Diagnosis Of Diffuse Lung Disease Research Articles

A Survey of 150 Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Procedures in Kuwait

Objective: To review our experience of indications, technique, and complications as they relate to video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) in the diagnosis and management of intrathoracic diseases. Subjects and Methods: One hundred and fifty consecutive VATS procedures, which were performed over a 3-year period, were retrospectively evaluated. Indications included recurrent or persistent primary spontaneous pneumothorax (n = 73 patients), lung biopsies for diagnosis of diffuse lung disease (n = 33), pleural biopsies (n = 18), wedge resections of pulmonary nodules (n = 8), bilateral thoracic sympathectomy (n = 6), decortication (n = 5), mediastinal tumor biopsies (n = 5), excision of bullous emphysema (n = 1), and removal of a foreign body from the pleural cavity (n = 1). An alternative method of manipulating thoracoscopic instruments without using a trocar is described. Results: Of the 150 VATS procedures, 127 (85%) were successfully performed, 6 (4%) were converted to thoracotomy and 17 (11%) had complications. The most common complication was prolonged air leak, which occurred in 9 patients. The average postoperative hospital stay was 4 days (range: 2–17). Diagnostic procedures were considered successful in 32 out of 33 lung biopsies and in all 18 patients with pleural diseases, 8 lung nodules, or 5 mediastinal tumor biopsies. The other 86 therapeutic VATS procedures were effective in 82 (95%) patients. Four (5%) patients had a recurrence of the pneumothorax after VATS. Conclusion: Thoracoscopy and the use of a nontrocar technique is a safe and effective method for the diagnosis and treatment of intrathoracic diseases.

Clinical Patterns of Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease in Kuwait: A Prospective Study

Objective: To report our experience of the clinicopathological patterns of diffuse parenchymal lung disease (DPLD). Subjects and Methods: Over a 4-year period, 75 patients (41 males, 34 females), aged 13–76 years, who were referred to Mubarak Al-Kabeer and the Chest Diseases Hospitals, Kuwait with a diagnosis of diffuse lung disease, were included in the study. After a comprehensive history and physical examination, further investigations were done, including hematological and immunological profiles, sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid examination, chest radiograph, high resolution computed tomography (HRCT), pulmonary function test and lung biopsy. Results: Of the 75 patients 60 (80%) were over 40 years of age. The duration of symptoms in 34 patients (45%) was less than 6 months and longer than 1 year in 28 (37.7%) patients. Twenty-five of the patients were cigarette smokers. The mean forced lung capacity (FVC), total lung capacity and diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide were less than 60% of the predicted values in most patients. There was a significant difference in mean FVC value between smokers and nonsmokers (p < 0.05). The HRCT findings were at an advanced stage in 65 patients, with additional honeycombing in 21 of the 65 patients. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis was the most common cause of DPLD, occurring in 52 patients, followed by sarcoidosis and collagen vascular diseases. Conclusion: DPLD was observed predominantly in middle aged and elderly patients, due probably to increasing industrialization in the country. The role of cigarette smoking as a contributory factor remains unclear.

High-resolution CT: what is it good for in pulmonary fibrosis?

For many radiologists and clinicians, high-resolution CT has become a useful tool in the diagnosis of diffuse lung disease, particularly in the diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. This paper reviews the most recent literature on the usefulness of high-resolution CT in diagnosing, determining the subsequent prognosis, and guiding the care of patients with lung disease. Idiopathic lung diseases, collagen vascular diseases, and the role of lung biopsy in diffuse lung disease are addressed.

High-Resolution Computed Tomography in the Diagnosis of Diffuse Lung Disease: A Clinical Perspective

High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) has a central role in the routine detection and diagnosis of individual diffuse lung diseases. The widespread use of HRCT has been stimulated by numerous published series, which have evaluated the accuracy of HRCT in cohorts of patients. However, these series have not simulated the integration of HRCT into clinical diagnosis, and this has led to difficulties in achieving the optimal diagnostic use of HRCT in routine practice. This article summarizes the problems facing the clinician in applying HRCT series to diagnosis in individual patients. The flaws in published series are discussed and the importance of integrating HRCT data with baseline clinical information and, in selected cases, histopathologic findings is highlighted.

