Diagnosis Of Bruxism Research Articles

Use of chameleon composite resins in Dentistry: case report

Non-carious cervical lesion (NCCL) is characterized as wear in the cervical region of the tooth, not caused by caries, which can directly affect quality of life. Therefore, its treatment is essential, as the main symptom is pain. One of the forms of treatment for this type of injury is restoration with composite resins. Aiming at greater ease in choosing the color, the chameleon resin was proposed, not having color variations like conventional resins, containing only one color. This resin has the ability to copy the color of the substrate that is inserted. Objective: Is to report a clinical case of a female patient, where chameleon resin was used in LCNC. Case report: Patient J. P., female, 31 years old, attended the dental clinic of Universidade Tuiuti do Paraná, complaining of tooth sensitivity and diagnosis of bruxism. Anamnesis was performed and it was observed that there were LCNC in several teeth. For the treatment of sensitivity, the option was to perform restorations with composite resin. Resins from different brands were used: Vittra Unique by FGM® Admira Fusion X-tra by Voco® and Vittra Unique Flow by FGM®. Relative isolation was performed with a retractor wire. After the selective acid etching, it was washed and dried for application of the universal adhesive Futurabond U by Voco® and afterwards, light curing with the Bluephase N Light Cure by Ivocla Vivadent®. Then, restoration was performed with chameleon resin and photopolymerization of the reconstructed region. After finishing the restorations, finishing and polishing began. Results: After completing the procedure, the patient reported greater satisfaction with the aesthetics and no pain. Conclusion: The monochromatic composite resin is an excellent choice of restorative therapy for this type of injury.

Temporomandibular joint in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Introduction: Our study aimed to evaluate temporomandibular joint involvement in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and healthy individuals Methods: 142 participants were recruited in two groups: 72 patients with RA and 70 healthy controls. All participants were tested for seropositivity of rheumatoid factor and anticitrullinated protein antibodies. TMD diagnosis was determined according to the standardized and validated diagnostic criteria for TMD (DC/TMD): myalgia, arthralgia, articular disc, displacement, degenerative joint disease, and headache attributed to TMD. Bruxism, a probable sleep and/or awake bruxism diagnosis was determined based on self-report and several clinical findings. Results: The prevalence of TMD was 44.44% in RA patients and 34.28% in the control group (P < 0.005). TMD-pain diagnosis presented either as myalgia, arthralgia, or both and for those who are having a degenerative joint disease. Within the RA group, seronegative patients had a TMD-pain diagnosis significantly more often than seropositive patients (P = 0.048).75% of participants used analgesics, especially paracetamol, during the last 24 h, without differences between participants with TMD-pain diagnosis or without (P = 0.759). No difference was found between the groups in maximum mouth opening, protrusion, and laterotrusion. There was reported no difference in probable sleep bruxism diagnosis between participants with TMD diagnosis and those without (P = 0.223). Conclusion: The prevalence of TMD pain is increased in seronegative RA patients and is associated with bruxism signs and symptoms. Health professionals should be alert to TMD pain in RA patients.

