Diagnosis Of Early Lesions Research Articles

Stereomicroscopic Aspects of Non-Carious Cervical Lesions.

Non-carious cervical lesions (NCCLs) represent a form of tooth wear, characterized by the irreversible loss of dental hard tissues at the enamel-cement junction, without the involvement of caries and dental trauma. The aim of this study was to highlight the morphological elements of NCCLs via their stereomicroscopic examination and to confirm the role of this examination in the diagnosis of early lesions. In addition, the association between the morphological aspects identified during the stereomicroscopic examination of NCCLs and their etiological factors was determined. For this study, extracted teeth with NCCLs were examined with a stereomicroscope. The morphological aspects of NCCLs were evaluated at magnifications up to 75×. In wedge-shaped NCCLs, the stereomicroscopic examination allowed the identification and measurement of scratches, furrows and cracks. In saucer-shaped NCCLs, the stereomicroscopic examination highlighted the smooth appearance of the walls. The presented study highlighted the role of stereomicroscopic examination in the assessment of NCCL morphology and in their early diagnosis. The study confirmed, in particular, the role of occlusal overloads and tooth brushing in determining the morphology of NCCLs.

Classification of Skin Cancer with Deep Transfer Learning Method

Skin cancer is a serious health hazard for human society. This disease is developed when the pigments that produce skin color become cancerous. Dermatologists face difficulties in diagnosing skin cancer since many skin cancer colors seem identical. As a result, early diagnosis of lesions (the foundation of skin cancer) is very crucial and beneficial in totally curing skin cancer patients. Significant progress has been made in creating automated methods with the development of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies to aid dermatologists in the identification of skin cancer. The widespread acceptance of AI-powered technologies has enabled the use of a massive collection of photos of lesions and benign sores authorized by histology. This research compares six alternative transfer learning networks (deep networks) for skin cancer classification using the International Skin Imaging Collaboration (ISIC) dataset. DenseNet, Xception, InceptionResNetV2, ResNet50, and MobileNet were the transfer learning networks employed in the investigation which were successful in different studies recently. To compensate for the imbalance in the ISIC dataset, the photos of classes with low frequencies are augmented. The results show that augmentation is appropriate for the classification success, with high classification accuracies and F-scores with decreased false negatives. With an accuracy rate of 98.35%, modified DenseNet121 was the most successful model against the rest of the transfer learning nets utilized in the study.

Prevención del cáncer oral mediante la implementación de una plataforma de teleodontología para adultos mayores.

Objective: To contribute to early diagnosis of lesions in older patients, including potentially malignant lesions or those suspected of oral cancer by support of a web-based teledentistry platform. Material and Methods: This report contains information from 27 patients with oral lesions out of a total of 135 who received mobile dental care. Specialists who participated in the study involved professionals from the disciplines of periodontics, temporomandibular disorders, oral implantology, oral radiology, oral pathology and geriatrics. Referral consultations were carried out synchronously or asynchronously. Clinical information sent to oral pathology specialists involved a medical history and a traditional description of the lesion which considered size, color, limits, symptomatology, type of surface, consistency, location, and evolution. This information was complemented with a three-dimensional representation of the lesion, simulating an extra/intra oral clinical examination including a marker tool that allows to perform the anatomical-referencing of oral lesions. Results: 27 consultations from 26 patients were evaluated for oral pathology lesions. 12 lesions were diagnosed as reactive, 5 were infectious lesions, 4 of vascular etiology, 3 pigmented lesions (amalgam tattoo and smoking-related melanosis) and 3 potentially malignant lesions. The most frequent location was the tongue with 8 cases, followed by the gingiva and jugal mucosa, each with 5 cases. Four lesions required biopsy and histopathological report. Conclusion: A teledentistry platform including digital representations of oral lesions using different digital markers, also associated with a mobile system to provide dental care, constitutes an excellent tool to treat patients that present oral lesions with potential cancer risk.

