Diadema Setosum Research Articles

Dietary preference of key microhabitat Diadema setosum: a step towards holistic Banggai cardinalfish conservation

The sea urchins Diadema setosum and D. savignyi are key symbionts of the Banggai cardinalfish Pterapogon kauderni, a species of global and national conservation concern. There is growing interest in Diadema propagation for conservation and human consumption; however little is known about the dietary preferences of Indo Pacific Diadema species. This study explored the feeding preference of Diadema setosum offered a choice of two macroalgae (Ulva reticulata, Gracilaria sp.) and two seagrasses (Thalassia hemprichii, Enhalus acoroides). Portions (5g) of the four feeds were attached to the corners of rectangular plastic cages and one D. setosum released in the centre of each cage. Uneaten feed was weighed after 24 hours. This procedure was repeated for 5 days with 8 replicates. Mean daily feed consumption/urchin was 4.31g,. All urchins ate a varied diet comprising all four feed types, with a significant preference (p < 0.01) for macroalgae (on average 80%). Our results point to an important role of D. setosum in macroalgal control; however this urchin might graze on cultivated seaweeds. Further research avenues include the use of macroalgae in prepared feeds for Diadema culture, including in the context of P. kauderni microhabitat rehabilitation.

The invasive sea urchin Diadema setosum provides shelter for coastal fish – first observations from the Mediterranean Sea

Associations between fish and sea urchins are a well-known phenomenon. The complex three-dimensional structure of the urchin spines provides excellent shelter especially for fish juveniles, thus in...

Ảnh hưởng của tảo và mật độ ương lên tỷ lệ sống và tăng trưởng của ấu trùng cầu gai đen Diadema setosum (Leske, 1778)

This study was conducted to determine the optimum microalgal species and rearing density for black sea urchin’s larvae (Diadema setosum). In the first experiment, larvae (2.0 larvae/mL) were fed with four different mixtures of algae [Nannochloropsis oculata and Chaetoceros gracillis (N+C); N. oculata and Thalassiosira sp. (N+T); Thalassiosira sp. and C. gracillis (T+C); N. oculata, Thalassiosira sp., and C. gracillis (N+T+C)] for 25 days. The results showed that the highest survival rate (60±1.5%) was found for those larvae fed with mixture of the N+T+C. Similarly, the highest growth rate in total body length (TBL), mid-body length (MBL) and body width (BD) were also found for those larvae fed with N+T+C. For the second experiment, four different rearing densities of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 larvae/mL were conducted. The larvae were fed with mixture of N+T+C (1:1:1). After 25 days, the highest survival rate (SR) was found in the treatment of 0.5 larvae/mL (62±2.0%) and the lowest SR was 9.0% for treatment of 4.0 larvae/mL. There was no significantly difference in the TBL, MBL and BD of those larvae rearing at the density of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 larvae/mL, but differed significantly with those larvae rearing at density of 4.0 larvae/mL. The results suggested that the mixture of algal N. oculata, Thalassiosira sp., and C. gracillis and larval rearing at density of 0.5 larvae/mL are recommended for future study on seed production of black sea urchin.

Community structure of Echinoderms in littoral zone of the Red Sea Coast of Egypt

The present work aimed to investigate Echinoderm communities in the Red Sea Coast of Egypt. A survey on Echinoderms done during the period between February 2016 to August 2017. Fourteen sites (42 locations) were selected to represent all Egyptian Red Sea habitats (Seagrass, mangrove, coral reef, rocky, sandy and muddy shore). A total of 33 species of echinoderms belonging to 5 classes, 12 orders and 18 families were recorded. The study revealed that the Eudominant species in this survey were:Ophiocomascolopendrina, Diadema setosum, Echinometra mathaeiand Holothuria atra while the Dominant species included Linckia multifora, Ophiolepis cincta and Tripneustes gratilla. Echinoderms community showed different class and species composition in the investigated sites. Class Echinoidea recorded the highest percentage of species composition. Species richness of echinoderms ranged between three species in site 4 and twenty four species in site 1. Species diversity showed changes in different sites. The Shannon diversity (H') ranged from 0.06 to 2.24. Suez Gulf sites (sites 4, 5, 6 and 7) recorded the lowest values of diversity, while the highest value was recorded at Ras Mohamed site (site 3). The abundance and distribution differences in echinoderm communities were discussed.