7. びまん性肺疾患の鑑別診断に対するニューラルネットワークの応用(コンピュータ支援診断 : 魅力と課題)(第59回総会学術大会シンポジウムIII)

7. びまん性肺疾患の鑑別診断に対するニューラルネットワークの応用(コンピュータ支援診断 : 魅力と課題)(第59回総会学術大会シンポジウムIII)

Contribuição da biópsia pulmonar a céu aberto na avaliação de pneumopatias difusas e agudas em unidade de terapia intensiva pediátrica

Introdução: Os dados clínico-laboratoriais convencionais raramente fornecem o diagnóstico em pneumopatias difusas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o papel da biópsia pulmonar a céu aberto no que se refere ao seu potencial diagnóstico, ao impacto dos resultados sobre a conduta clínica e à incidência de complicações do procedimento. Material e métodos: No período de janeiro/1987 a janeiro/1997, 29 biópsias pulmonares foram realizadas em crianças com pneumopatias difusas, em insuficiência respiratória aguda, sem etiologia e sem resposta à terapêutica empírica prévia. Foram excluídos os recém-nascidos, crianças com pneumopatias crônicas prévias e crianças com coagulopatia ou choque intratáveis. Todas as biópsias foram realizadas através de microtoracotomia no pulmão mais acometido ao exame radiológico. O fragmento de tecido pulmonar foi analisado por meio de culturas e de exames de microscopia ótica, eletrônica e imunofluorescência. Resultados: O processamento do material da biópsia forneceu pelo menos um diagnóstico histopatológico em todas as crianças estudadas (100%) e em 20 (68,9%) obteve-se um diagnóstico etiológico. Os principais diagnósticos histopatológicos foram: pneumonite intersticial não específica com fibrose variável em 18 casos; bronquiolite em oito casos e hipertensão pulmonar em três casos. Nos diagnósticos etiológicos, os principais agentes foram: citomegalovírus em seis crianças; Pneumocystis carinii em três; adenovírus em três e infecção pelo vírus respiratório sincicial em três casos. Os resultados geraram mudanças no tratamento em 20 casos (68,9%). As principais alterações de conduta foram a introdução de corticoterapia em 14 pacientes e a revisão da antibioticoterapia em seis. Sete casos (24,1%) apresentaram complicações, que foram resolvidas, e nenhum óbito foi relacionado ao procedimento. Conclusão: Conclui-se que a biópsia pulmonar a céu aberto é um procedimento que, mesmo invasivo, deve ser considerado na avaliação de crianças com pneumopatias difusas graves, sem etiologia definida, sem resposta à terapêutica previamente instituída e em insuficiência respiratória.

The radiologic differential diagnosis of diffuse lung diseases characterized by multiple cysts or cavities.

A variety of pulmonary diseases have diffuse cystic abnormalities within the lungs, including emphysema, cystic bronchiectasis, desquamative interstitial pneumonia, lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia, usual interstitial pneumonia, lymphangioleiomyomatosis, Langerhans histiocytosis, cystic metastasis, Wegener granulomatosis, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, pulmonary paragonimiasis, and septic pulmonary emboli. CT can easily detect cystic abnormalities as common features in many diseases. However, some characteristic pattern of them can facilitate specific diagnoses.

Expiratory high-resolution CT: diagnostic value in diffuse lung diseases.

1537 xpiratory high-resolution CT is a powerful adjunct to inspiratory high-resolution CT in the diagnosis of diffuse lung disease. This technique reveals dynamic changes in lung attenuation related to the interplay among the amount of air in the alveoli, the pulmonary interstitium, and the pulmonary blood volume. It is particularly sensitive for the detection of small airways obstruction. Combining both inspiratory and expiratory high-resolution CT, we can better understand the mechanisms of inhomogeneous lung attenuation and more accurately diagnose diffuse lung diseases.

The effect of lung biopsy on lung function in diffuse lung disease.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect on lung function of lung biopsy used in the diagnosis of diffuse lung disease carried out by an open procedure or by video-assisted thoracoscopy. One hundred and sixteen patients with diffuse lung disease who attended the Royal Brompton Hospital were studied retrospectively. Thirty five patients underwent open lung biopsy, and 33 video-assisted thoracoscopic biopsy and 48 had their diagnosis made without biopsy. All patients underwent lung function tests before and after surgery, or at an interval of 3-6 months in those who did not undergo biopsy. No significant differences were found in changes in lung function between those who had and had not undergone biopsy, and the proportions of patients whose lung function improved or deteriorated were similar. Lung biopsy by an open procedure or by video-assisted thoracoscopy did not differ in its effects on lung function. The results for older patients, those with severe disease and those with fibrosing alveolitis were the same as for the whole group. Open lung biopsy for the diagnosis of diffuse lung disease does not deleteriously affect lung function whether carried out by an open or a minimally invasive procedure.

Inhomogeneous lung attenuation at thin-section CT: diagnostic value of expiratory scans.

