Diachronic Method Research Articles

On the immanentization of the religious ideal in the culture (according to "Diaries" of Protopresbyter Alexander Schmemann)

The problem of the immanentization of the religious ideal is explicated in the context of cultural history as a synchronous "movement" from idea to ideal and from ideal to idea. In the process of realizing the idea of the transcendent within the framework of the Christian tradition, its immanentization takes place – reduction to ultimate forms that can be considered based on the intuition of potential infinity (ancient tradition) and based on the intuition of actual infinity (Christian philosophy). The intuition of actual infinity is actualized in the eschatological relation to the Other, and the intuition of potential infinity in the principle of hierarchy, universal for the Christian tradition. The synthesis of these intuitions, with the predominance of one of them, is a tragedy for the Christian tradition, which determines the peculiarities of the spiritual searches of thinkers. The reflection of this tragedy in the works of Alexander Schmemann suggests a return to the "attitude" characteristic of early Christianity for the future, correlating with the preserved tradition based on hierarchy. At the same time, the philosopher's spiritual quest reflects the process of devaluation of the hierarchical principle in Christian culture, stimulating the inversion of the hierarchy, when transcendence can be realized through low-ranking humor and foolishness. The work uses the method of historical and philosophical reconstruction, which allows to identify the features of the interaction of the transcendent and immanent in certain philosophical and religious concepts. The synchronic method explicates the mutual correlations between philosophical and religious concepts belonging to the same historical period. The diachronic method makes it possible to actualize the features of the immanentization of the religious ideal in the work of thinkers belonging to different historical periods. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the combination of reflection on the relationship between the transcendent and the immanent, carried out on a rational basis by European philosophy and the study of the experience of transcendence described by specific Christian writers and thinkers (in particular St. Augustine). Thanks to this combination, the study realized the possibility of considering the relationship of the transcendent and immanent in the history of European philosophy using the logic of the symbol by A.F. Losev, when the structure of the interaction of the symbolized and the symbolizing is extrapolated to the correlation of the transcendent and immanent, and the scope of the concept of "transcendent-immanent" becomes equivalent to its content. The process of immanentization of the transcendent is considered simultaneously from the outside (from the point of view of the dialectic of concepts) and from the inside from the point of view of changing the paradigm of religious life in culture, which allows us to take into account its features.

Convergence of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Skills: a necessary space for Digital Education and Education 4.0

An analysis study of the state of the art on the convergence process first, then confluence, final symbiosis between Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Digital Competences (CD) for Digital Education and 4.0 is presented, following a descriptive and diachronic method to be able to analyze from different points of view the complexity, problems and opportunities that this process implies, trying to present, in each of the phases of study of this phenomenon, the models, experiences and lines of research that illustrate the educational impact of this symbiosis . The study proceeds to analyze: 1) first, the characteristics of AI and the drivers that have led to its impact on Education (Educational Artificial Intelligence), 2) the challenges that this impact on Education has brought about, 3) and the initiatives of political, social, and educational agents to assimilating the effects of AI in educational innovation. 4) Then the analysis stops at the definition, characters, properties and initiatives of the DC in Education. Analyzed in pairs, a detailed analysis is made of the symbiosis process that can promote Education 4.0: the changes in the behavior of the agents in the educational process, the tools and good practices that lead to an effective use of this symbiosis, the progress of intelligent technologies in Education, the enunciation of own educational objectives, which are generating new educational models and also the proposal of new evaluation systems.

Борьба с беспризорностью несовершеннолетних в Енисейской губернии в контексте деятельности Комиссии по улучшению жизни детей. 1921 г.