ИННОВАЦИОННЫЕ МЕТОДЫ ДИАГНОСТИКИ БРУКСИЗМА В СОВРЕМЕННОЙ СТОМАТОЛОГИИ

The article is devoted to one of the most important problems in modern dentistry – bruxism. The relevance is associated with an increase in the prevalence of bruxism in patients of different age groups. The article discusses etiological factors, clinical manifestations and various diagnostic methods for patients with bruxism. The material of the review is the long-term research of domestic and foreign scientists devoted to the etiology and modern diagnosis of patients with bruxism. Using the Elibrary search engine, 17 articles were selected for the time period from 2003 to 2023. The article uses a descriptive method that allowed us to consider the current state of the problem and outline ways to further solve it. The main content of the study is the analysis of innovative methods for the diagnosis of bruxism, which make it possible to diagnose pathology at the initial stage of the disease and start its treatment in a timely manner. The article emphasizes the need to supplement existing clinical recommendations with innovative methods and diagnostic tools for this pathology. As a result of the analysis of the literature, the authors developed a systematization of all methods of diagnosing bruxism by the subject of the study. The article discusses research aimed at studying the occlusal relationship of the jaws, the diagnosis of a psychopathological condition, the diagnosis of musculoskeletal dysfunction, the diagnosis of neurotransmitter imbalance and the detection of diseases of the musculoskeletal system. The authors concluded that with the advent and introduction of computer technologies into dental practice, innovative methods and tools for diagnosing bruxism were developed, which led to a significant improvement in the quality of dental care provided. Special attention is paid in the article to the importance of the principle of primacy and an interdisciplinary approach in conducting diagnostic studies aimed at identifying bruxism.

A IMPORTÂNCIA DO DIAGNÓSTICO PRECOCE DO BRUXISMO DO SONO INFANTIL

This study addresses the importance of early diagnosis of pediatric sleep bruxism, a condition characterized by the involuntary grinding or clenching of teeth, which can occur during sleep or while awake. The objective of the study is to highlight the relevance of early detection of this dysfunction to prevent damage to the stomatognathic system and improve the quality of life of affected children. The methodology adopted was an integrative literature review, involving the search for scientific articles in the SCIELO, PUBMED, and LILACS databases, focusing on studies published between 2015 and 2024. The study selected articles focusing on risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment of pediatric bruxism. The results indicate that early diagnosis, combined with a multidisciplinary approach, is essential to mitigate the effects of the condition, such as dental wear and temporomandibular joint dysfunctions. Furthermore, effective treatment involves a combination of dental, psychological, and behavioral interventions.

Bruxism awareness and self-assessment in dental clinical students: a questionnaire-based study

BackgroundBruxism is a recurrent parafunctional habit characterized by clenching or grinding teeth and/or jaw contractions. It is quite common among dental students and is associated with psychosocial factors such as stress and anxiety. This study aimed to compare bruxism awareness and self-assessment among clinical students with and without bruxism.MethodsThis study included systemically healthy individuals aged 18 to 27 years. Intraoral and extraoral examinations were performed on 128 4th- and 5th-grade dental students with (64) and without bruxism (64), 4th and 5th-grade dental students at Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University who met the inclusion criteria. The diagnosis of bruxism was based on the 2018 International Consensus and data collected through a validated 33-item questionnaire covering general information and bruxism awareness. The questionnaire included multiple-choice questions on bruxism types, risk factors, symptoms, and impact on periodontal tissues. Statistical analyses were performed via IBM SPSS Statistics, and p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsClenching and teeth grinding during sleep, tooth wear, muscle fatigue, pain in the temples, jaw pain, joint trismus, neck pain, and jaw joint pain and clenching while awake were significantly different in bruxism patients (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of bruxism type, symptoms, treatment methods, periodontal tissues, occlusal trauma, diagnostic methods, or the relationship between lifestyle and bruxism (p > 0.05). While 71.9% of those diagnosed with bruxism stated that they had bruxism, 68.8% of those who were not diagnosed stated that they did not have bruxism.ConclusionAlthough dental students are aware of bruxism, their understanding of its multifactorial nature and treatment options needs improvement. Increasing this knowledge could reduce the prevalence of bruxism among dental students and improve patient care.Clinical trial registrationThe clinical trial was retrospectively registered on ClinicalTrials.gov under the identifier NCT06583044, with a registration date of 03/09/2024. https://register.clinicaltrials.gov/prs/beta/studies/S000EUYA00000023/recordSummary.

Bruxism and Sleep Disorders in Patients Diagnosed With Depressive Disorder and Anxiety Disorder UsingAntidepressants.

