Diabetic Control Group Research Articles

Modulation of glucose metabolism-related genes in diabetic rats treated with herbal synthetic anti-diabetic compound (α-HSA): insights from transcriptomic profiling.

Eugenia jambolana is a medicinal plant traditionally used for treating diabetes. The bioactive compound FIIc, which is derived from the fruit pulp of E. jambolana, has been identified and purified as α-HSA. Previous studies have demonstrated that administration of α-HSA for 6 weeks improved glycemic index and dyslipidemia in rats with T2D. This study investigated the molecular mechanism underlying the potential therapeutic effects of α-HSA in experimentally induced diabetic rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: diabetic control, diabetic treated with FIIc, diabetic treated with α-HSA, and diabetic treated with glibenclamide. Over a 6-week experimental period, transcriptomic analysis was conducted on liver, skeletal, and pancreatic tissue samples collected from the rats. The study findings revealed significant upregulation of genes associated with glucose metabolism and insulin signaling in the groups treated with FIIc and α-HSA, compared to the diabetic control group. Moreover, pro-inflammatory genes were downregulated in these treatment groups. These results indicate that α-HSA has the potential to modulate key metabolic pathways, improve glucose homeostasis, enhance insulin sensitivity, and alleviate inflammation. This study provides compelling scientific evidence supporting the potential of α-HSA as a therapeutic agent for diabetes treatment. The observed upregulation of genes related to glucose metabolism and insulin signaling, along with the downregulation of pro-inflammatory genes, aligns with the pharmacological activity of α-HSA in controlling glucose homeostasis and improving insulin sensitivity. These findings suggest that α-HSA holds promise as a novel therapeutic approach for managing diabetes and its associated complications.

Correlation of Body Mass Index (BMI) with Saliva and Blood Glucose Levels in Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Patients.

To compare and correlate the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and blood and salivary glucose (mean values) in patients with diabetes and non-diabetic control group patients. In the study, 100 patients were included, 50 patients each-patients with diabetes and non-diabetic control group. Each patient had their BMI measured as well as unstimulated whole saliva collected and blood drawn. When compared to BMI, blood glucose (mean), and salivary glucose (mean) in healthy controls, BMI, blood glucose, and salivary glucose values in diabetic patients were considerably higher. Patients who have a higher BMI are more likely to develop diabetes.

In Vivo Anti-Diabetes Potential of Huntera Umbellata Seed

The possible use of ethanol extract of Hunteria umbellata seed as a curative agent in alloxan-induced diabetic rats was investigated. A total of forty-eight adult albino Wistar rats (male: weighed 150 g – 250 g; aged 16 – 19 weeks) were used for this study. Completely randomized design was used for this experiment. Standard methods were used to ascertain the blood glucose levels, kidney function test, serum lipid profile, and liver enzymes. Also, the radical scavenging activity was carried out using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picyhydrazyl) method. The results showed that the administration of alloxan has led to significantly increased blood glucose levels in rats. The diabetic control group had constant high blood glucose level that was >250 mg/dl, whereas a significant decrease in blood glucose level was witnessed when the rats were pre-treated with the seed extract. Again, the extract was found to reduce certain biochemical parameters such as overall cholesterol, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, urea and creatinine. while high density lipoprotein was increased. Also, the radical scavenging activity (RSA) study revealed that the seed has inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 227.34 µg/ml as compared to the IC50 of superoxide dismutase (389.73 µg/ml).The observed effects of the extract could be possibly due to its ability to reduce oxidative damage to insulin-producing β-cell membranes, thus, resulting in increased insulin concentration and sensitivity in the cells. Therefore, in this study it was suggested that ethanol extracts of osu seeds could be a potential candidate for the management of diabetes due to its hypoglycaemic effects.