Early years of the Soviet regime were a period of implementation of the ideological doctrine that stated that children welfare should be the exclusive remit of the State. The study of the entire range of solutions for the so called children’s problem in early Soviet state requires involvement of multiple kinds of sources. The object of our interest was the report of Robert Krishyanovich Lepsis (1896–1942), a representative of Yenisseyskii Provincial Executive Committee on the Improvement of Children’s Lives, about the condition of childcare facilities by July 1921. The report was prepared for the Commission for the Improvement of Children’s Lives under the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. The document included into the publication was identified as part of Fund P-93 “Department of National Education of the Yenisseyskii Provincial Executive Committee” in State Archive of Krasnoyarsk Territory. The document is reliable and informative; it provides details of geographical location and regional aspects of formation and activities of Soviet machinery during its establishment. The document also gives an idea of searching for humane mechanisms to eliminate juvenile homelessness. We failed to find papers that would highlight organization and initial steps of the Commission for the Improvement of Children’s Lives in Yenisseyskaya Province. The published document the data on the condition and supply of orphanages and shelters in Yenisseyskaya Province; it evaluates the activities of the representatives for the improvement of children’s lives and mechanisms of solution for the problem of juvenile homelessness. The author of the report does not hide the fact that the problems of homeless and neglected children are not a priority in the activities of all the Soviet institutions or administrative organizations. However, due to his being at the same time a Chairman of the Provincial Extraordinary Commission, he manages to solve some urgent issues of childcare facilities. We applied diachronic method to analyze information from the source. As a result we came to a conclusion that they did not manage to change the situation with children’s homelessness in Yenisseyskaya Province radically by July 1921. But a process of introduction of newly formed Soviet institutions into the solution of the above mentioned problem started. Due to the lack of financial and material resources, as well as poor staffing, orphanages and shelters were in poverty. They did not properly solve the educational tasks assigned to them, but at least they served as feeding stations where one could survive in the midst of destruction and famine. The information from the source may be of interest to those who study Soviet society, forms and practical activities of addressing the problems of children’s homelessness.

Urban Infrastructure Changes and Their Influences on Inhabitants’ Well-Being: A Case Study of Transcultural Heritage Conservation in Lasem, Indonesia

ABSTRACT This research examined the role of the infrastructure and city element of Lasem, which does not merely form the appearance of the city but also shapes its identity. The distinctive architectural element reflects its richness of culture of a hundred years of transactional life of the area, whereas the infrastructure – the streets, greenery and rivers – is the enabler of this process. The ancient river transported goods while at the same time delivering its technique and exchange of creativity between the island and the continents. A hundred years later, the same infrastructure is used for the path used for rituals where it becomes a highway. The inhabitants, from multiple cultures, adapted the situation by still carrying out the procession along the same path. Even though several efforts to minimize the risk have been made, it would be better if urban policy would consider this aspect. Several methods were used in this research. Firstly, a case study method used to examine the distinctiveness of Lasem; secondly, the diachronic method has been applied to show the transformation of the city. The research results show that Lasem, with its ancient pattern of infrastructure, has become a home of diverse religions and sub-ethnicities. The infrastructure requires better consideration, due to its bearing the ancient proof of a living civilization.

Formation and Trends in Development of Digital Theatre in Contemporary Internet Culture

The purpose of the article is to identify the peculiarities of the formation and the main trends of the development of digital theatre in the context of the specifics of contemporary Internet culture. Research methodology. The structural-functional method (to summarise the theoretical and methodological foundations of the study of digital theatre in contemporary Internet culture), the typological method (to determine the features of Internet culture), the diachronic method (to consider digital theatre in the context of the specifics of its historical development), the method of comparative analysis (to identify the common and distinctive features of online theatre and digital theatre); and the method of theoretical generalisation have been applied. Scientific novelty. The peculiarities of the formation and trends in the development of digital theatre in the context of modern Internet culture have been studied; the concepts of "digital theatre" and "online theatre" have been clarified; the main characteristics of digital theatre have been revealed; little-known materials on the development of digital theatre have been introduced into scientific circulation. Conclusions. The study has revealed that digital theatre is characterised by: the use of digital technologies as the basis of the production; various approaches of stage directors-producers to the use of digital technologies in the process of implementing the author's idea, which ensures the uniqueness and originality of each digital theatre performance; a high level of immersion, which involves the full immersion and involvement of the viewer in the theatrical action; specific interactivity (the viewer affects the development of the storyline); lack of binding to a specific venue; the possibility to attract a significant number of viewers (thanks to information and communication technologies); active combination of various techniques of theatre and film art, video games and media art; accessibility for potential viewers. Digital theatre performances presented in contemporary Internet culture on various platforms for video conferencing and webinars, social networks, and so on represent experimental forms of artificial integration of traditional elements of the performance into virtual reality, a new aesthetics of digital theatrical expression and, accordingly, lead to the transformation of professional tools. Digital theatre, which is currently in its infancy, has a powerful potential that arises at the intersection of theatricality and digitality.
 Key words: digital theatre, online theatre, Internet culture, digital technologies, performances.