To investigate the frequency of bruxism, factors associated with bruxism and sleep disorders in patients diagnosed with depressive disorder and anxiety disorder who use antidepressants. A total of 273 patients diagnosed with anxiety disorder or depression who had been using antidepressants for at least 1 month were included, along with 273 healthy control groups. The patient and control groups completed a sociodemographic data form, Epworth Daytime Sleepiness Scale (EDSS), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and a bruxism questionnaire. Additionally, the clinician confirmed the diagnosis of bruxism through a clinical interview. Bruxism was detected in 73.3% of the patient group and 28.2% of the control group (p < 0.001). The most commonly used antidepressants among patients were selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) such as escitalopram and sertraline. Within the patient group, individuals with bruxism had higher family history rates of teeth grinding (p = 0.034), PSQI scores (p < 0.001) and EDSS scores (p < 0.001) compared to those without bruxism. Positive correlations were found between the presence of bruxism and PSQI (p < 0.001) scores as well as EDSS scores (p < 0.001) in both the patient group and all participants. Regression analysis conducted on the entire sample revealed that family history rates of teeth grinding (p < 0.001), antidepressant use (p < 0.001) and PSQI score (p = 0.004) were associated with bruxism. The findings from this study suggest that a majority of patients diagnosed with depressive or anxiety disorders may experience bruxism, particularly those using SSRI-type antidepressants. Furthermore, individuals with bruxism may have poor sleep quality and excessive daytime sleepiness tendencies.

Exploring the Complex Relationship Between Primary Headache Types and Bruxism: Patterns, Mechanisms, and Implications

Objective: The present study aims to explore the relationship between primary headache types and bruxism and determine how these two conditions may affect each other. Material and Methods: A total of 97 cases who applied to the Neurology Polyclinic of our hospital during 01.07.2023-01.08.2023 were included in the study. A comprehensive questionnaire was applied to the participants. The diagnosis of headache was established based on the International Classification of Headache Disorders criteria; the American Academy of Sleep Medicine criteria were used for the diagnosis of sleep bruxism and the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders were employed for the diagnosis of awake bruxism. Results: Nineteen (19.6%) of the participants were male and 78 (80.4%) were female. Tension-type headache (TTH) was reported by 22 participants (22.7%), 30 participants had migraine-type headache (30.9%), and 45 participants (46.4%) comprised the healthy control group. Sleep bruxism was observed in 29 patients (29.9%), while 11 patients (11.3%) were diagnosed with awake bruxism. Higher rates of sleep bruxism and awake bruxism were seen in patients in the TTH group compared to those in the migraine group and the healthy control group (p

Diagnosis and management of bruxism. A literature review

Bruxism, characterized by involuntary grinding or clenching of teeth, is a widespread condition with multifaceted implications for oral health, physical well-being, and quality of life. This comprehensive review aims to provide an in-depth study of bruxism, encompassing its definition, classification, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and consequences. Bruxism is classified based on its timing (sleep bruxism or awake bruxism). The etiology of bruxism is multifactorial, involving physiological factors such as central nervous system (CNS) pathways, sleep disorders, and occlusal factors, as well as psychological factors like stress, anxiety, personality traits and environmental factors including medications, substances, and stressors. Clinically, bruxism can result in various dental consequences, including tooth wear, fractures and damage to restorations, as well as temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) such as myofascial pain. These manifestations can negatively impact individual's oral health, physical well-being, and overall quality of life. Management strategies include behavioral and lifestyle changes, oral appliances, dental treatments for tooth damage, and, in certain instances, pharmacological interventions. While the current understanding of bruxism has advanced, further research is needed to fully elucidate its etiology, pathophysiology, and effective management strategies.