To determine the utility of expiratory scans for diagnosis of inhomogeneous attenuation on thin-section computed tomographic (CT) scans. On the basis of clinical information and pulmonary function test results, disease in 53 patients with inhomogeneous attenuation on inspiratory scans was classified into four groups--infiltrative, airway, vascular, or mixed. Without knowledge of the diagnosis, inhomogeneous attenuation was classified as (a) ground-glass opacity due to infiltrative disease, (b) mosaic perfusion due to airway disease, or (c) mosaic perfusion due to vascular disease, and the degree of confidence was indicated. Each case was reclassified if necessary on the basis of expiratory scan findings. A correct diagnosis was made more often on the basis of both inspiratory and expiratory scans than on the basis of inspiratory scans alone (92% [49 of 53 patients] vs 79% [42 of 53], respectively [P < .05]). Accuracy increased from 81% (21 of 26) to 89% (23 of 26) in cases of infiltrative disease and from 84% (16 of 19) to 100% (19 of 19) in cases of airway disease. A correct interpretation with high confidence level was reached more often with expiratory scans than on the basis of inspiratory scans alone (92% [49 of 53] vs 45% [24 of 53], respectively [P < .0001]). The extent of air trapping correlated significantly with pulmonary function test results. With expiratory scans, the classification of inhomogeneous attenuation was changed in 15% (eight of 53) of cases and the confidence level was improved in 51% (27 of 53) (P < .0001). Expiratory scans significantly improved diagnostic accuracy in patients with inhomogeneous attenuation on inspiratory scans, and they helped in the diagnosis of diffuse lung disease.

Influence of sample number and biopsy site on the histologic diagnosis of diffuse lung disease

Although open biopsy is considered the optimal method for obtaining lung tissue for the diagnosis of diffuse infiltrative pulmonary disorders, there are no universally established guidelines concerning biopsy site selection and the ideal number of tissue samples. Relatively few investigations have been devoted to the influence exerted by the site and number of biopsy samples on the histologic diagnosis. Seventy-seven open biopsy samples obtained from different lobes of 28 patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis were analyzed. The histopathologic features were evaluated semiquantitatively and the results from each sample compared with those of the other samples obtained from each patient. Statistically significant differences in histopathologic features were not observed between samples. A single generous (2 cm or greater diameter) sample, obtained from a representative region of the radiographically most involved lobe, will suffice for diagnostic and evaluation purposes.

Review article: current indications for high resolution computed tomography scanning of the lungs.

High resolution computed tomography (HRCT) is an effective technique for demonstrating the lung parenchyma in detail and overcomes many of the inadequacies of chest radiography in the diagnosis of diffuse lung disease. This article reviews the role of HRCT in the management of patients with chronic infiltrative lung disease, occupational lung disease, airways disease and acute and sub-acute lung disease.

Diagnosis of diffuse lung disease by cutting needle biopsy

Diagnosis of diffuse lung disease by cutting needle biopsy

Diagnosis of Diffuse Lung Disease by Cutting Needle Biopsy

The results of 15 consecutive automated cutting needle (1.2 mm, n = 14; 2.0 mm, n = 1) biopsies of diffuse lung manifestations are presented. Sufficient material for histologic analysis was obtained in 13 of 15 specimens (87%) and a specific diagnosis was obtained in 11 of 14 patients (79%). The tissue specimen confirmed the clinically probable lung disease in 6 patients, gave a new, unsuspected, diagnosis in 2, and resolved a differential diagnostic problem in 3 patients. One pneumothorax after a 2.0-mm needle biopsy necessitated catheter drainage. We conclude that percutaneous lung biopsy with the automated biopsy device mounted with a 1.2-mm needle yields a histologic diagnosis with high accuracy in interstitial and alveolar lung changes, reducing the need for more invasive methods such as open lung biopsy.

Diagnosis of diffuse lung disease by cutting needle biopsy

The results of 15 consecutive automated cutting needle (1.2 mm, n = 14; 2.0 mm, n = 1) biopsies of diffuse lung manifestations are presented. Sufficient material for histologic analysis was obtained in 13 of 15 specimens (87%) and a specific diagnosis was obtained in 11 of 14 patients (79%). The tissue specimen confirmed the clinically probable lung disease in 6 patients, gave a new, unsuspected, diagnosis in 2, and resolved a differential diagnostic problem in 3 patients. One pneumothorax after a 2.0-mm needle biopsy necessitated catheter drainage. We conclude that percutaneous lung biopsy with the automated biopsy device mounted with a 1.2-mm needle yields a histologic diagnosis with high accuracy in interstitial and alveolar lung changes, reducing the need for more invasive methods such as open lung biopsy.

Thoracoscopy for diagnosis of diffuse lung disease

Diffuse lung diseases due to a wide variety of conditions are amenable to diagnosis by means of clinical evaluation, bronchoalveolar lavage, transbronchial biopsy, and lung biopsy. The recently introduced technique of thoracoscopic wedge biopsy provides the potential advantages of greater selection of biopsy sites and reduced postoperative pain compared with that associated with standard open lung biopsy. Its overall accuracy cited in initial reports has exceeded 90%. Although it is supplanting open lung biopsy as the most common operative technique for diagnosing diffuse pulmonary abnormalities, the availability of thoracoscopic lung biopsy should not alter the current indications for the initial use of bronchoscopic techniques in selected patients. In addition, because of the additional risk carried by thoracoscopic lung biopsy, open lung biopsy should still be used preferentially in patients suffering from acute decompensation, pulmonary hypertension, or coagulation disorders.