Sustainable system of systems at work: unravelling (some of) the complexity of farmers’ transition to sustainability

To support sustainable development, several researchers in ergonomics propose a comprehensive approach to work situations or the systems in which they are embedded. This article empirically instantiates one of the proposed models – the Sustainable System of Systems (SSoS) model – in the case of the work of farmers engaged in agroecological transitions. It thus explores complexity regarding sustainability, and to highlight its contributions and limits. Based on a case study, our results illustrate how the macro, meso and micro levels of SSoS are finely articulated in workers’ concerns, decisions, and trajectories to sustainability. We enrich this approach with a diachronic method to support the actors involved in such transitions as they navigate the complexities of sustainable transition. Practitioner summary: The research proposes insights into how farmers manage their transition to more sustainable practices, by revealing the various systems influencing that transition. It highlights: (1) farmers’ development of a systemic and temporal approach to this transition, and the impacts that the different levels of the system have on one another; and (2) methodological issues related to the development of long-term ergonomic actions to support navigation and copying within the complexity of sustainable transition.

Schizophrenia: a Narrative Review of Etiological and Diagnostic Issues.

Despite the fact that schizophrenia has already been described historically and researched for a long time, this disorder remains unclear and controversial in many respects, including its etiology, pathogenesis, classification, diagnosis, and therapy. Literature from the selected sources (elibrary.ru, Russian Science Citation Index and the Russian branch of the Cochrane Library) were searched and analyzed using the diachronic method. Priority was given to reviews, guidelines, and original research on schizophrenia written during the past 10 years. Historically, scientists have described schizophrenia as a single disorder, a group of disorders, or even as a combination of certain syndromes. The polymorphic symptoms and the most typical dynamics of various forms of schizophrenia have been systematized, but neither in Russia nor in other countries have the etiology and pathogenesis been proven. The reasons for the under- and overdiagnosis of schizophrenia cannot cover all possible objective and subjective difficulties arising in the diagnostic process. The existing literature shows that the problem of schizophrenia may not be regarded as settled for a long time. This largely depends on the position of society, the development of biological sciences, and the pathomorphosis of the disorder itself. Many aspects of schizophrenia can become clearer and less controversial with systematic studies based on previous data, as well as data obtained using new research methods.

Data collection methods applied in studies in the journalIntercultural Pragmatics(2004–2020): a scientometric survey and mixed corpus study

AbstractMethods in Intercultural Pragmatics are inherently multifaceted and varied, given discipline’s breaching of numerous cross-disciplinary boundaries. In fact, research in Intercultural Pragmatics represents merely new ways of thinking about language and, thus, of researching interactants’ (non-)verbal behaviors: With core common ground and shared knowledge about conventionalized frames of the target language being limited, intercultural communication features a number of unique characteristics in comparison to L1 communication. This being said, the range of methods employed in data collection and analysis in Intercultural Pragmatics is not only wide, but highly heterogeneous at the same time. The present paper takes a scientometric approach to data collection methods and data types in Intercultural Pragmatics research. In order to provide an extensive diachronic survey of methods and approaches featuring in empirical studies published specifically by the journalIntercultural Pragmatics(edited by Istvan Kecskés), this study includes a self-compiled corpus of 358 papers in 17 volumes published since its launch in 2004 thru 2020. The aim is to carve out diachronic method preferences and emerging as well as declining trends in data collection methods and data types adhered to within this discipline. These are further discussed within the context of relevant state-of-the-art accounts that have specifically offered surveys of methods and methodologies pertaining to issues in data collection and data analysis in (Intercultural) Pragmatics in recent years.