It's not just adults who gnash their teeth - a comprehensive review of the latest information on bruxism in children

Introduction Bruxism is a parafunction characterized by excessive chewing muscle activity involving grinding or clenching of the teeth. Bruxism has become a significant challenge in the field of pediatric dentistry. Aim of the study The aim of this comprehensive review is to provide an overview of bruxism in children, focusing on etiology, symptoms, diagnosis, and current treatment options. To draw attention to the prevalence of the disorder and to raise awareness of the importance of early recognition and intervention for bruxism in children. Materials and methods An analysis of scientific articles available in the PubMed and Google Scholar databases was conducted. Our research is supported by all relevant publications from recent years. The etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of bruxism in children were of particular interest in the study. This process involved the use of the following keywords: ‘bruxism’, ‘children’, ‘sleep bruxism’, ‘tooth wear’, ‘bruxism diagnosis’, ‘bruxism etiology’, ‘bruxism treatment’. Conclusions We evaluated 31 relevant publications. The results of the study indicate a variation in the prevalence of bruxism in children, oscillating between 13-49%. The etiology of this disorder is multidimensional and remains incompletely elucidated. The primary methods of diagnosing bruxism in younger patients include observation by parents or caregivers, a thorough health history and intraoral and extraoral dental examination. Physiotherapy and psychotherapy are recommended for the treatment of nocturnal bruxism in children. Prompt recognition of the disorder and implementation of appropriate therapy can help to halt the progression of motor dysfunction of the masticatory apparatus in children.

Bruxismo del sueño en el paciente infantil: revisión narrativa de la literatura.

Introduction: Sleep bruxism is a parafunctional activity in which clenching and/or grinding of teeth occurs in both the paediatric and adult population. Objective: To gather the most current knowledge available on the causes, diagnosis and treatment of sleep bruxism in children in order to facilitate the dentist and/or paediatric dentist's identification and appropriate management in daily clinical practice. Material and methods: An electronic bibliographic search of articles published in English between 1986 and 2023 on sleep bruxism in children under 14 years of age was carried out. Thirty-six articles were selected. Results: The prevalence of sleep bruxism in children ranges from 5 to 46%. Of multifactorial aetiology, its clinical manifestations are both intraoral and extraoral. Diagnosis in most cases is not easy and must be made by assessing not only its consequences but also the aetiological elements involved. Comprehensive treatment always requires an early and multidisciplinary approach combining psychological and dental techniques. The available evidence does not support the use of rigid splints in children. Conclusion: Current knowledge on sleep bruxism in children aims to focus on early diagnosis and aetiological treatment, but further studies are still needed to achieve a standardised and protocolised early diagnosis that will help clinicians' decision-making and improve the patient's quality of life in the short, medium and long term.

Bruxism among young adults (18-30 years) in Albania. A Case Study Analysis

Introduction: Various pathologies impact the stomatognathic apparatus and are affected by various pathologies, which affect both the dental system and the mastication muscles. A pathology with a high incidence is clenching of the teeth and jaws. The manifestation of this phenomenon is known as "Bruxism", usually linked with the stressful life that humanity is going through. The diagnosis of bruxism is made based on a previously defined protocol that includes anamnesis of disease, extra-intra oral examination, polysomnography. The bruxism can be managed following several procedures: psychological treatment through a psychologist and autosuggestion, drug treatment, and prosthetic treatment through relaxing splints. The aim of the study is to investigate the presence of Bruxism among young adults aged 18-30 years in Albania. Material and method This study adopts a cross-sectional approach, which encompasses obtaining specific information and advantages at a certain point in time regarding the presence of bruxism and dysfunctional disorders of the TMJ system. about a total of 762 subjects of the age group 18-30 years were interviewed and have completed the questionnaire, during the period October 2022-December 2023. Result and conclusion Out of 762 examined patients (students), approximately 32.3% were identified with bruxism. The results of the study showed that the majority of cases involved in our study, approximately 74,4% were female. The results of the study showed a statistically significant relationship between age and the presence of muscle pain (prevalence ofp=0.008, and the presence of ATM pain for subjects involved in our study (prevalence of p=0.008), as well as between age and the presence of bruxism at the subjects study (prevalence ofp=0.006).

Advanced Sensing System for Sleep Bruxism across Multiple Postures via EMG and Machine Learning.