Nghiên cứu một số đặc điểm sinh học sinh sản cầu gai đen Diadema setosum (Leske, 1778)

Reproductive characteristics of black sea urchin Diadema setosum was studied during the period of April 2016 to April 2017. A total of 632 specimens of black sea urchin were collected from the intertidal reef at Hon Son, Kien Giang province, Viet Nam. Monthly data collection showed that the reproductive cycle of black sea urchin was seasonal dependence. The highest gonadosomatic index (GSI) of black sea urchin was found in June (16.10±7.70), but no differ significantly with those GSI occurring from April to July. The lowest GSI was found during the period of September to December and remain low until March next year. The data suggested that spawing season of animal may occur from May to August yearly. Length-weight relationship of black sea urchin (n=632) was W = 0.48L2.84 with the value of regression co-efficient r2 = 0.93. Histology analysis also confirmed that most of the gonad (>70%) of black sea urchin collected from April to July reached the maturity stage (stage IV) and 5 different stages development of the gonad were also observed. These are resting, recovery, growing, pre-matured and matured stages. The absolute fecundity is GSI and size dependence of black sea urchin. The absolute fecundity was estimated about of 7.1 million eggs/ind. (72.9 g). The gonad of black sea urchin begin to develop when shell diameter of black sea urchin is greater than 2.5 cm.

Effects of sea urchin (Diadema setosum) gonad extracts on gene expression of FOXP3 and the production of cytokine on Salmonella typhi-induced mice

The gonad of the sea urchin, Diadema setosum, is highly nutritious and has demonstrated importance for the regulation of inflammation response. However, no previous research has evaluated the capacity of sea urchin gonads to regulate inflammatory response. Our objectives were to examine the effect of gonad extracts of D. setosum on expression of mRNA FoxP3 gene and the production of cytokine (Interferon-gamma (IFN-y) and Interleukin-10 (IL-10) in mice after the induction of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) using Salmonella typhi. Fifteen male mice were divided into two groups (intervention and control), before and after intraperitoneal injection of S. typhi. The intervention group was treated with two dosages of the extracted gonad (100 and 200 mg/kg of body weight). The control group was fed with natural diet only. We found that the expression of gene FoxP3 and production of cytokine exhibited a short decrease after 24 hours of LPS induction and then returned to pre-induction levels. Notably, the expression of FoxP3 and production of IFN-y in the control group continued to decline significantly until day 7. Conversely, the production of IL-10 continued to increase significantly. We conclude that the gonad extract of D. setosum is effective for the regulation of immune response and it has strong potential to be developed as a dietary supplement for acute and chronic inflammation.

Distribution of Sea Urchins in Punta Dumalag, Matina Aplaya, Davao City

This study investigated the distribution and diversity of sea urchins along the intertidal zone of Punta Dumalag, Matina Aplaya, Davao City. A total of 100 quadrats (1m x 1 m) spaced 5 m apart, in 3 transects laid perpendicular to the shoreline, recorded a total of 347 individuals, resolved into 5 species, namely, Echinometra mathaei (rock- boring or common sea urchin), Echinothrix calamaris (Hatpin urchin), Diadema setosum (long-spine or “tuyom”), Prionocidaris verticillata (rough spine urchin), and Diadema savignyi. Among the 347 individuals recorded, Echinometra mathaei was the most abundant in the site with a total of 286 individuals. Shannon-Weiner Diversity Analysis (0.602) suggests low species diversity. Physicochemical measurements such as water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, and salinity revealed that the study site is suitable for the culture of sea urchins.&#x0D; Read full article here.