Cytomorphological Study of Hepatic Lesions by FNAC

Introduction: Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) is a simple, safe, very low-cost and rapid procedure for diagnostic purpose which makes surgical intervention and exploratory laparotomy unnecessary. The introduction of modern diagnostic imaging techniques, mainly ultrasonography (USG) and Computerized Tomography (CT), has enabled the detection and location of lesions in sites such as liver, which are not easily accessible to surgical biopsies.
 Aim: To assess the utility of FNAC in the diagnosis of liver lesions. To study the cytomorphological features, age and sex distribution of liver lesions.
 Materials and methods: The study included 24 liver lesions which were detected clinically or radiologically. USG guided FNA was done in all cases. The smears were stained with Haematoxylin and eosin (H and E), May Grunwald Giemsa (MGG) and Papanicolaou’s stains. A cyto-histopathological correlation was done wherever possible. From the residual material, additional slides and cell blocks were prepared. Special stains were used whenever required. In doubtful cases immunohistochemistry (IHC) was done on formalin-fixed paraffin cell blocks and immunocytochemistry on conventional smears wherever necessary and possible.
 Results: All the lesions were found to be malignant. Out of 24 liver FNA cases, maximum lesions were seen in females and the affected age group for liver malignancies was 51-60 years. Out of 24 liver FNA cases, 20 cases were metastatic and 4 were primary cases. Among metastatic cases, maximum cases were of metastatic adenocarcinoma and the primary lesions of liver included all cases of hepatocellular carcinoma. Conclusion: Fine needle aspiration cytology of liver is a simple, safe, repeatable and rapid diagnostic procedure. In case of hepatic lesions, it is of outmost advantage in recognizing the nature of lesion i.e., primary, and metastatic as well as in early diagnosis of lesion so that patient can be treated as early as possible.

Histopathological study of cervical lesions in a tertiary health care centre in south India

Cervix is vulnerable to many pathological changes ranging from inflammation to malignancy. Uterine cervix is gateway to several non-neoplastic and neoplastic gynaecological lesions.. Histopathological studies of cervix along with clinical correlation helps in early diagnosis of lesions as they have advantages of being relatively cheap and technically easy.To study the histopathological features of cervical lesions. A retrospective study was done in the department of Pathology at Vinayaka Mission’s Kirupananda Variyar Medical College and Hospital, Salem for duration of 05 years i.e., from April 2016 to March 2021in 550 cervical samples.Non neoplastic (92.1%) lesions of cervix were more commonly reported in our study and neoplastic lesions were about 7.8%. Histopathology study of cervical biopsy lesions is a valuable diagnostic procedure. Early detection of cervical lesions may provide an opportunity for appropriate interventions to prevent further complications such as progression from benign to malignant conditions. Adequate screening procedure with follow up cervical biopsies helps in early diagnosis and management of premalignant and malignant lesions.

Morphological Spectrum of Lesions in Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Biopsies

Background: Gastrointestinal disorders are one of the most common clinically encountered problem. The Spectrum varies significantly due to geographical, dietary and environmental factors. Endoscopic examination along with histopathological biopsy examination is the gold standard for the detection of lesions. Correlation with other clinical data aids in accurate and early diagnosis of lesions. Methods: This descriptive study comprises of 454 endoscopic biopsies of gastrointestinal tract received in the Department of Pathology, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Pondicherry over a period of 18 months from December 2016 to May 2018. Brief clinical data, provisional clinical diagnosis, endoscopic findings and histopathological diagnosis were noted. Result: Of the 454 cases examined, 53.9% of patients were males. Highest incidence was recorded in the 41-50 age group comprising of 22.4%. Endoscopic examination showed maximum cases with inflamed mucosa (38.5%). The commonest biopsied site is Gastric antrum. Non-neoplastic lesions were more prevalent (83.4%) than neoplastic lesions. Conclusion: Histopathological evaluation along with details of endoscopic findings aids in providing an accurate diagnosis.