Diagnosis of bruxism is challenging because not all contractions of the masticatory muscles can be classified as bruxism. Conventional methods for sleep bruxism detection vary in effectiveness. Some provide objective data through EMG, ECG, or EEG; others, such as dental implants, are less accessible for daily practice. These methods have targeted the masseter as the key muscle for bruxism detection. However, it is important to consider that the temporalis muscle is also active during bruxism among masticatory muscles. Moreover, studies have predominantly examined sleep bruxism in the supine position, but other anatomical positions are also associated with sleep. In this research, we have collected EMG data to detect the maximum voluntary contraction of the temporalis and masseter muscles in three primary anatomical positions associated with sleep, i.e., supine and left and right lateral recumbent positions. A total of 10 time domain features were extracted, and six machine learning classifiers were compared, with random forest outperforming others. The models achieved better accuracies in the detection of sleep bruxism with the temporalis muscle. An accuracy of 93.33% was specifically found for the left lateral recumbent position among the specified anatomical positions. These results indicate a promising direction of machine learning in clinical applications, facilitating enhanced diagnosis and management of sleep bruxism.

Current Methods Used in the Diagnosis of Sleep Bruxism

Current Methods Used in the Diagnosis of Sleep Bruxism

Statistical evaluation of the frequency of therapeutic and diagnostic devices used by prosthetic dentists for pathology of the temporomandibular joint

BACKGROUND: Occlusal splints are commonly used for treating myofascial and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders. The success of their application depends on the knowledge of prosthetic dentists regarding TMJ disorders, device type used, splint manufacture method, treatment duration, and other factors.&#x0D; AIM: This study aimed to explore various approaches of prosthetic dentists to the diagnosis of myofascial disorders, bruxism, and TMG disorders and evaluate the methods of therapy used in clinical practice.&#x0D; MATERIALS AND METHODS: A survey and questionnaire was conducted among orthopedic dentists in the city of Voronezh working in private or state dental organizations, on the topic “Pathology of the temporomandibular joint and methods of therapy”. The question list consisting of 15 questions was developed for statistical evaluation of therapeutic and diagnostic constructions used by prosthetic dentists in their clinical practice in cases related to the pathology of the TMJ. During this study, specially designed questionnaires were filled out. Furthermore, the conversation with each participant was conducted for a direct analysis of orthopedic measures of TMJ disorders.&#x0D; To analyze the obtained values, the criterion χ2 or Pearson’s criterion of agreement, Fisher’s exact criterion, and Kramer’s V criterion were used. The confidence interval was set to 95%.&#x0D; RESULTS: Among the surveyed doctors, 78 (65.0%) had more than 15 years of experience, 27 (22.5%) had 5–15 years of experience, and 15 (12.5%) had less than 5 years of experience. When using a single-sample binomial criterion, the number of doctors working in different institutions significantly differed (p 0.001). Thus, majority of the surveyed doctors (n=102; 85%) worked in state-funded clinics and the remaining (n=18; 15%) in private clinics (p 0.001). Moreover, 25 respondents (20.8%) claimed that they do not use tires in their practice, whereas the remaining 95 (79.2%) do.&#x0D; CONCLUSIONS: The participation of prosthetic dentists in this study demonstrated their high interest in “Pathology of the temporomandibular joint and methods of therapy”. The results of the survey indicate a change in the level of dentists’ knowledge with increasing professional experience. The methods of therapy used by the study participants considerably differ and often do not comply with the basic recommendations of the Dental Association of Russia.

Examination of Information Quality on Public Instagram Profiles Regarding Botulinum Toxin for Bruxism: A Study in São Paulo State, Brazil.