Needle in a haystack-genetic evidence confirms the expansion of the alien echinoid Diadema setosum (Echinoidea: Diadematidae) to the Mediterranean coast of Israel.

Diadema setosum (Leske, 1778), a widespread tropical echinoid and key herbivore in shallow water environments is currently expanding in the Mediterranean Sea. It was introduced by unknown means and first observed in southern Turkey in 2006. From there it spread eastwards to Lebanon (2009) and westwards to the Aegean Sea (2014). Since late 2016 sporadic sightings of black, long-spined sea urchins were reported by recreational divers from rock reefs off the Israeli coast. Numerous attempts to verify these records failed; neither did the BioBlitz Israel task force encounter any D. setosum in their campaigns. Finally, a single adult specimen was observed on June 17, 2017 in a deep rock crevice at 3.5 m depth at Gordon Beach, Tel Aviv. Although the specimen could not be recovered, spine fragments sampled were enough to genetically verify the visual underwater identification based on morphology. Sequences of COI, ATP8-Lysine, and the mitochondrial Control Region of the Israel specimen are identical to those of the specimen collected in 2006 in Turkey, unambiguously assigning the specimen to D. setosum clade b. This lends support to the hypothesis of a single introduction event and fits well with the habitat suitability and distribution model for D. setosum published recently. The more rapid and larger range extension along a south-eastern, counter-current trajectory may reflect a strong habitat preference for D. setosum in this area of the Levantine Basin as predicted by the model.

Asosiasi Echinodermata pada Ekosistem Padang Lamun di Pantai Samuh, Nusa Dua, Bali

Seagrass beds and their associate biota are very important in maintaining the balance of coastal ecosystems. Samuh Beach is one of seagrass ecosystem area in Bali Island. One of the biota that exists in the seagrass ecosystem in Samuh Beach is Echinodermata. Since the limited information and the complex activities at Samuh Beach make research about associations of Echinodermata with seagrass, this research seems become important to be conducted. This study was aimed to determine the density of species, species composition, and distribution patterns of lamun and Echinodermata in the coastal waters of Samuh beach. Data analysis was performed by using density type, species composition, dispersion index of morisita and association. The average seagrass density of each station in Samuh coastal waters ranged from 156-246 stands/m2 and the highest density of Echinoderms is Diadema setosum in each station. The species composition of seagrass in Samuh beach comprises five species of seagrass namely: Enhalus acoroides, Halophila ovalis, Thalassodendron ciliatum, Cymodocea serrulata and Syringodium isoetifolium. The composition of Echinodermata species that found amounted to 13 species of Echinodermata namely: Diadema setosum, Amphiura sp., Archaster typicus, Asterias sp., Mespilia globulus, Tripneustes gratilla, Pseudoboletia maculata, Protoreaster nodusus, Ophiactis resillens, Ophiopteris antipodum, Centrostephanus rodgersii, Echinothrix and Echinothrix mathei. Based on the calculation of morisita, seagrass and Echinodermata Index in Samuh Beach was spread uniformly and clumped. The result of association analysis showed that there were positive association, negative association and association with no relation between seagrass and Echinodermata in Samuh Beach.

A Tale of Two Urchins - Implications for In-Situ Breeding of the Endangered Banggai Cardinalfish (Pterapogon kauderni)

The endangered Banggai cardinalfish Pterapogon kauderni , endemic to the Banggai Archipelago in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, is a national and global priority conservation species. To support stock recovery based on in-situ breeding, using the symbiosis between the Banggai cardinalfish and its microhabitat (especially urchins of Genus Diadema ), specific research objectives were: (i) identify the Diadema species associated with Banggai cardinalfish in the wild; (ii) investigate Banggai cardinalfish preference between these Diadema species. Belt transect data (5 sites) found wild Banggai cardinalfish of all size classes associated with Diadema setosum and Diadema savign yi. Preference trials were conducted in a controlled environment (concrete tanks) with three replicates. Nine sub-adult Banggai cardinalfish (35-42 mm SL), 12 D. setosum and 12 D. savigny i were placed in each tank. Banggai cardinalfish association ( D. savignyi, D. setosum , none) was recorded hourly (06:00-18:00) for three days and results analysed in RStudio-1.0.143. Banggai cardinalfish did not show significant preference for either D. savignyi or D. setosum . These results indicate that D. savignyi and D. setosum can be used impartially in further research on in-situ breeding to facilitate recovery of Banggai cardinalfish stocks. However stock recovery measures should consider genetic connectivity and the natural balance between the two urchin species.