Diagnosis by Raman Spectroscopy of Pre-Malignant and Malignant Oral Lesions: A Systematic Review

spectroscopy is a technique that uses a monochromatic source of light-generating light of the same and different incident energy, thus allowing to obtain the frequency of atoms and molecules vibration to detect chemical connection or geometry, which allows discovering the chemical composition. This technique has great relevance for the early diagnosis of premalignant and malignant lesions due to its practicality and lack of invasiveness. The aim of this study was to evaluate the success of spectroscopy on early diagnosis of lesions with a predisposition to malignancy and malignant lesions. A literature review was carried out in PubMed, SciELO, Google Scholar and Lilacs databases, using keywords precancerous lesions, Raman Spectral Analysis and oral neoplasia. Thirty-two articles were found and 12 were selected, based on the exclusion criteria (review articles and articles that were not studying lesions). The high success rates of spectroscopic technique was observed in the rapid identification of malignant or premalignant cells other forms of dysplasias in lesions due to the practicality of the laser apparatus and lack of invasiveness. It is concluded that the diagnosis by spectroscopy is effective due to its ease-of-use and a great possibility to provide early diagnosis affording successful treatment of precancer and cancer.

A vascular enhancement algorithm for endoscope image

Endoscopic image quality plays an important role in the diagnosis of early lesions and dysplasia. Therefore, a blood vessel enhancement algorithm based on spectral absorption characteristics of blood vessels is proposed in this paper. First of all, RGB channels are obtained from the color image and divided into the brightness layer with the high dynamic range and the detail layer with the detail image information through the guided filter. Then, the detail layer of each channel is adaptively enhanced based on SNR (signal noise ratio), and the brightness layer is stretched to improve the GB channel information and to reduce R channel information. Finally each channel is merged to generate an enhanced image. In this article, a large number of endoscopic images is applied to this algorithm and compared with Karl Stroz's Spectra B enhancement technology. This method performs better in image enhancements while using the Detail Variance-Background Variance index and the Weber contrast index to evaluate.

Design of magneto-acoustic-electrical detection system and verification of its linear sweep theory

Clinical studies had demonstrated that early diagnosis of lesion could significantly reduce the risk of cancer. Magneto-acoustic-electrical tomography (MAET) is expected to become a new detection method due to its advantages of high resolution and high contrast. Based on thinking of modular design, a low-cost, digital magneto-acoustic conductivity detection system was designed and implemented in this study. The theory of MAET using chirp continuous wave excitation was introduced. The results of homogeneous phantom experiment with 0.5% NaCl clearly showed that the conductivity curve of homogeneous phantom was highly consistent with the actual physical size, which indicated that the chirp excitation theory in our proposed system was correct and feasible. Besides, the resolution obtained by 1 000 μs sweep time was better than that obtained by 500 μs and 1 500 μs, which means that sweep time is an important factor affecting the detection resolution of the conductivity. The same result was obtained in the experiments carried out on homogeneous phantoms with different concentrations of NaCl, which demonstrated the repeatability of our proposed MAET system.

Review of cutaneous penile lesions

Introduction: Penile lesions often go undiagnosed and are difficult to identify for general practitioners and specialists, yet the stakes could be high. Indeed, the condition is highly varied and includes physiological variants, specific skin entities, genital dermatoses, genital ulcers, balanitis, premalignant lesions, and, finally, cancerous lesions. Knowledge of these entities can help to prevent overlooking potentially progressive lesions and diagnose cancerous lesions early so that patients can be offered conservative treatment, improving chances of survival. We review here these different lesions. Materials and methods and authors personal experience: A literature review was carried out in December 2016 using the Medline/Pubmed database, without any restrictions regarding the time period but limiting the review to studies in English or French. The main keywords used were “penile lesion”, “penile cancer”, “balanitis” and “premalignant lesion”. A specific review was performed for each type. All the pictures and cases came from our personal practice in our specific uro-dermatological consultation. All the patients gave us their informed consent for the utilization of their pictures. Results: We studied 66 references covering the field of benign and malignant lesions and their respective treatment. It is essential to take a medical history and perform a clinical examination, despite the fact that some lesions are not specific. A biopsy must be performed systematically in the case of all suspicious lesions. Conclusion: Lesions on genital organs in men are very diverse. Some are difficult to diagnose and treat, with the main challenge being early diagnosis of lesions with a high progressive potential in order to prevent dissemination and the need for mutilating surgery.

An Endocrine Jaw Lesion: Dentist Perspective in Diagnosis.

Brown tumor is a rare nonneoplastic focal giant cell lesion that occurs in hyperparathyroidism patients with a prevalence rate of 0.1% in jaws. We report an extremely rare case of brown tumor in mandible of a 40-year-old female patient that presented as the first clinical manifestation of hyperparathyroidism. Dentist played a pivotal role in the present case by the early diagnosis of lesion and its intervention.

