Diagnosis Of Mental Diseases Research Articles

Support Vector Machine-Based Brain Image Classification and Its Application in Diagnosis of Mental Diseases

Since the training samples are usually limited in medical image segmentation, it is usually difficult for traditional model classification methods to obtain good results, the purpose of this paper was to deeply study support vector machine (SVM) method and its application in the diagnosis of mental diseases in medical image segmentation. This paper adopted SVM method which had a good classification performance in the small sample, nonlinear and high-dimensional feature space to study the characteristics of medical image segmentation. Results indicated that the S type function-based fuzzy support vector machine method had more accurate effect than the traditional support vector machine. A conclusion can be drawn that the method of determining the degree of membership based on tightness can effectively distinguish outliers or noisy samples from valid samples in the sample set relative to distance-based membership degree.

The «System 3+3» in a Problem of Searching of a New Paradigm in Psychiatry

In article are presented possibilities of a unique method of diagnosis of mental diseases - the dispersion of amplitude-frequency characteristics of an alpha rhythm (DAFCAR) from positions of paradigm shift of the psychiatry based on the dimensions research techniques.

Determination of Antidepressant Drug Use among Inpatients in Medical and Surgical Clinics

Objective: This cross-sectional study was performed to determine antidepressant drug use among inpatients in medical and surgical clinics. Methods: The study sample consisted of 478 inpatients from a state hospital, between December 1, 2015 and January 1, 2016. The information form was applied to the patients. Number and percentage distribution were used for data analysis. Results: Of the 478 patients, 34.5% had visited a psychiatrist once in their lifetime, 13.6% were diagnosed with depression, and 13.8% did not know the diagnosis of mental disease; 32.2% were suggested medication by their doctor, 16.7% did not know the name of this medication, and 13.2% stated that the suggested drug was antidepressant. Moreover, 24.9% of the patients were known to use antidepressant at least once in their lifetime, and 16.3% were still using antidepressants. Among patients using antidepressants, 32% continued using this drug upon doctor’s recommendation and 13.6% continued with the diagnosis of depression. Conclusion: It might be concluded that one-fourth of the patients used antidepressant once in their lifetime; more than one-half of these patients were still using antidepressants, and most of them were using the drug upon doctor’s recommendation without any knowledge about antidepressants.

Inspection is one of the diagnostic methods of TCM psychology

To expound the content of TCM psychology inspection. Through consulting ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign literature, summing up the mental and emotional disorders cases and clinical experience, we can obtain the inspection content of TCM psychology. Inspection includes facial inspection and position inspection. Facial inspection contains rich content, mainly including spirit, eyes, face expression and color. Inspection is one of the diagnostic methods of TCM psychology. It must be used in the process of mental disease diagnosis. Inspection can grasp the real state of the patients. Key words: Theory; Insecurity; Chinese medical sciences psychology

Psychotropic drugs and their impact on the treatment of paediatric dental patients

In the past 10-15years, the diagnosis of mental diseases in the paediatric and adolescent population has risen significantly. This has resulted in paediatric dentists caring for a large number of children suffering from these conditions. For the safe care of these children, paediatric dentists need to be aware of not only the characteristics of mental diseases but also the medications used for their treatment. Becoming familiar with the plethora of psychoactive agents and their complex pharmacological properties and interactions poses a daunting but necessary challenge as they are likely to influence dental treatment. To help with this understanding, the present paper provides a comprehensive but simplified review of the major paediatric psychotropic drugs in terms of basic pharmacology, common indications, general and oral health-related adverse effects and interactions with other medications which may be prescribed in the course of dental treatment.

Factores de riesgo asociados al suicidio en Nariño (Colombia): estudio de casos y controles

IntroductionThe WHO has estimated that approximately 1,53 millions of suicidal events and more than 10 to 20 times of suicide attempts will occurred by 2020 worldwide. Sustained rates of suicide exceeding the national average of 55% of these deaths mainly occurred in young people between 15 and 24 years, in the Department of Nariño. This differs from the international pattern where suicide is predominantly in older adults. ObjectiveTo determine individual, family related and social factors associated with the occurrence of suicide in the Department of Nariño. MethodsA matched case-control study. A sample of 101 individuals, who committed suicide (cases), and 112 deaths from unintentional injury (controls), were matched for age, municipality of residence and date of suicide. The information for both (cases and controls) was collected from the nearest relative. A structured questionnaire -includes the psychological autopsy technique and screening of major psychiatric syndromes (depression, anxiety, psychosis, and psychoactive substance was used). ResultsIn the study sample, 70% of both cases and controls were male. When examine the conditional logistic regression model, Lack of religious practice, under 11 years of formal education, previous mental disease diagnosis, previous suicide attempt, presence of acute stress, and depression, are remained independent significant predictors to the effect on risk of suicide. Conclusions and RecommendationsThis analytical study is one of the kind developed in Colombia. This study provided evidence to develop a municipal youth suicide prevention program in Pasto, Nariño.

