals (controls). Group 2: 60 HCV infected patients. Group 3: 60 HCV patients developed HCC. Serum IGF, FOXO and LncRNA AF085935 were evaluated. Results: Serum IGF was significantly elevated in HCV and HCC patients, while FOXO and LncRNA AF085935 were significantly up regulated in HCC. IGF significantly correlated with and LncRNA AF085935. Conclusion: HCV can induce IGF with subsequent induction of LncRNA AF085935 and FOXO.&#x0D; Key word: HCV, HCC, IGF, FOXO and LncRNA AF085935.

Diagnostic efficacy of serum and urinary netrin-1 in the early detection of diabetic nephropathy

This study aimed to assess the diagnostic value of serum and urinary netrin-1 in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) at different stages of diabetic nephropathy (DN) and to...

Multimodal Retinal Imaging for Detection of Ischemic Stroke.

Background: This study aims to evaluate ocular changes in patients with ischemic stroke using multimodal imaging and explore the predictive value of ocular abnormalities for ischemic stroke.Methods: A total of 203 patients (ischemic stroke group, 62; control group, 141) were enrolled in this study. Basic data from patients, including age; gender; height; weight; history of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, alcohol use, and coronary heart disease; and smoking status, were collected. Consequently, Doppler color ultrasound, color fundus photography, and optical coherence tomography (OCT) examinations were conducted. Differences in traditional risk factors and ocular parameters between the two groups were compared, and binary logistic regression was used for multivariate analysis.Results: The central retinal artery equivalent (CRAE) in the ischemic stroke group was 150.72 ± 20.15 μm and that in the control group was 159.68 ± 20.05 μm. The difference was statistically significant (P = 0.004). Moreover, the subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFChT) in the ischemic stroke group was 199.90 ± 69.27 μm and that in the control group was 227.40 ± 62.20 μm. The difference was statistically significant (P = 0.006). Logistic regression results showed that smoking [odds ratio (OR) = 2.823; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 1.477–5.395], CRAE (OR = 0.980; 95% CI = 0.965–0.996), and SFChT (OR = 0.994; 95% CI = 0.989–0.999) are associated with increased risk of ischemic stroke when ocular parameters were combined with traditional risk factors. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was 0.726, which shows good diagnostic accuracy.Conclusion: SFChT may be a diagnostic marker for early detection and monitoring of ischemic stroke. Combined with traditional risks, retinal artery diameter, and choroidal thickness, the prediction model can improve ischemic stroke prediction.

Differential expression of Lumican, Mimecan, Annexin A5 and Serotransferrin in ectopic and matched eutopic endometrium in ovarian endometriosis: a case-control study

Aim Endometriosis is a debilitating disease marked by recurrent gynecological proliferations. The present study aimed at performing differential proteomic analysis of matched eutopic and ectopic endometrium from women with ovarian endometriosis. Materials and methods Proteomes were resolved using nano LC–MS and further identified and quantified using ProteinLynx Global SERVER (PLGS) software. Selected proteins were further chosen for validation by real time-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results The protein profiles uncovered several differentially expressed proteins in the diseased sample (ectopic endometrium) as compared to the reference sample (eutopic endometrium). The study involved an advanced proteomic approach, nano LC–MS, and validates for the first time the upregulation of Mimecan and Lumican proteins in endometriosis. Conclusions These proteins may hence prove as potentially useful tools in the search for diagnostic markers for early detection of the disease.

Role of Omentin-1 in the Diagnosis and Prognosis of Breast Cancer in Egyptian Females.

Background: The most common malignancy of females of Egypt is breast cancer. It accounts for 32 per cent of women's cancer. Clarifying and assessing prognostic factors associated with breast cancer is essential as they are the corner stone to identify the high-risk groups that can benefit from adjuvant therapy and improve their prognosis for the disease. Study Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the role of serum omentin-1 levels in the Egyptian female population as prognostic markers for breast cancer. Patients and methods: Study subjects are 120 BC patients and 30 age and BMI matching health controls, serum omentin-1 levels have been investigated and correlated with the clinicopathological aspects of the BC patients Results : Our study revealed a significant difference in omentin-1 between healthy controls and BC patients, and a gradual increase in severity of the disease. Conclusion: our findings suggested that omentin-1 could be a diagnostic marker for early detection of cases and associated with the prognosis of breast cancer, supporting its role as biomarkers of the prognosis.

Moesin (MSN) as a Novel Proteome-Based Diagnostic Marker for Early Detection of Invasive Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma in Liquid-Based Cytology.

Bladder urothelial carcinoma (BUC) is the most lethal malignancy of the urinary tract. Treatment for the disease highly depends on the invasiveness of cancer cells. Therefore, a predictive biomarker needs to be identified for invasive BUC. In this study, we employed proteomics methods on urine liquid-based cytology (LBC) samples and a BUC cell line library to determine a novel predictive biomarker for invasive BUC. Furthermore, an in vitro three-dimensional (3D) invasion study for biological significance and diagnostic validation through immunocytochemistry (ICC) were also performed. The proteomic analysis suggested moesin (MSN) as a potential biomarker to predict the invasiveness of BUC. The in vitro 3D invasion study showed that inhibition of MSN significantly decreased invasiveness in BUC cell lines. Further validation using ICC ultimately confirmed moesin (MSN) as a potential biomarker to predict the invasiveness of BUC (p = 0.023). In conclusion, we suggest moesin as a potential diagnostic marker for early detection of BUC with invasion in LBC and as a potential therapeutic target.