Extraocular sebaceous carcinoma of neck: A case Report

Context: Sebaceous cell carcinoma is a malignant neoplasm, rarely recognized in extra ocular sites. This neoplasm is aggressive in 29% of patients, lymph node and visceral metastasis are common. Its prognosis depends on early diagnosis of lesion. Clinical & Diagnostic features: An 49 year old female had slow growing nonulcerative subcutaneous nodule on the nape of neck of 9 months duration. On FNAC cytological findings favoured a benign skin adenexal tumor with focal nuclear atypia. On histological examination it was diagnosed as a poorly differentiated sebaceous carcinoma. Conclusion: Extra ocular sebaceous carcinoma is a rare neoplasm. It is difficult to diagnose as it has diverse clinical presentations, histologic patterns and complicated nomenclature. We will discuss the incidence, clinical, and histological findings along with the prognosis of this aggressive neoplasm. Keywords: Extra-ocular, Sebaceous cell carcinoma, Histopathology

PP041: 24 Years of campaign for prevention and early detection of oral cancer in PARANÁ state – Brazil between 1994–1998

Introduction The service agility and availability of resources and competent professionals can influence the quality of care for cancer patients, but do not influence the prognosis and survival as they do in the diagnosis of incipient disease. Objectives To examine the oral cavity of individuals in the population, look for lesions, early or not, and aware of the risks of oral cancer. Methods 21,018 patients over 30 years of age in 98 municipalities in Parana were examined between 1989 and 2011, fragmented 5 in 5 years. We used a questionnaire inquiring about education, family income, often the dentist, prevention of oral cancer, alcoholism, smoking and consumption of mate, sex and skin color. On clinical examination were observed: complete dentures, oral hygiene, oral lesions and oral cancer information. Results Between 1994 and 1998 evaluated 2316 subjects, 58.5% female and 41.5% male, Caucasians accounted for 96.8%. Among them, 64.4% earned less than two minimum wages. Regarding education, 158 (55.1%) had finished high school, 47 (16.4%) high school, 30 (10.4%) college and 52 (18.1%) illiterate. We found 287 (12.39%) suspicious lesions were referred. Of these, 86 (30.0%) were inflammatory lesions, 147 (51.25%) trauma, 54 (18.8%) leukoplakic. On the frequency of visits to the dentist, 50 (17.4%) only pain, 77 (26.8%) would not, 75 (26.1%) edentulous, 62 (21.6%) only once a year and, 23 (8%) once every 2 years. 66.9% had poor oral hygiene and 89.5% used denture, 15% alcoholics, smokers 26.8% and 34.5% drank mate. Regarding the knowledge of prevention of oral cancer: 67 (23.4%) have never heard of, 81 (28.2%) had already Prevention, 139 (48.4%) never did. Conclusion Campaigns prevention of oral cancer are means of easy access for the public disclosure of self-examination and diagnosis of early lesions.

Liver cell dysplasia and early hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major world health problem. Screening and diagnosis of early lesions of HCC allows prompt treatment to improve clinical outcomes. Early lesions of HCC include premalignant lesions and small HCCs. The former consists of hepatocellular cytological changes (large cell change, small cell change and iron-free foci), dysplastic foci and dysplastic nodules (low-grade and high-grade); while the latter is subdivided into early HCC and progressed HCC. There is significant overlap in pathological and radiological features between high-grade dysplastic nodules and early HCC making a precise diagnosis demanding even among experts. Various conventional and emerging potential diagnostic markers have been evaluated in assisting pathological diagnosis of early HCC. Translation of the concept of early HCC to daily clinical practice in term of diagnosis and tumour staging is challenging to clinicians, radiologists and pathologists.