Acupuncture for depression

There is interest from the community in the use of self help and complementary therapies for depression. This review examined the currently available evidence supporting the use of acupuncture to treat depression. To examine the effectiveness and adverse effects of acupuncture in the treatment for depression. The following databases were searched: CCDAN-CTR, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE (1966 to Dec 2008), EMBASE (1980 to Dec 2008), PSYCINFO (1874 to Dec 2008), the Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effectiveness (DARE), CINAHL (1980 to Dec 2008), Wan Fang database (to Dec 2008). The following terms were used: depression, depressive disorder, dysthymic disorder and acupuncture. Inclusion criteria included all published and unpublished randomised controlled trials comparing acupuncture with sham acupuncture, no treatment, pharmacological treatment, other structured psychotherapies (cognitive behavioural therapy, psychotherapy or counselling), or standard care. The following modes of treatment were included: acupuncture, electro acupuncture or laser acupuncture. The participants included adult men and women with depression defined by clinical state description, or diagnosed by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV), Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC), International Classification of Disease (ICD) or the Criteria for Classification and Diagnosis of Mental Diseases CCMD-3-R. Meta-analyses were performed using relative risk for dichotomous outcomes and standard mean differences for continuous outcomes, with 95% confidence intervals. Primary outcomes were reduction in the severity of depression, measured by self rating scales, or by clinician rated scales and an improvement in depression defined as remission versus no remission. This review is an update and now contains data from 30 studies. Following recent searches, 23 new studies have been added and a further 11 trials were excluded (due to suboptimal doses of medication, no clinical outcomes, insufficient reporting). Thirty trials with 2,812 participants are included in the meta-analysis.There was a high risk of bias in the majority of trials. There was insufficient evidence of a consistent beneficial effect from acupuncture compared with a wait list control or sham acupuncture control. Two trials found acupuncture may have an additive benefit when combined with medication compared with medication alone. A subgroup of participants with depression as a co-morbidity experienced a reduction in depression with manual acupuncture compared with SSRIs (RR 1.66, 95%CI 1.03, 2.68) (three trials, 94 participants). The majority of trials compared manual and electro acupuncture with medication and found no effect between groups. We found insufficient evidence to recommend the use of acupuncture for people with depression. The results are limited by the high risk of bias in the majority of trials meeting inclusion criteria.

Efficient and objective methods for quantitative analysis using segmentation: Practical use for mental disease diagnosis

Efficient and objective methods for quantitative analysis using segmentation: Practical use for mental disease diagnosis

Plasma homocysteine in relation to serum cobalamin and blood folate in a psychogeriatric population.

Plasma homocysteine, serum cobalamin and blood folate were analysed in 296 consecutive patients referred to a psychogeriatric department for diagnosis of mental disease. Plasma homocysteine correlated with positive significance with age and serum creatinine, and with negative significance with serum cobalamin and blood folate. Approximately 35-40% of the patients with low serum cobalamin (< 150 pmol l-1) or low blood folates (< 150 nmol l-1) exhibited normal values of plasma homocysteine (< 19.9 mumol l-1). Possibly, these patients do not have a deficiency of the vitamins in the tissue. At least 7.5% of the patients with serum cobalamin levels (> 150 pmol l-1) showed an inexplicably increased level of plasma homocysteine. These patients might have a deficiency of tissue cobalamin despite the normal serum cobalamin levels. The effect of cobalamin supplementation for 7-10 days on plasma homocysteine was tested in 62 patients with different levels of serum cobalamins. We found the most pronounced decrease of plasma homocysteine in the patients with lowest serum cobalamin levels and in the patients with highest plasma homocysteine, indicating that the percentage decrease of the initial concentration of plasma homocysteine could reflect the degree of cobalamin deficiency. Folate supplementation for 7-10 days reduced plasma homocysteine not only in patients with folate deficiency but also in those with a normal folate status, and even in patients with cobalamin deficiency. The latter patients further reduced their plasma homocysteine after additional cobalamin treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Do interpreters affect consultations?