Evaluation of the Role of miRNA-21 Levels as a Potential Diagnostic Biomarker for Colorectal Cancer Associated with Prognosis

Colorectal cancer one of the most common and aggressive tumor diagnosed in humans. The potential rolehas been suggested that circulating microRNAs assuring diagnostic markers for early detection of colorectalcancer .Hereabouts, this investigation intends to study the performance of miRNA-21 in CRC. Fifty bloodsamples were collected from individuals with colon cancer who enrolled in the Teaching Laboratories ofthe Medical City/Baghdad from June 2018 to September 2019. Taq Man microRNA Real-time PCR wasutilized to recognize the expression of miRNA-21 in the patient’s plasma. Representative in the expressionof miRNA-21 by gender and pathological grading were not statistically important (P&gt;0.05). Moreover,alterations in the expression of miRNA-21 amongst patients and control were significances statistically(P&lt;0.05). While a higher risk of the disease was associated with high miRNA-21 and correlated with poorprognosis. The AUC for miRNA-21 was 0.657. The optimal cut-off value was 1.961-fold with sensitivityand specificity 64%, 68% respectively. In Conclusion, the high miRNA-21 expression might be a prognosticmarker of colon cancer patient consequently; high expression of miRNA-21 was associated with poorprognosis of patients with colorectal cancer.

Clinical Diagnostic Marker for Early Detection of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer: Classical biomarkers and MicroRNAs

Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is one of the poorest prognostic types of all gynecologic cancers. In this type of cancer, more than 70% of women are diagnosed at an advanced stage. The asymptomatic nature of ovarian cancer is the main impediment in the early detection of the disease, which invariably increases the mortality rate. The current screening modalities of EOC include transvaginal ultrasound, pelvic mass examination, and detection of serum biomarker CA125 which lack higher accuracy in diagnosing ovarian cancer at an early stage. The recent studies emphasize the use of combinations of multiple biomarkers which increase the sensitivity and specificity for early diagnosis of this cancer. Much attention and importancenow days has been given on studying the involvement of microRNAs (miRNAs)in different cancer pathogenesis and also as a prognostic marker. Recent researches emphasize on identifying several miRNAs to be associated with the specific EOC stage and the EOC histotypes. This review summarizes the importance and current challenges in the screening of ovarian cancer by biomarkers such as CA125, HE4, and miRNAs with particular emphasis on diagnosis of the disease at an early stage.

Validation of Altered Umbilical Cord Blood MicroRNA Expression in Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy

Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) remains a significant cause of neurologic disability. Identifying infants suitable for therapeutic hypothermia (TH) within a narrow therapeutic time is difficult. No single robust biochemical marker is available to clinicians. To assess the ability of a panel of candidate microRNA (miRNA) to evaluate the development and severity of encephalopathy following perinatal asphyxia (PA). This validation study included 2 cohorts. For the discovery cohort, full-term infants with PA were enrolled at birth to the Biomarkers in Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy (BiHiVE1) study (2009-2011) in Cork, Ireland. Encephalopathy grade was defined using early electroencephalogram and Sarnat score (n = 68). The BiHiVE1 cohort also enrolled healthy control infants (n = 22). For the validation cohort, the BiHiVE2 multicenter study (2013-2015), based in Cork, Ireland (7500 live births per annum), and Karolinska Huddinge, Sweden (4400 live births per annum), recruited infants with PA along with healthy control infants to validate findings from BiHiVE1 using identical recruitment criteria (n = 80). The experimental design was formulated prior to recruitment, and analysis was conducted from June 2016 to March 2017. Alterations in umbilical cord whole-blood miRNA expression. From 170 neonates, 160 were included in the final analysis. The BiHiVE1 cohort included 87 infants (21 control infants, 39 infants with PA, and 27 infants with HIE), and BiHiVE2 included 73 infants (control [n = 22], PA [n = 26], and HIE [n = 25]). The BiHiVE1 and BiHiVE2 had a median age of 40 weeks (interquartile range [IQR], 39-41 weeks) and 40 weeks (IQR, 39-41 weeks), respectively, and included 56 boys and 31 girls and 45 boys and 28 girls, respectively. In BiHiVE1, 12 candidate miRNAs were identified, and 7 of these miRNAs were chosen for validation in BiHiVE2. The BiHiVE2 cohort showed consistent alteration of 3 miRNAs; miR-374a-5p was decreased in infants diagnosed as having HIE compared with healthy control infants (median relative quantification, 0.38; IQR, 0.17-0.77 vs 0.95; IQR, 0.68-1.19; P = .009), miR-376c-3p was decreased in infants with PA compared with healthy control infants (median, 0.42; IQR, 0.21-0.61 vs 0.90; IQR, 0.70-1.30; P = .004), and mir-181b-5p was decreased in infants eligible for TH (median, 0.27; IQR, 0.14-1.41) vs 1.18; IQR, 0.70-2.05; P = .02). Altered miRNA expression was detected in umbilical cord blood of neonates with PA and HIE. These miRNA could assist diagnostic markers for early detection of HIE and PA at birth.