Mapping of Nitrate, Phospat And Zooxanthelae With Abundance Of Sea Urchins on Massive Coral Reef in Karimunjawa Island

Coral reefs have high organic productivity because coral reefs can withstand nutrients and accommodate all external inputs. Many factors affect the life of corals, which is nitrate, phosphate and zooxanthellae. The purpose of this study are to know mapping of the content and the relationship between of nitrate, phosphate, zooxanthellae and abundance of sea urchins on massive coral reefs in Karimunjawa Islands. This research was conducted in May - June 2017 in three stations are Karimunjawa, Menjangan Kecil and Cemara Kecil Island. The method used in this research is survey method with quantitative approach. Results of mapping of nitrate contents on massive corals on all three islands showed the highest nitrate content on Cemara Kecil Island and lowest on Karimunjawa island, with a range of values 5.078-212.853 mg/kg. In mapping the distribution of phosphate content in the three islands showed the highest phosphate content in Menjangan Kecil island and the lowest on Karimunjawa island, with a range of values from 6.78–19.35 mg/kg. Zooxanthelae map shows that the highest and lowest distribution of zooxanthela content on Karimunjawa island, with a range of values 2.84–8.88 cell/cm2. The sea urchins found in Karimunjawa Islands during the study were Diadema setosum and Echinothrix calamaris with a range of values 5–147. Based on multiple regression analysis showed that the relationship between nitrate, phosphate and zooxanthela with abundance of sea urchins showed a strong correlation result with correlation value (r) is 0.64. These results can be an indicator of coastal environmental health, especially coral reef ecosystems.

The effect of Sea urchin (Diadema setosum) gonad extract on IgM and IgG antibodies production in BALB/c mice infected by Salmonella typhi

Background: Salmonella typhi infection decreases of the immune system and influences the adaptive antibodies among malnourished children. The gonad of Diadema setosum (D. setosum) is one of food sources from marine biota that contains high-quality nutrients and potentially can be used as a dietary supplement for typhoid fever condition.Objective: This study aimed to determine the effect of gonad D. setosum extract on the production of antibody IgM and IgG in an animal model.Method: This experimental study was used BALB/c mice before and after infected Salmonella typhi through intraperitoneally at 0.2 mL x the unit 103 CFU/mL. The level of IgM and IgG production was measured by Enzyme Linked Immune Sorbent Assay (ELISA). Experimental animals were divided into 2 groups. The control group was only fed with standard diets, while at the intervention group received the extract of D. setosum gonad in two doses (100 and 200 mg/kg body weight).Results: Production of IgM antibodies in the control group significantly increased twofold (p=0.001) whereas the intervention group received the extracts of D. setosum gonad (200 mg/kg body weight) could suppress the increase in IgM antibody production and indicate the highest increase of IgG antibody significantly (p&lt;0.05) at day 7.Conclusion: The gonad of Diadema setosum extracts (200 mg/kg body weight) could suppress the increase in IgM antibody productions and indicate the highest increase of IgG antibody titers in mice infected with Salmonella typhi. The role of anti-microbial substances of the gonad of Diadema setosum, is potential to be utilized as dietary supplement to increase body immune system among patients infected by Salmonella typhi.