Currently, social media emerges as a swift and efficient channel for disseminating knowledge in dentistry; however, it is imperative to assess whether this information aligns with scientific evidence. This study aims to evaluate the quality of information found on public Instagram profiles in São Paulo State, Brazil, regarding the utilization of botulinum toxin (BTx) for bruxism treatment. The data were categorized into three qualitative groups: information pertaining to bruxism diagnosis, treatment options for bruxism, and the application of BTx for bruxism. Following the selection of pertinent publications, 50 public profiles were included in the analysis. The publications were assessed utilizing the Global Quality Scale (GQS). A total of 20,546 posts were tallied across the 50 profiles, with 230 relating to bruxism diagnosis, 166 discussing bruxism treatment options, and 78 mentioning the use of BTx for bruxism. Of these 78 posts addressing BTx for bruxism, 61% did not align with current scientific references, while 39% did. GQS analysis disclosed predominantly "poor quality" content (GQS = 2). It is concluded that the themes of bruxism and BTx are frequently broached on public Instagram profiles, yet the quality of the available information is generally subpar and often lacks scientific substantiation. Key words:Botulinum Toxins, Type A; Bruxism; Online Social Networking; Sleep Bruxism.

Bruksizmde Digastrik Kas Hassasiyetinin Önemi

Objective. It was aimed to assess the differences in the sensitivities of masticatory and digastric muscles during examination because of continuous and excessive forces in case of bruxism. Material and Method. From the masticatory muscles of 162 individuals with bruxism and 162 control individuals, masseter, temporalis, medial / lateral pterygoideus muscles and digastric muscles were examined. Perceived sense of discomfort-pain during muscle examinations was scored according to a numerical rating scale and recorded as right and left. Results. In individuals with bruxism, the pain scores of the patients for each examined muscle were higher than the control group (p&amp;lt;0.05). In the ROC analysis performed in bruxism, cut-off values for digastric muscle, lateral pterygoideus muscle and other muscles were 2.5, 1.5 and 0.5, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of the digastric muscles were found to be higher than other muscles (sensitivity: right=72.8%, left=72.8%, specificity: right=18.5%, left=17.9%). Conclusion. Bruxism affects digastric muscles more than masticatory muscles. Digastric muscles and other masticatory muscles should be evaluated in addition to masseter muscle pain, hypertrophy and fatigue in the clinical diagnosis of bruxism.

Current developments in bruxism identification

Background and Objectives: Bruxism is a parafunctional activity that can have several causes. Patients with bruxism need an interdisciplinary approach to treatment planning and individualized treatment options. The present study evaluates dentists' knowledge of the bruxism condition and their need for further education. Diagnosis and treatment methods used by practicians from different specialties are emphasized. Materials and Methods: A prospective cross-sectional, observational, and analytical cohort study was conducted. It employed a questionnaire based on information on etiology, diagnosis, and treatment methods and included data from 80 dental practitioners from Cluj County. Results: Most dentists (81.3%) recognized awake and sleep bruxism as separate entities. Most participants identified psychological status as the primary etiological factor (80%), followed by occlusal interferences (13.8%) and other factors (genetics). Anamnesis and clinical examination were performed for bruxism diagnosis (90%). Occlusal balance (%) and occlusal splints (%) were the most encountered treatment methods. Only 27.5% of the practitioners referred patients to other specialists. Physiotherapy and psychotherapy were the primary interdisciplinary approaches. Cognitive behavioral therapy was employed by 43.8%, whereas pharmaceutical therapy by 20% of the practitioners. Conclusions. There is a need for standardized training among dentists due to a lack of information on this topic. When combined with an interdisciplinary approach, complementary diagnostic methods such as polysomnography and BruxApp can yield accurate diagnosis.

A case-control study on the effect of rhythmic masticatory muscle activity (RMMA) clusters on sleep fragmentation and severity of orofacial muscle pain in sleep bruxism.