Comparative Efficacy of Combined Formulation of Andrographis paniculata, Lagerstroemia speciosa and Tribulus terrestris with Glimepiride on Renal and Pancreatic Injury in Alloxan Induced Type-1 Diabetic Mice

Many medicinal plants are becoming increasingly popular for the treatment of various ailments, including diabetes, all around the world. This study was designed to elucidate the comparative efficacy of Tribulus terrestris, Andrographis paniculata, and Lagerstroemia speciosa on glucose intolerance, lipid profile, renal and pancreatic injury in alloxan induced type-1 diabetic mice. In this study, four-week-old male Swiss Albino mice were divided into six groups of five each. To assess toxicity, Group-X was given saline water, while Group-Y was given a combination herbal formulation at a high dose (1 g/kg bwt). No adverse effect of combined formula on body weight and blood glucose was observed in normal healthy mice. The other four groups were labeled as Group-A, healthy normal mice; Group-B, Diabetic mice; Group-C, Diabetic mice treated with Andrographis paniculata, Tribulus terristris @ 200 mg/kg and Lagerstroemia speciosa @ 0.5ml/animal; and Group-D, Diabetic mice treated with Amaryl®@ 800 g/kg bwt. The combined formulation improved body weight loss significantly (P<0.001) compared to diabetic control group after 8 weeks of treatment. Combined formulation and Amaryl® decreased non-significantly total cholesterol, plasma triglyceride and plasma creatinine level compared to diabetic control. However, HDL and LDL levels remained unchanged by the treatment. Consistent with these findings, histopathological evaluation revealed that combined formulation partially improved renal glomerular sclerosis and hypertrophy, tubular damage and pancreatic β-cells damage reflected its renal and pancreatic damage curative property. The obtained results suggest that combined use of Andrographis paniculata, Tribulus terrestris and Lagerstroemia speciosa as antidiabetic herbal formulation, synergizing its therapeutic value in treating hyperglycemia and diabetes related complications mainly renal and pancreatic injury.

Concentration of Asprosin Associated with Poor Control of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Diyala Province

A newly secreted adipokine called asprosin is brought on by fasting as well as encourages hepatic glucose release. Its loss of function through immunologic or genetic methods has a significant effect on lowering glucose and insulin as a result of decreased hepatic glucose release. This study aimed to measure the level of asprosin in a group of poor control hyperglycemic patients and compare its level with the control group and find its correlation with obesity and lipid profile. Asprosin level in serum was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique for 110 Iraqi patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM), as well as 70 individual healthy controls. Percentage of glycated hemoglobin (HbAIc), fasting blood glucose (FBG), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) concentration were calculated using Roche cobas integra 400 plus. Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus reported increased levels of asprosin in their blood when compared with controls (p < 0.001). A significant positive correlation was seen between asprosin and FBG in patient’s (P< 0.05). Non-significant correlation was seen between asprosin and body mass index (BMI) or lipid profile. In conclusion, according to the asprosin level in serum, there was a highly significant difference between patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and control group. BMI and lipid abnormalities were not correlated to asprosin level in the serum of patients.

Investigation of Nootropic and Neuroprotective Activity of Myristica malabarica Bark Extracts on STZ induced Cognitive Impairment in Experimental Animals

The present study aims to assess the Myristica malabarica Bark (MM) extracts in the diabetes-induced cognitive impaired rat model for its nootropic and neuroprotective activity. Memory enhancing activity was evaluated by Y maze and Morris water maze test, respectively. Neuroprotective effects of MM bark extracts were assessed by measuring the acetylcholinesterase, lipid peroxide, superoxide dismutase (SOD), total nitric oxide (NO), catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH) levels in the brain of diabetic rats. The Myristica malabarica bark methyl alcohol extract (MMMA) (100 and 200 mg/kg) was observed to affect a significant improvement in spontaneous alteration (P<0.01, P<0.001) and transfer latency (P< 0.01 P<0.001) in retention trials on Y maze and Morris water maze test respectively. However, a significant reduction in acetylcholinesterase activity (P<0.001), lipid peroxide (P<0.001), total NO (P< 0.001) and a substantial increase in SOD, CAT and GSH (P<0.001) levels was observed in animals treated with MMMA (200 mg/kg) related to the diabetic control group. The current results indicate that Myristica malabarica extracts were defending the cognitive decline in diabetes condition and which requires some additional studies to clarify its mode of action.