Unusual Observation of the Alien Sea Urchin Diadema setosum (Leske, 1778) in the Aegean Sea: Recent and Recorded Occurrences

The Aegean Sea has been invaded by Indo-Pacific species via the Suez Canal. The needlespined urchin, Diadema setosum, was first reported in the Mediterranean in 2006 off southern Turkey. The present study presents its recent northernmost occurrence as well as previous recorded occurrences of Diadema setosum in the Mediterranean.

Diversity of Echinoderms in Balekambang Beach, Malang District, East Java

Echinoderms is a component of biodiversity in the coral reefs. Echinoderms play an important role in ecosystem of coral reefs especially in food web, generally as predators and detritivors. This report aims to understand composition and density relative of fauna echinoderms on the Balekambang beach. The Transect line method were used and data retrieval was conducted at three stations. The result showed that echinoderms found in Balekambang beach consists of 7 species that are included in three classes, they were &lt;em&gt;Phyllachantus imperialis&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;Tripneustes gratilla&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;Diadema setosum&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;Clypeaster&lt;/em&gt; &lt;em&gt;reticulatus&lt;/em&gt; (Class Echinoidea), &lt;em&gt;Archaster typicus&lt;/em&gt; (Class Asteroidea), &lt;em&gt;Ophiotrix fragilis&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;Macrophiothrix belii&lt;/em&gt; (Class Ophiuroidea). The highest abundance of echinoderms on the station where located in the mangrove area which was dominated by &lt;em&gt;Archaster typicus&lt;/em&gt;. The diversity of echinoderms on Balekambang beach were moderate category. The observations of chemical and physics parameters of the aquatic environment and the substrate obtained quite optimal for life of Echinoderms

Bagea Formulation Made From Cassava Starch Extract and Gonad Diadema Setosum (Sea urchins) as Alternative Food for Pregnant Women

The hope of this research is to establish manateau kanji extract as a formula for bagea production that comes with gonad diadem setosum (sea urchins), which is rich in nutrients and therefore ideal for women pregnant. Cassava kanji extract can be used as a food formula ingredient to make a range of food formula The goal of this study is to examine the formula of bagea made from cassava flour extract and Gonad Diadema Setosum (Sea urchins) as an aging food in pregnant women. Pre-experiment design in the manufacture of bagea solution. The highest favorite amount for cassava flour bagea is BTP 2 (sago flour 50, cassava flour 50) with a value of 3.26. In addition, the highest level of favorite in the manufacture of bagea made from cassava flour and the addition of gonad is BTP 2 (sago flour 50, cassava flour 50 and gonad 20) In order to increase the preferred value of bagea with the addition of cassava flour and gonad, it is important to add certain ingredients to add flavor to remove odor.

On the distribution of the invasive long-spined echinoid Diadema setosum and its expansion in the Mediterranean Sea

On the distribution of the invasive long-spined echinoid Diadema setosum and its expansion in the Mediterranean Sea

Species and Abundance of Sea Urchins (Diadematidae) on Different Environmental Pressure Conditions

Genetic diversity of sea urchin are very high; there are no two organisms of the same species that are exactly alike. Dense aggregation of sea urchin is responsible for the destruction of marine algae communities on coral reef ecosystem. The purpose of this study is to identify the species and abundance of sea urchins at different environmental conditions, to analyze the influence of water conditions on the abundance of sea urchins and to analyze the role of sea urchin as water quality and abiotic environmental conditions bio-indicators. Data collection procedures carried out in three stage that are: assessment of the status of coral reefs, sea urchins sampling and analysis of data. Data condition of coral reefs is drawn using methods kick frequency. Urchin abundance data retrieval is done by timed swims or snorkeling and species of sea urchins seen through genetic approach, by DNA sequencing. Identify the types of sea urchins in this study conducted with the gene fragment sequences Cytochrome Oxidase subunit I (COI). Stages isolation of DNA-based procedures uses Gsync DNA Extraction Kit from Geneaid. The species that identify in this study is Diadema setosum. Location with high environmental pressures has a low quality of coral reef ecosystems and has a great abundance of sea urchins. This proves that the water environmental conditions greatly affect the abundance/density of sea urchins. In locations with relatively low environmental stress or a sheltered environment the abundance of sea urchins is low.