Rhythmic masticatory muscle activity (RMMA) is a periodic muscle activity that characterises sleep bruxism (SB) events. These can occur as a single event, in pairs, or in clusters. Since RMMA episodes often occur in clusters and the relevance of this occurrence is unknown, we conducted a study to investigate the effect of RMMA clusters on sleep fragmentation and the severity of orofacial muscle pain. This study involved a secondary analysis using data from 184 adult subjects with orofacial muscle pain who underwent definitive polysomnography (PSG) for sleep bruxism diagnosis. Self-reported orofacial muscle pain (OFMP) was assessed using the numeric rating scale, and additional evaluation of side-to-side equivalence (symmetry) was described using a binary system. Among the 184 participants, 60.8% (n = 112) did not exhibit clusters and among the 72 participants with clusters, 36.1% (n = 26) and 63.9% (n = 46) were in the high and low RMMA frequency groups, respectively. The high SB group had significantly three times more phasic RMMA events than the noncluster group. A total of 89.67% (n = 165) of subjects reported orofacial muscle pain. While there was no difference in the severity of OFMP among groups, a significant decrease in symmetry between the severity of temporal muscle pain on the left and right sides was noted in the cluster group compared with the noncluster group. Clustering of RMMA events is associated with sleep fragmentation. The asymmetry of temporal muscle pain is related to the presence of RMMA clusters in sleep bruxism.

Etiology, Diagnosis and Treatment of Bruxism in Children: A Review of the Literature

Bruxism, a parafunctional habit often linked to stress, anxiety, or medical conditions, causes various symptoms such as jaw pain, headaches, tooth wear and potentially temporomandibular joint disorders. While bruxism is prevalent in children, the literature remains unclear on its characteristics in this age group, prompting further review and investigation. The prevalence and onset of bruxism in children varies greatly between different studies and populations, with rates ranging from 6.5% to 88% and while most studies do not report a significant difference between boys and girls, some have found higher rates in one gender or the other. Bruxism has multiple causative factors including dental malocclusion, temporomandibular joint problems, emotional and psychological disorders, sleep disorders, nutritional deficiencies, medical problems, stress and heredity. However, the correlations between these factors and bruxism are multifactorial and sometimes contradictory. Bruxism diagnosis relies on patient history, clinical examination and diagnostic criteria, with polysomnography for nocturnal cases and BiteStrip® devices as alternatives, while diagnosing children presents challenges due to the lack of valid diagnostic means and the inadvisability of polysomnography. The recognition of stressors and application of psychological stress reduction methods have also been found to have a significant effect in reducing or eliminating the signs of bruxism in children. Treatment approaches for childhood bruxism vary and may include dental information, correction of malocclusion, occlusal splints, drugs and psychological methods. The use of hard occlusal splints has been found to prevent dental wear and reduce the frequency of bruxism in some studies, but further research is needed. The aim of this review is to summarize the characteristics of bruxism in childhood.

Bruksizmli Hastaların Radyograflarında Hounsfield Birim Değeri ve Radyomorfometrik İndekslerinin Değerlendirilmesi

Background: The aim of this retrospective study is to evaluate the effects of bruxism on the mandibular bone using radiomorphometric indices and Hounsfield unit (HU) value on digital panoramic radiography (DPR). Materials and Methods: Panoramic radiographs of 120 patients, 60 with bruxer and 60 without (control), were analyzed. Mental index (MI), panoramic mandibular index (PMI), antegonial index (AI), gonial index (GI), antegonial notch depth (AND) and mandibular cortical index (MCI) were measured bilaterally in DPR. Gray values of the cancellous bone and cortical bone at predetermined landmarks in the mandible were measured using the HU value on the DPR. Results: MI was found to be higher and statistically significant in bruxers compared to the control group (p&amp;lt;0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between the bruxism group and the control group in terms of AI, GI and MCI (p&amp;gt;0.05). While there was a significant difference in HU value in the cancellous bone in the bruxism group and the control group (p&amp;lt;0.05), there was no statistically significant difference in HU values between the two groups in the cortical bone (p&amp;gt;0.05). Conclusions: MI and AND measurements can be used in the diagnosis or follow-up of bruxism. There is no diffe-rence in mandibular cortical bone height in patients with and without bruxism according to AI, GI, and MCI. The mean PMI value measured on the left side differs between the groups. In bruxism patients, increased density in the mandibular cancellous bone, is greater and significantly different from the increase in cortical bone.