Interstitial lung disease in rheumatoid arthritis

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a frequent manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and it has a close bearing on the prognosis of RA patients. Computed tomography (CT) has been shown to be excellent for the diagnosis of diffuse lung disease. In this study chest radiographs and high-resolution CT (HRCT) scans were obtained in 91 patients with RA to evaluate their ILD precisely. By HRCT 43 patients could be diagnosed as having interstitial pneumonitis (IP), and 5 could be diagnosed as having bronchiolitis. The remaining 43 patients were normal by HRCT. Chest radiographic findings were consistent with the HRCT findings in approximately 50% of patients with IP. HRCT was superior to chest radiographs for the detection of early interstitial changes. The histogram of HRCT values might be a useful adjunct to HRCT diagnosis by adding some degree of objectivity. HRCT is useful for the diagnosis of ILD in patients with RA.

Present role of thoracoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the chest

Since thoracoscopy was originally described in 1910, the application has been limited mainly to the diagnosis and treatment of pleural disease. Recent advancements in endoscopic equipment and refinement of surgical techniques have expanded the application of this procedure. Using video thoracoscopic techniques in 70 patients over the past 9 months, we have been able to perform a variety of procedures previously accomplished by “open” techniques. These procedures include (1) wedge resections of pulmonary nodules in 21 patients, using endoscopic mechanical stapling devices; (2) excision of the pericardium and drainage of the pericardial space in 6 patients; (3) dorsal thoracic sympathectomy in 6 patients; (4) apical blebectomy and pleurodesis in 6 patients; and (5) lung biopsies for diagnosis of diffuse lung disease in 5 patients. Additional procedures performed include biopsy of hilar masses (3), biopsy of esophageal mass, excision of a mediastinal cyst, and the drainage of a spinal abscess. The remaining 20 procedures were performed for the diagnosis and treatment of pleural disease. There was no mortality associated with the procedure and morbidity was lessened, compared with standard thoracotomy procedures. The postoperative hospital stay after elective procedures performed in well patients averaged 3 days and was often as short as 1 day. Our experience indicates a markedly expanded role for thoracoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of thoracic diseases with less postoperative morbidity.

Open lung biopsy: a safe, reliable and accurate method for diagnosis in diffuse lung disease.

The ideal method for obtaining lung tissue for diagnosis should provide high diagnostic yield with low morbidity and mortality. We reviewed all 432 patients (mean age 55 years) who underwent an open lung biopsy at this hospital over a 10-year period. Twenty-four patients (5.5%) were immunocompromised. One hundred and twenty-five patients were on steroid therapy at the time of operation. Open lung biopsy provided a firm diagnosis in 410 cases overall (94.9%) and in 20 out of 24 patients in the immunocompromised group (83.3%). The commonest diagnosis was cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis (173 patients). Twenty-two patients (5.1%) suffered complications following the procedure: wound infection 11 patients, pneumothorax 9 patients and haemothorax 1 patient. Thirteen patients (3.0%) died following open lung biopsy, but in only 1 patient was the death attributable to the procedure itself. We conclude that open lung biopsy is an accurate and safe method for establishing a diagnosis in diffuse lung disease with a high yield and minimal risk.

Comparative accuracy of high resolution computed tomography and chest radiography in the diagnosis of chronic diffuse infiltrative lung disease

One hundred individuals who had undergone both high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) and chest radiography were studied to determine the accuracy of each technique in establishing the diagnosis of diffuse lung disease. The group consisted of 86 patients with a diagnosis of a chronic diffuse infiltrative lung disease and 14 normal subjects. Two independent observers assessed the HRCT examinations and chest radiographs and recorded the three most likely diagnoses. Overall a confident diagnosis was reached more often with HRCT (49%) than with chest radiography (41%). The diagnoses were correct in 82% of HRCT examinations and 69% of chest radiographs. Diagnoses made on HRCT, irrespective of the degree of certainty, were accurate more often than diagnoses made on chest radiography (56% and 47% respectively). Of the patients thought to have a normal chest radiograph, 42% had diffuse infiltrative lung disease (DILD). Of the patients thought to be normal on HRCT, 18% had DILD. Conversely, normal subjects were correctly identified as such in 82% of chest radiographs and in 96% of HRCT examinations. This study emphasizes the important role of CT in helping to confirm or refute the presence of abnormality when the chest radiograph is normal or questionably abnormal, and underlines the superior diagnostic accuracy of HRCT compared with conventional chest radiography in DILD.