Архетипы традиционной культуры в XXI веке

The article deals with the archetypes of traditional nomadic culture in Kazakhstan that were abolished in the Soviet period as remnants of the tribal system. However, polygamy and abduction of women in order to force them into marriage occur quite often nowadays. The author examined the transformation of the legal status of women in Kazakhstan in the XX – early XXI centuries. The research focused on the Soviet transformations of traditional family and marriage institutions in Kazakhstan, which were caused by the radical change in social relations, state power, and nomadic lifestyle. The author analyzed criminal statistics on offenses against the rights and freedoms of women and compared the current situation with abductions of women and polygamy in neighboring post-Soviet states. The research objective was to find out the motives behind the revival of the archetypes of traditional culture, as well as the latency of committed offenses related to the use of Kazakh customary law and Sharia. The methodology was based on legal comparative studies, i.e., diachronization and synchronization of legal phenomena and processes. The diachronic method made it possible to compare the traditions of bride kidnapping and polygamy in Kazakhstan in different historical periods. The legal-dogmatic method was used to analyze the customs, norms of Islam, pre-revolutionary imperial law, Soviet and post-Soviet legislation, etc.

Mass media of the indigenous peoples of the Far East: the history of origin and current state

The purpose of the article is to study the history of the emergence of the mass media of the indigenous peoples of the Far East and their current state. The author examines the factors of formation, functions and purpose, formal and substantive features, the main trends in the development of mass media of the indigenous peoples of the Far East in the context of the political, economic and socio-cultural situation of the XIX - XXI centuries. The geography of the study covers the entire Far Eastern Federal District and includes an analysis of the content of ethnic media operating on the territory of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), the Republic of Buryatia, the Khabarovsk Territory, the Sakhalin Region and other subjects of the Far Eastern region. The research, being philological in essence, is based on an interdisciplinary approach, synthesizing knowledge of various sciences: theory and history of journalism, ethnography, ethnology, cultural studies. General scientific methods (descriptive-analytical, system description, classification construction method), as well as special methods (historical, comparative, content analysis method), elements of the synchronic and diachronic method were used as the main research methods. The history of the formation of ethnic media and the problem-thematic originality of the national media of the Far Eastern region have not yet become the object of a comprehensive study of domestic scientists. The novelty of the work consists in a comprehensive study of the mass media of the indigenous peoples of the Far East in the historical and typological aspect, clarifying the qualitative characteristics of the Far Eastern media in the context of the formation of an actual structure of regional journalism.

Dynamics of development of Indian media industry in the world media space: results of 2020-2021

The purpose of the scientific work is to identify trends in the development of Indian media industry in the global media space. The article examines the main statistical indicators of the development of Indian media and entertainment industry (IIMR) in 2020-2021 in an analytical comparison; reveals the dynamics of the development of Indian media industry in Asian and global media space; shows the initiatives taken by the Indian Government in the development of the national communications system. The scientific significance of the study lies in the fact that the key developmen directions of the Indian media system for the coming years have been identified. The practical significance of the work lies in the possibility of its application both as part of an educational program for students, and in further work in the field of Indian media industry. This work provides systematic and complex approaches, method of interpretation and analysis of discourse, diachronic method, methods of analysis, generalization and synthesis. The analysis of media materials involves such methods of empirical research as political-discourse and content analysis. The conducted research helped to reveal that the media market of India is at the stage of rapid development. Many projects are being implemented that support the media production of in the country. It can be concluded that India at the moment not only occupies key positions in this area in the Asian region, but also confidently moves to the world market both independently and by forming joint media conglomerates. According to the results of the study, Indian media industry occupies key positions in the Asian market. Thus, the value of this work lies in the fact that it can become fundamental for further study of the development of this industry. Considering this issue from the point of view of practical significance, it can be concluded that in the course of scientific work, the main companies - potential competitors of the current leaders of the world media sphere were identified, the positions of Indian conglomerates in the international arena were strengthened. Key words: India, the national media market, diversification, income, government initiatives, advertising, media cooperation.