Evaluation of Antidiabetic Effect of Crude Aqueous Extract of Nut, Leaf and Stem Parts of Vigna subterranae on Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by abnormally high blood glucose level. One of the plants frequently used to manage diabetes is Vigna subterrenea, also known as the Bambaranut. The aim of this study is to verify the usefulness of this plant to mitigate the effects of diabetes. Thirty (30) Wistar rats weighing 170-200 g were used for this evaluation, the rats were randomly divided into six groups namely; group A: normal control, group B: diabetic control, group C: metformin (500 mg), group D: leaf extract (1000 mg), group E: stem extract (1000 mg), and group F: nut extract (1000 mg). Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, balsam carbohydrate, phenol, steroids, and cardiac glycosides were all identified during the phytochemical screening of aqueous extracts. Intraperitoneal injections were used to cause diabetes using streptozotocin across groups and treatment commenced after 48 hours of induction upon confirmation of diabetes mellitus. The sacrifices of animals occurred after a 28-day session of treatment. For hematological and biochemical examination, blood, liver, kidney, and pancreas were obtained. Significantly lowering of fasting blood sugar in the extract treatment groups resulted in improved biochemical markers (P≤0.05). Serum enzyme markers showed a significant drop (P≤0.05) while High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) level increased considerably when compared with diabetic control. Also, when compared to the diabetic control group, the markers of kidney function all noticeably dropped, while electrolyte levels rose. Additionally, there was a significant positive impact on hematological parameters. In accordance with the results of this investigation, V subterrenea is a potent hypoglycemia and hypolipidemic agent on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

1621-P: Commercially Available Stevia-Based Sweetener, Antidiabetic or Toxic—An Ad Libitum Feeding Study in a Type 2 Diabetes Model of Rat

The use of non-nutritive sweeteners as sugar substitutes by overweight, obese and diabetic individuals has been increased rapidly in recent years, when Stevia is the most popular one not only due to its natural source of origin but also for it antidiabetic potential. However, the effects commercially available stevia-based NNS are not investigated at all. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of ad libitum consumption of commercially available stevia-based non-nutritive sweetener (NNS) in an experimentally-induced rat model of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Seven-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups, namely: Normal Control (NC), Diabetic Control (DBC) and Diabetic Stevia (DSTV). T2D was induced in the DBC and DSTV groups only. The control groups were received normal drinking water, whilst rats in the DSTV group were administered with stevia-containing NNS solution, at a concentration equivalent to the sweetness of 10% sucrose. After 13 week intervention, although food and fluid intake, body weight, weekly blood glucose, glucose tolerance, serum insulin, fructosamine, ALT, ALP, creatinine and brain, liver and pancreatic histopathology were not significantly affected; serum AST, LDH and CK-MB as well as heart and kidney histopathology were significantly deteriorated in stevia-based NNS consuming group compared to the DBC group. The data of this study suggest that uncontrolled consumption of stevia-based NNS has no significant antidiabetic effect but have some toxicological effects in an animal model of T2D. Hence, diabetic patients consuming stevia-based NNS should limit their daily intake. Disclosure S. Islam: None. S.N. Dlamini: None. Funding South African Sugar Association (Project 233)

1542-P: Commercially Available Aspartame-Based Sweetener Damages Morphology of Major Organs Both in Normal and Type 2 Diabetic Rats

Non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) such as aspartame have become highly popular as sugar substitutes for diabetics. Majority of studies have reported controversial results and used aspartame in its pure form, which is not consumed by people practically. Hence, the present study was aimed at investigating the effects of commercially available aspartame-based sweetener on diabetes related parameters and its associated complications in both normal and type 2 diabetic rats. Seven-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups, namely: Normal Control (NC), Toxicological Aspartame (TASP), Diabetic Control (DBC) and Diabetic Aspartame (DASP). Type 2 diabetes was induced experimentally in the DBC and DASP groups only and animals with non-fasting blood glucose levels >300 mg/dL were considered as diabetic. During 13 weeks experimental period, the control groups received normal drinking water, whilst TASP and DASP groups were given aspartame-containing NNS solutions, ad libitum, at concentrations equivalent to the sweetness of 20% and 10% sucrose solution, respectively. Treatment with toxicological aspartame resulted in significantly reduced serum fructosamine and creatinine levels in normal rats, when brain, heart, liver, kidney and pancreatic tissue morphologies were significantly damaged in both normal and diabetic rats. The data of this study suggest that although aspartame-based NNS may not have higher degree of detrimental effects on diabetes associated parameters, the significantly damaged morphology of the major organ tissues as well as deterioration of related serum biomarkers both in normal and diabetic conditions raises a concern of its use as a NNS in various food and food products. Disclosure S.N.Dlamini: None. S.Islam: None. Funding South African Sugar Association (Project 233)