Diagnostic endoscopique des lésions précoces

Summary The diagnosis of precancerous lesions of the bronchial tree remains a challenge for WKHFKHVWSK\VLFLDQV,QWKHODVW\HDUVWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIDXWRAXRUHVFHQFHEDVHGtechniques greatly impacted the detection of precancerous lesions compared with white light endoscopy. New techniques have been recently developed to get over the limitations RIDXWRAXRUHVFHQFHDOORZLQJWKHOXQJH[SORUDWLRQERWKGLVWDOO\DQGDWWKHPLFURVFRSLFlevel in vivo. 7KHVHPHWKRGVLQFOXGHDXWRAXRUHVFHQFHYLGHRHQGRVFRS\QDUURZEDQGimaging (NBI), endobronchial ultrasonography (EBUS), optical coherence tomography (OCT) and probe based confocal laser endomicroscopy (MCFF). The histopathologic analysis is still currently the gold standard, however these new techniques could allow optical biopsies, then improving the diagnosis and the therapeutic management.© 2011 SPLF. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved. Diagnostic endoscopique des lesions precoces Endoscopic diagnosis of early lesions

Bone and joint diseases in children. Etiology and pathogenesis of osteochondral lesions in children. Osteochondritis dissecans and osteochondrosis

Osteochondral lesions in children mainly occur in the physeal and epiphyseal cartilage. Osteochondritis dissecans and osteochondrosis (apophysitis) are common and clinically important chronic disorders. These etiology and pathogenesis have also been well investigated in the Veterinary medicine in recent years. One of the most likely causes is proposed as a failure of blood supply to growth cartilage and following focal disturbance of endochondral ossification. Mechanical stress, trauma, rapid growth, anatomic conformation, and dietary imbalances would modify this initial step and break down the normal structure. In human, above-mentioned pathological changes can be detected using recent MRI technology, which contribute quite much in the early diagnosis of lesions in clinic. Another problem in children is acute traumatic growth plate injury, which increases the risk of the early closure of growth plate and following deformity of bone and joint. Early diagnosis and precise treatment are extremely important for children to prevent residual deformity and pain and growth disturbance. In future, less-invasive as well as effective treatments for the focally disturbed or accelerated ossification should be developed.

Familial carotid body tumours: is there a role for genetic screening?

Carotid body tumours are rare lesions which are familial in 10 per cent of cases. In this paper, we demonstrate the clinical applicability of predictive genetic testing for familial carotid body tumours. We report a case manifesting with multiple carotid body tumours, in which subsequent genetic testing demonstrated a germline mutation which could be traced across generations. We review the diagnosis and management of carotid body tumours in the familial setting, together with the strategies presently available to screen individuals from susceptible families. The recent advent of a predictive genetic test for familial carotid body tumours offers a novel means of pre-selecting those at risk, so as to minimise screening costs and patient morbidity. Early diagnosis of lesions is essential to allow early intervention, reducing surgical morbidity and progression to malignancy.

Diagnosis of initial carious lesion by clinical and conventional radiographic methods in comparison to direct digital radiography

Background: Digital radiographic system is still not widely used in routine dental practice. Their superiority in the early detection of carious lesion compared to clinical examination and conventional radiography is still questioned. For this reason this study was designed. Materials and Methods: Children aged 7-9 years attending the dental clinic were examined for initial caries clinically using d1-4, D1-4 index. Two radiographic images were taken for posterior teeth, in addition to a direct digital radiograph following parallel technique. Results: For both dentitions, the direct digital radiographs were more precise in the detection of decayed surfaces compared to both clinical and conventional radiographic examinations. Statistically significant differences were recorded. Results however varied when studying lesions according to grades of severity as clinical examinations appeared to be sufficient in caries detection. Conclusion: Clinical examination need to be supplemented by radiography in the diagnosis of early lesion.

Infected paradental cysts in children: A clinicopathological study of 15 cases

We report the clinical, radiographic and histological features of 15 paradental cysts of the first and second molars and recommend conservative surgical treatment. Twelve young patients were operated on for 15 paradental cysts of the first and second molars, and had conservative operations with partial preservation of the mandibular cortical bone. After 2 years there had been no recurrences. The differential diagnosis of paradental cyst was fundamental to allow the correct treatment and the early diagnosis of lesions on the opposite side. The maintenance of periodontal hygiene in the immediate and late postoperative periods was an aid to ensure complete remission of the lesions.

E32. Advances in endoscopic diagnosis of early lesions of the bronchus

E32. Advances in endoscopic diagnosis of early lesions of the bronchus