Vitosha Mountain (SW Bulgaria) during the Little Ice Age in the context of past climate changes in the Balkans

This study aims to present and analyse several descriptions of snow cover conditions on Vitosha Mountain over the last five centuries. It uses the written historical sources and diachronic method. They are discussed in the context of available climate and environmental data for Bulgaria and the adjacent areas of the Balkans during the Little Ice Age (LIA). It can be concluded from the presented descriptions of Vitosha during the LIA that probably in the 17th and early 18th centuries Vitosha had significantly longer snow retention with the presence of permanent or semi-permanent snow patches, a situation that is significantly different from the present environmental conditions. The analysis of the climatic conditions during the LIA in other regions of Bulgaria, as well as in neighboring countries in the Balkans, shows that during this period, especially in the southern parts of the Balkan Peninsula, there was a significant climate cooling. Future studies of the (high resolution) natural archives in Bulgaria are needed to provide more information about the nature of climatic and environmental changes during the LIA.

Pragmatics of Eponyms in Political Discourse (On the Material of the Speeches of Politicians)

Eponyms are complicated, unique constructs named after people and places used in special-professional areas of science. One of those specific areas is politics/political discourse. The main purpose of this article is to investigate the political discourse of politicians (Barack Obama, Vladimir Putin) in the period from 2012 to 2017 to reveal the pragmatic potential and skillful use of eponyms used by the latter when they ran for presidency as a means of influence. Results show that eponyms are becoming powerful language tools of political discourse. At each stage of work, various methods were used to complete the analysis. Such methods include the diachronic method, definition analysis (descriptive method), and discourse analysis. Using different methods, especially discourse analysis, considerably facilitated the research process, enabling the identification of the pragmatic effects of eponyms. The main reasons that eponyms frequently appear in political discourse are the existence of new political eras, modern political events, and controversial political issues.

Ethnocultural origin of the Word са́ра (“pike”) in the Old Ukrainian language

The article studies the motivational processes of the emergence of the old Ukrainian fishing professionalism са́ра, used to denote pike in the language of Zaporozhian Cossacks. The relevance of the research is determined by the importance of analysing names that reflect ethno-cultural stereotypes, the original semantics of which dates back to the Indo-European period. To identify the mechanisms of formation of the semantic model, according to which the word “са́ра” “pike” is formed, the diachronic method of research (according to the principle of relative chronology) was used together with the linguo-cultural analysis, which proved that: ichthyonymic metaphorization (creation of the figurative name of a fish) was most likely preceded by paronymic attraction (phonetic and semantic convergence of a name of a colour with a female name of ancient Jewish origin) with subsequent metaphorization of the stereotyped name of a Jew as an ichthyonym. Undoubtedly, the paronymic attraction was also facilitated by the mutilation of the noun component of the attributive phrase са́ра (шара) fish, since fishing nouns as derivatives of two-lexemic analytical nouns can be traced in temporal and spatial dimensions in various lexical-semantic groups of fishing names: варовый [tax], свôйска [marine], сьвітова́ [tonya], ка́мбалові [fish], лососе́ві [fish], etc. Thus, the archaic fishing professionalism of са́ра “pike” is connected with the old Ukrainian names of achromatic grey colour сѣрый and шарый, fitting into the motivational model «the name of the animal by the colour of its fur, feathers, scales». The colour name itself as a basis for metaphorical transference reaches the common Indo-European lexical fund and in the historical dimension combines the meaning of «dark» and «light», realising in the ancient and old Ukrainian ideology the idea of darkness and light, where the «dark side» is the image of a person of a different religion with his or her social and ethno-confessional differences, in particular, the colour of clothing. The researched material encourages further study of the Old Ukrainian lexicon in the aspect of the formation of ethno-ideological bases.