Immunological Profile of Patients with Controlled and Uncontrolled Type 2 Diabetes Melitus in Mataram City, West Nusa Tenggara

The prevalence of DM disease in West Nusa Tenggara Province is not much different from that in Indonesia. DM cases in NTB are included in the ten most non-communicable illnesses suffered by the community and the incidence continues to increase from year to year. An increase in the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the body is one of the causes of insulin resistance in cells which can further develop into type 2 diabetes. This study involved diabetic patients at the Mataram Community Health Center, who were assigned into 2 groups, namely the controlled diabetes group and the uncontrolled diabetes group and involved a standard group which was a group consisted of healthy people. Each group was examined for Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG) and HbA1c levels. The results of the examination in the standard group, controlled diabetes group and uncontrolled diabetes group obtained the FBG levels of 89.22 mg/dl, 110.0 mg/dl, and 245.80 mg/dl, respectively. Furthermore, the results of the HbA1c test in the standard group, controlled diabetes group and uncontrolled diabetes group were 5.44%, 6.03%, and 10.49%, respectively. The results of the examination of IL-6 levels in the standard group, controlled diabetes group and uncontrolled diabetes were 329.36 pg/ml, 331.52 pg/ml, and 320.33 pg/ml, respectively. The results of the IL-10 test in the standard group, controlled diabetes group and uncontrolled diabetes were 71.80 pg/ml, 116.60 pg/ml, and 128.10 pg/ml, respectively. Based on the results of the study, there was no significant difference in the levels of interleukin 6 and interleukin 10 between respondents with diabetes mellitus and healthy respondents (p>0.05). It can be concluded that there were no differences in interleukin 6 and 10 levels between healthy people with patients with controlled and uncontrolled diabetes.

In vivo Performance of a Hydrogel of Tribulus terrestris in Alloxan induced Diabetic Rats

Abstract: Background: Diabetes is one of the most important factors in chronic injuries. The gold standard for treating diabetic foot ulcers includes debridement of wounds, management of all infections, revascularization when indicated, and non-loading of ulcers. Traditionally, the aerial parts of Tribulus terrestris L. (Zygophyllaceae) are used in the folklore for the treatment of various kinds of wounds. Materials and Methods: Based on the evaluation of phytochemicals, a hydrogel of the hydroalcoholic and the aqueous of T. terrestris were prepared in this study. It was subjected to evaluation of the different parameters. The hydrogel of hydroalcoholic extract and aqueous extract was brown in color, uniform and non-irritant. It was further evaluated for pH, spreadability and viscosity. Furthermore, the in vivo performance of the hydrogel was evaluated in alloxan monohydrate induced diabetic rats. Results: In excision wound model and incision wound model topical application of 5% hydroalcoholic extract hydrogel in diabetic Wistar albino rat showed remarkable repair effects. It significantly (***p<0.001) enhanced the rate of % wound contraction. It also exhibited significant (***p<0.001) content of hydroxyproline and extremely high tensile strength (***p<0.001) as compared to the diabetic control group. It may be due to enhanced collagen synthesis. The histopathological examination of 5% hydroalcoholic extract hydrogel of T. terrestris L. treated rats showed skin architecture which was comparable to the normal group. The diabetes-induced group rats’ wounds failed to heal even 25 days post the infliction of the wounds. Our model precisely reproduced the pathophysiology of diabetic ulcers and can serve as a valid alternative model for diabetic foot ulcer and to explore new therapies. Conclusion: The results strongly support that the hydrogel of the hydroalcoholic extract of T. terrestris seems to be a novel and promising biomaterial used for wound healing applications. Keywords: Diabetes, Tribulus terrestris, Wound healing, Alloxan, Hydroxyproline, Hydrogel.