Mass migration leads to problems with language and cultural integration and has significant medical implications. The effect of interpreters on the diagnosis of mental diseases and ill-defined conditions was investigated in the primary care department of the Riyadh Al Kharj Hospital Programme, Saudi Arabia. Two groups of general practitioners working in the same health centre with the same patients were compared--10 Arabic-speaking and 10 non-Arabic-speaking. No differences in diagnosis were found that could be attributed to the use of interpreters, although there was a significant difference between experienced and less experienced doctors. The reasons for this finding are discussed, along with suggestions for the organization of an interpreting service.

Psychiatric epidemiology and the classification of mental disorder.

It is useful to separate the causal from the clinical role of epidemiological inquiry in assessing the contribution of epidemiological research to the classification and diagnosis of mental disease. Experimental medicine, as Claude Bernard affirmed and demonstrated, consists in induced observations of the physiopathological mechanisms of disease which constitute the bedrock of taxonomic systems. In only a relatively restricted segment of their activities, however, do epidemiologists employ the experimental method. Their approach to hypothesis-testing is more closely related to ordered observation and the logic of scientific investigation and the epidemiological approach to a causal classification consists in the elimination of alternative hypotheses. It is largely dependent on, and limited by, established information pertaining to clinical diagnosis and the systematic collection of reliable morbidity and mortality statistics. Furthermore, it incorporates the concept of multiple causation, the elements of which may be predisposing, provoking precipitating or perpetuating and can operate in a chain sequence. Recognition of the potential role of this method in the study of mental disease has long preceded the use of the word 'epidemiology'. Sixty years ago Emil Kraepelin called it 'comparative psychiatry' on which he commented: 'By comparing a large series of observed cases we can study, first how far such general characteristics as sex, age, and culture can influence the clinical picture: in the same way we can also examine how factors like occupation, climate, and the general and personal circumstances of living may colour the clinical patterns encountered. Before any such comparative study can be undertaken, however, the relevant pathological processes must first be defined and delineated.' As Kraepelin acknowledged at the time, progress along these lines was impeded by the lack of a formal discipline of 'comparative psychiatry'. Since then this has been underwritten by the development of epidemiology as a mode of scientific inquiry which can already claim two outstanding neuropsychiatric achievements in

Phenomenology: An alternative approach to diagnosis of mental disease

Psychiatrists throughout the country have been struggling for years with the problem of our present diagnostic system and particularly with the diagnosis of schizophrenia. DSM-II, 1 revised to alleviate some of the vagueness and unreality of DSM-I, 2 has led to more controversy, and recent large-scale, cross-cultural studies, 3 still in their infancy, have merely substantiated the old, but painful quip that a consultation among four psychiatrists will lead to five diagnoses. We believe that past efforts have failed to reconcile the diversity and inconsistency in psychiatric diagnosis because of a failure to utilize a precise, unbiased approach in diagnosis. The phenomenologic method, used in many parts of Europe, offers such an approach to classification and diagnosis of mental illness. Because of its importance as an alternative approach to diagnosis and its unfamiliarity in this country, we will briefly describe the philosophic development of phenomenology and illustrate its practical application to the definition and diagnosis of schizophrenia.

The oxidative activity of blood serum in schizophrenic and manic-depressive psychoses.

Oxidative processes in schizophrenia are currently being studied in many laboratories because some authors have speculated that hallucinations and other symptoms of schizophrenia might be caused by substances produced during possibly abnormal oxidation of epinephrine in schizophrenic patients. Akerfeldt 1 recently described a test that measures the oxidative power of serum; this test depends on the time that it takes for a red color to appear in serum after the addition of N,N'-dimethyl- p phenylenediamine, a substance that turns red when oxidized. Akerfeldt reported that serum from schizophrenic patients oxidized this substance very rapidly, whereas serum from normal subjects oxidized it slowly. However, he also noted that both normal pregnancy and chronic infection likewise caused abnormally rapid oxidation of N,N'dimethyl- p -phenylenediamine. Nevertheless, some observers have accepted the test as useful in the diagnosis of mental disease. On the other hand, Horwitt et al. 2 found the test to be without value, and Angel et al. 3