Strategies and Tactics of Brand Formation (Based on the Material of Advertising Slogans in French, English, and Russian)

This article describes communicative strategies and tactics used by companies to build a brand. The diachronic method made it possible to observe brand development strategies. The analysis featured 104 advertising slogans of 11 companies. Strategies and tactics of communicative influence were identified according to Yu. Pirogova’s classification of communicative strategies. The authors see strategies as the goals of creating a company's image, while tactics depend on specific vocabulary, syntactic structures, and means of involving the addressee in the advertising discourse. The list of prevailing strategies included those implemented by the following tactics: Compliance with the needs of the addressee, Increasing brand value in the eyes of the consumer, Informing about brand products, Intimization, Product metaphorization and Influence on the senses. The strategy of rationality was embodied by the tactics of Popularization of a healthy lifestyle and Demonstration of practical benefits. The value-oriented strategy was characterized by the tactic of Informing about brand products. The research results contribute to a better understanding of strategies and tactics in business communication and can be used as demonstration and evidentiary material in teaching cultural linguistics and discourse analysis, as well as for copywriting purposes.

Systematic Study and Reflection on Planning Paradigms of German Urban Renewal

Urban renewal plays a crucial role in promoting sustainable spatial development and structural growth for cities in respect of urban planning and landscape architecture. It is defined as a complex process involving demographic, physical and socio-economic dimensions. The time-tested process of urban renewal in Germany has provided both theoretical and practical experience for the rest of the world. In this context, a systematic and diachronic method is adopted to elaborate on three planning paradigms of German urban renewal. Reflective of the prosperity and reconstruction, structural changes and shrinking process of cities, the critical evolution of urban renewal planning paradigms is subjected to the profound influence from spatial, historic, social, and political factors in different periods. Therefore, according to the needs for urban development, this study focuses on analyzing three essential paradigms of total-demolition reconstruction, careful urban renewal and critical reconstruction, and urban regeneration. On this basis, the evolution of urban renewal is reflected on from such perspectives as institutional guarantee of the federal-state-local framework, the financial support through multiple funding projects, and the critical urban landscape conceptions. In conclusion, there are three aspects of planning paradigms. The first one is critical thinking as a key factor in the scientific analysis of urban spaces and structures. The second one is a full understanding of urban renewal based on the establishment of a complex system. The last one is the positive changes to the evolution of cities and the formation of resilient urban landscapes in the future.