Diabetic wound healing potential of silk sericin protein based hydrogels enriched with plant extracts

The complications associated with diabetic wounds make their healing process prolonged. Hydrogels could be ideal wound dressings therefore present research was conducted to prepare silk sericin (an adhesive protein polymer) based hydrogels in combination with plant extracts and to evaluate its effectiveness against wound healing process in mice with alloxan induced diabetes. Excision wounds were formed via a biopsy puncture (6 mm). Experimental hydrogels were prepared and applied topically on the diabetic wounds. All the hydrogel treatment groups showed significantly higher (P < 0.001) percent wound contraction from day 3 to day 11 as compared to the negative diabetic control group. The serum level of anti-inflammatory cytokine (Interleukin-10) and tissue inhibitor metalloproteinase (TIMP) was significantly higher (P < 0.001), while the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α, Interleukin-6) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2, MMP-9) was significantly lower (P < 0.001) in hydrogels treatment groups as compared to diabetic control group. Although all the hydrogels showed effective results, however the best results were shown by 4 % sericin+4 % banyan+4 % onion based hydrogel. It can be concluded that Sericin based hydrogel enriched with banyan and onion extracts can be used as an effective remedy for the treatment of diabetic wounds due to their high healing and regenerative properties.

Effect of Diabetes Supportive Group and Network (DINET) Programme on Quality of Life for Diabetes Patients

Gorontalo is ranked 7th in the number of people with diabetes from 35 provinces in Indonesia. One of the causes is the lack of self-care management which impacts the low quality of life of diabetes patients. Supportive group existence is needed as social support for diabetes patient, mainly in the community. This study's purpose is to analyze the effect of the DINET programme on the quality of life of diabetic people. The research method used a pre-experimental design through one group of pre and post-test analyses. The supportive group support provided activities involving diabetes patients, including health education, focus group discussion, physical exercise, and using chatbots and group chat as communication media for support group members. The sample used was 16 people through the purposive sampling method. The instrument for quality of life used is the Diabetes Instrument Quality of Life (DQOL) from the American Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) Research Group. The study's results showed a significant difference in the quality of life of DM patients after the intervention with a p-value of 0.000 (α &lt; 0.05). The support group can be used as social support for diabetes patients to keep their discipline in self-care management to prevent dangerous complications.

Astragalus adscendens extract shows antidiabetic effects through controlling oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Objective: To assess the effect of oral treatment of methanolic extract of the aerial parts of Astragalus adscendens in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Methods: In order to induce diabetes, rats intraperitoneally received streptozotocin at 65 mg/kg. Sixty adult male Wistar rats were allocated into six groups (10 rats per each) including the healthy control group, the diabetic group as well as the diabetic group treated with Astragalus adscendens methanolic extract at 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg per day or glibenclamide (0.6 mg/kg/day) for 28 d. The effects of Astragalus adscendens methanolic extract on the levels of glucose, insulin, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, bilirubin, creatinine, urea, uric acid, total protein, albumin, triglyceride, cholesterol, α-amylase, oxidant/antioxidant enzymes, and inflammatory cytokines were evaluated. Real time-PCR was also used for measuring the gene expression of caspase-3, Bcl2, and Bax. Results: The levels of glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, creatinine, urea, uric acid, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, and malondialdehyde considerably declined (P&lt;0.001) in diabetic rats after treatment with Astragalus adscendens methanolic extract especially at a dose of 200 mg/kg. In addition, treatment with Astragalus adscendens methanolic extract noticeably increased the level of insulin, total protein, and albumin as well as improved the activities of catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase, as well as the expression levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, caspase-3, Bcl2 and Bax (P&lt;0.001) compared to the diabetic control group. The extract also inhibited α-amylase in a dose-dependent manner with an IC50 value of 19.6 µg/mL. Conclusions: Astragalus adscendens methanolic extract shows potent antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and antioxidant effects in diabetic rats. However, more studies are needed to verify the underlying mechanism of the effect of this plant extract and test its efficacy in clinical trials.