Extraocular vision in the sea urchin Diadema setosum

In most organisms, specific structures are responsible for detecting light patterns and vision. Several species of sea urchins appear to have a diffuse photoreceptor system that enables them to detect light and in some cases objects. The presence of extraocular vision was investigated on a sea urchin common in northern Oman, Diadema setosum. Urchins from 8- to 10-m deep coral communities were used in controlled experiments that quantified the orientation response of the urchins to various visual cues: size, contrast and colour of circular targets simulating urchins’ outlines. Urchins responded to black discs down to 11° initial visual angle but not to smaller discs. The minimum grey-scale value triggering a response was between 50 and 37% black. Urchins responded to red targets but not to green or blue ones. An average angular distance between spines of 5.3° suggested a visual acuity of about 10.6°. D. setosum thus showed extraocular vision allowing them to detect objects of different sizes, contrasts and to some extent colour, supporting the hypothesis that the whole sea urchin’s body acts as a single large compound eye.

Contribution to the knowledge of echinoid fauna from Persian Gulf (Echinodermata: Echinoidea)

Species identification is always important. Records of sea urchins and sand dollars species ‎‎(Echinodermata, Echinoidea) is given from Iranian waters. Nine Species of Echinoderms were ‎identified through the study. The species identification was made using morphological ‎characteristics and review of checklist key. Nine species were identified here, including ‎Echinometra mathaei, Prionocidaris baculosa, Temnopleurus toreumaticus, Echinothrix ‎calamaris, Clypeaster humilis, Echinodiscus auritus, Diadema setosum, Diadema savignyi and ‎Parasalenia gratiosa of which three species namely Echinothrix calamaris, Diadema savignyi ‎and Parasalenia gratiosa were new records to Persian Gulf.‎

New Mediterranean Biodiversity Records (November, 2016)

In the present Collective Article information on 26 taxa belonging to 8 Phyla and extended from the western Mediterranean to the Levantine Sea are presented. The new records were found in 9 countries as follows: Spain: first record for the Mediterranean of the crab Cancer bellianus; Algeria: further records of the alien fish Lagocephalus sceleratus to the west Algerian waters; Italy: first report on the presence and establishment of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi in Lessina and Varano Lagoons (W. Adriatic) and of Penaeus aztecus in Corigliano Gulf (Italian Ionian). Moreover, the extension of the distribution range of the polychaete Branchiomma bairdi to W. Sicily as well as that of the crab Ocypode cursor and the bryozoan Catenicella paradoxa to E. Sicily are cited. Slovenia: the record of the rare saccoglossan gastropod Placida cremoniana from Piran (Gulf of Trieste) is the first for the Adriatic; Greece: the native sea slug Eubranchus farrani is the first from the Eastern Mediterranean; many sightings of the bamboo corals Isididae distributed along all the E. Ionian Sea and the establishment of P. aztecus in all Greek waters are also reported for first time; the westernmost extension of the alien urchin Diadema setosum in Cretan waters is cited and new sights of the alien species Goniobranchus annulatus and Pterois miles are shown. Turkey: the alien fish Champsodon capensis is reported for first time from the Aegean Sea and the native acari Agauopsis microrhyncha from the Levantine Sea; a new observation of the alien crab Atergatis roseus in Güllük Bay-Aegean is also mentioned; Cyprus: first records of the alien urchin D. setosum and Lobotes surinamensis in Cypriot waters; Lebanon: several sightings of Monachus monachus from the Lebanese waters indicate a potential better status of the species in the area, Egypt: first records of the alien crab Dorippe quadridens and the alien gastropods Nerita sanguinolenta and Conomurex persicus from the Mediterranean Egyptian waters; extension of the distribution range of Diodora funiculata and Diodora rueppellii and a second record of the alien Nerita sanguinolenta in the same area.