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The article discusses topical issues of the formation of linguo-cultural competence of future specialists of educational institutions. We believe that linguo-culturological competence is of great importance for pedagogical and scientific-pedagogical workers, which ensures the effectiveness of their fulfillment of basic professional tasks. Since linguo-cultural competence is an integrative multidimensional innovation that does not arise spontaneously, a purposeful formation is needed, which should begin in higher educational institutions, where future specialists of educational institutions are trained. The National Doctrine of Education Development of Ukraine in the XXI century stated that the main aim of the Ukrainian education system is to create conditions for the development and self-realization of each individual, to ensure high quality education for graduates of high pedagogical institutions. The conceptual model of high education in Ukraine has actualized the tasks of training a new exemplar professional � an active person with critical thinking and a creative approach to solving problems, ready for self-education and self-development, for effective interaction with the environment. In our opinion, the linguistic and cultural competence of higher education students should be represented by linguistic and cultural components. The purpose of our research is to examine linguocultural competence and its role in the professional development of future specialists in educational institutions. The methodology is based on the general principles of philosophy, basic modern provisions of pedagogical science, psychology and reflects the relationship of methodological approaches to the study of the process of organizing the educational process. Methods of linguocultural competence: a diachronic method based on a comparative analysis of various linguocultural units in time; synchronous method, compares simultaneously existing linguocultural units; structural and functional method, which involves the distribution of a cultural object into parts and the identification of connections between parts; a historical and genetic method focused on the study of a linguoculturological fact from the point of view of its occurrence, the development of further destiny; a typological method designed to identify the typological proximity of various linguoculturological units of the historical and cultural process; the comparative-historical method is based on the comparison of original linguoculturological units in time and insight into their essence. These methods enter into mutually complementary relationships, special conjugation with various cognitive principles, methods of analysis, allows cultural linguistics to explore its complex object - the interaction of language and culture. Scientific novelty. By the linguistic and cultural competence of future specialists of educational institutions we mean the quality of language personality, expressed by linguistic and cultural knowledge, special skills and personal qualities, which promotes integration into world culture and participation in intercultural communication, avoiding interlingual and intercultural conflicts. It is impossible to learn culture without knowing of the relevant language, which is not only a material component of culture, thanks to which communicative tasks are solved, but also a penetration attempt to the people�s mode of thinking, an attempt to look at the world through the culture. Thus, we determine the content and structure of linguistic and cultural competence according to the nature and essence of cultural linguistics, which is the theoretical basis of our research. A special subject frame in the structure of linguistic and cultural competence is considered by the components of the structure of linguistic and cultural competence of future specialists of educational institutions, which should be supplemented by professional and pedagogical training that will provide quality implementation of professional competence. In summary, linguistic and cultural competence as an integrative quality of future specialists� personality of educational institutions should be formed through a system of didactic material, using cultural and educational potentials of Ukrainian, with obligatory coverage of its close connection with history, spiritual culture, mentality of the people, knowledge its history and place among other languages of the world. This competence involves the development of the following abilities in the personality: a) the ability to perceive language as a cultural phenomenon, as a cultural and historical environment that turns into the history, culture, people�s customs; b) the ability to acquire the culture of communication, or language culture; runs of linguistic, communicative and culturological competence; c) the ability to sense language in its aesthetic function � as a means of creating the art of speech.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE INSTITUTE OF QUALIFIED LEGAL ASSISTANCE IN RUSSIA AND THE FORMER SOVIET UNION

The relevance of this work is due to the modern processes of regulation of the legal services market, typical both for Russia and for sovereign States in the post-Soviet space, in order to ensure the constitutional right to qualified legal assistance. The purpose of the work is predetermined by the analysis of ideas about qualified legal assistance in a retrospective and modern sense. The research was based on normative legal acts, including monuments of law, and scientific works (academic publications, monographs) devoted to the development of legal aid. The study was carried out using a set of comparative legal methods: the diachronic method allowed us to compare the basics of legal aid that existed in different historical periods; the synchronous method made it possible to compare the legal reality of Russia with other countries. The problem-chronological method allowed to study the essential features of the evolution of ideas about legal aid that are directly dependent on the socio-cultural transformations of the political and legal system of the and interpretation of norms, implementation of which determines the modern processes of professionalization of legal aid. The study of pre-revolutionary legislation of Russia allowed us to conclude that the traditional understanding of the provision of professional legal assistance by lawyers is formed in the process of socio-cultural modernization of the legal system during the implementation of the Judicial reform of 1864. the Paradigm of legal nihilism in the first years of Soviet power resulted in lacking any qualification requirements for persons who can provide legal assistance, which predetermined the stable practice of lawyers who did not have professional education. The liberalization of legislation during the thaw period contributed to the return to traditional understanding of legal aid. The regulation of legal aid in modern States is carried out in line with the implementation of international standards in national legislation.

Remembering the Covenants in Song: An Intertextual Study of the Abrahamic and Mosaic Covenants in Psalm 105

Remembering the Covenants in Song: An Intertextual Study of the Abrahamic and Mosaic Covenants in Psalm 105

Życie wyrazów na przykładzie zasobu leksykalnego Rozpraw literackich Maurycego Mochnackiego. I. Zagadnienia wstępne

This paper is dedicated to lexical issues and focuses on describing the phenomenon of the life of words over more than two centuries (from the beginning of the 19th c. to the fi rst decade of the 21st c.). The object of the research is the corpus of texts constituting Rozprawy literackie (Literary treatises) by M. Mochnacki. The aim of the research is to identify and discuss forgotten words, that is such lexical units or their individual meanings as have become obsolete or have gone out of use completely. The analysis falls into the stream of structuralist research and has been performed with the application of the diachronic method.