THE INTERPRETATION OF SCHIZOPHRENIC-LIKE BEHAVIOR IN CHILDREN1

It is well known that the recognition of mental abnormality in adults in the early stages is extremely difficult. And it is much more difficult to make a diagnosis of mental disease in children. The criteria of juvenile mental abnormality are ill-defined, and relatively few systematic studies have been made. The problem has been made additionally difficult by the indiscriminate use of the term problem. In general there have been few attempts to construct classifications of juvenile behavior, except in very broad categories. Most workers in the fields of child development and psychiatry have been content to classify behavior into the rather indefinite categories of adjustment and maladjustment. It is obvious that such general classifications are inadequate. They may have a practical value from the standpoint of parent counselling, but exact treatment requires clear-cut differentiation. Greene (2) has shown, for example, that schizophrenic symptoms and the behavior of the mentally defective have been confused in many instances, in part because precise descriptive differentiation was not attempted. Others have noted that many symptoms of mental abnormality are overlooked until the behavior of the child becomes unusually deviant or queer. In this paper the attempt is made to define and describe schizophrenic conditions of children. The data were obtained from examination and observation of seventeen children who were under study for periods of from six months to four years. It is not meant to imply that their symptoms were manifested in the same way as those of adult schizophrenics. The term juvenile schizophrenia is employed in this instance to describe a process of emotional disorganization and personality dissociation, in which serious judgmental defect was the most prominent symptom. The disorientation, the social deterioration and behavior disturbances, with or without hallucinatory, paranoid, or catatonic episodes, were considered to be symptoms of an abnormal process which might well be classified as schizophrenic. It is obvious to anyone with extensive psychiatric experience that it is extremely difficult to define early schizophrenia. The clinical picture of schizophrenia is so variable and the patterns of the various symptoms so indefinite, that most psychiatrists depend to some extent upon a social history in making their diagnoses. It is especially difficult to define a schizophrenic condition in its developmental stages. When an individual shows systematized delusions, hallucinations, paranoid ideas, ideas of reference or catatonic episodes, it is relatively easy to make a diagnosis; but when none of these circumscribed symptoms is present, the diagnosis is often not made until relatively late in the development of the condition, In general, psychiatrists probably agree in defining schizophrenia as a personality disorganization with more or less dissociation and affective disturbances. Whatever abnormal behavior may result from this condition depends at least in part upon the personality, attitudes, interests, and the experiences of the individual and the influence of his environment.

BODY BUILD IN SCHIZOPHRENIA, WITH SPECIAL REGARD TO AGE

AIMS Any disease so frequent, so often difficult to diagnose and so grave as dementia praecox is worth attack even by the undramatic study of build. Psychiatrists record intently many physical and laboratory findings which are customary and indeed useful in medical practice but only too often are of no aid in the diagnosis of mental disease. On the other hand, they care little for studies of build and constitution, although these on the whole support the ancient belief that relations between body and mind can be detected and used. In studies of build crucial experiments or dramatic deviations from the normal are rare, leaving the alternative of comparisons between averages for moderate abnormalities. This alternative is not alluring, partly because it is tedious and partly because medical science has lagged behind other sciences in respect to the advances in applied mathematics. Medical statistics have often been labor lost—unreliable or

On the Cytology of the Cerebrospinal Fluid in Mental Disease

The fluid obtained by the easy and now frequent procedure of lumbar puncture affords, when subjected to simple tests, valuable aid in the diagnosis of mental disease.

The empathic index in the diagnosis of mental diseases.

The empathic index in the diagnosis of mental diseases.

The Margin of Error in the Diagnosis of Mental Disease: Based on a Clinical and Anatomical Review of 250 Cases Examined at the Danvers State Hospital, Massachusetts, 1904–8

Original Article from The New England Journal of Medicine — The Margin of Error in the Diagnosis of Mental Disease: Based on a Clinical and Anatomical Review of 250 Cases Examined at the Danvers State Hospital, Massachusetts, 1904–8

Recent Literature Insanity and its Treatment, Lectures on the Treatment, Medical and Legal, of Insane Patients . By G. Fielding Blandford, M.D., Oxon, etc. Third edition. Together with "Types of Insanity," an Illustrated Guide in the Physical Diagnosis of Mental Disease, by Allan McLean Hamilton, M.D. pp. 379. New York: William Wood &amp; Co. 1886.

Recent Literature Insanity and its Treatment, Lectures on the Treatment, Medical and Legal, of Insane Patients . By G. Fielding Blandford, M.D., Oxon, etc. Third edition. Together with "Types of Insanity," an Illustrated Guide in the Physical Diagnosis of Mental Disease, by Allan McLean Hamilton, M.D. pp. 379. New York: William Wood &amp; Co. 1886.

Recent Literature Types of Insanity . An Illustrated Guide in the Physical Diagnosis of Mental Disease. By Allan McLane Hamilton, M. D. New York: William Wood &amp; Co. 1883.

Recent Literature Types of Insanity . An Illustrated Guide in the Physical Diagnosis of Mental Disease. By Allan McLane Hamilton, M. D. New York: William Wood &amp; Co. 1883.