Indications of musculoskeletal health in deceased male individuals with lower-limb amputations: comparison to non-amputee and diabetic controls

Individuals with lower-limb amputations, many of whom have type 2 diabetes, experience impaired musculoskeletal health. This study: (1) compared residual and intact limbs of diabetic and non-diabetic post-mortem individuals with amputation to identify structures vulnerable to injury, and (2) compared findings to diabetic and healthy control groups to differentiate influences of amputation and diabetes on musculoskeletal health. Postmortem CT scans of three groups, ten individuals each, were included: (1) individuals with transtibial or transfemoral amputations, half with diabetes (2) diabetic controls, and (3) healthy controls. Hip and knee joint spaces, cross-sectional thigh muscle and fat areas, and cross-sectional bone properties (e.g. area, thickness, geometry) were measured. Wilcoxon Signed-Rank and Kruskal–Wallis tests assessed statistical significance. Asymmetry percentages between limbs assessed clinical significance. Residual limbs of individuals with amputation, particularly those with diabetes, had significantly less thigh muscle area and thinner distal femoral cortical bone compared to intact limbs. Compared to control groups, individuals with amputation had significantly narrower joint spaces, less thigh muscle area bilaterally, and thinner proximal femoral cortical bone in the residual limb. Diabetic individuals with amputation had the most clinically significant asymmetry. Findings tended to align with those of living individuals. However, lack of available medical information and small sample sizes reduced the anticipated clinical utility. Larger sample sizes of living individuals are needed to assess generalizability of findings. Quantifying musculoskeletal properties and differentiating influences of amputation and diabetes could eventually help direct rehabilitation techniques.

Exploring the Potent Combination of Quercetin-Boronic Acid, Epalrestat, and Urea Containing Nanoethosomal Keratolytic Gel for the Treatment of Diabetic Neuropathic Pain: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies.

Transdermal penetration of therapeutic moieties from topical dosage forms always remains a challenge due to the presence of permeation impeding keratin which should be addressed. The purpose of the study was to formulate quercetin and 4-formyl phenyl boronic acid (QB complex) used for the preparation of nanoethosomal keratolytic gel (EF3-G). The QB complex was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy while skin permeation, viscosity, and epalrestat entrapment efficiency were used for the optimization of nanoethosomal gel. The keratolytic effect of the proposed nanoethosomal gel with urea (QB + EPL + U) was calculated in rat and snake skin. The spherical shape of nanoethosomes was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. According to the findings of stability studies, viscosity decreases as temperature increases, proving their thermal stability. The negative charge of optimized EF3 with 0.7 PDI proved narrow particle size distribution with homogeneity. Optimized EF3 showed two folds increase of epalrestat permeation in highly keratinized snake skin as compared to rats' skin after 24 h. Antioxidant behaviors of EF3 (QB) > QB complex > quercetin > ascorbic acid proved reduction of oxidative stress in DPPH reduction analysis. Interestingly, the hot plate and cold allodynia test in the diabetic neuropathic rat model reduced 3-fold pain as compared to the diabetic control group which was further confirmed by in vivo biochemical studies even after the eight week. Conclusively, ureal keratolysis, primary dermal irritation index reduction, and improved loading of epalrestat render the nanoethosomal gel (EF3-G) ideal for the treatment of diabetic neuropathic pain.

Effect of eight weeks of high-intensity interval training on some indices of liver mitophagy in type 2 diabetic rats

Background: Dysfunction of mitochondria is associated with such diseases as obesity, cancer, and type 2 diabetes. Training plays a major role in the improvement of mitochondrial damage and oxidative stress. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of high-intensity interval training on some mitophagy indices in the liver tissue, including BNIP3 and NIX in type 2 diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: A total of 30 three-month-old adult male Wistar rats with a weight range (250-300 g) were randomly assigned to four groups of 10 series, including healthy control (C), Diabetic control (D), and diabetic+Training (D+T). The training protocol includes running with intensity at 85%-90% of maximum speed in 6-12 two-minute intervals five days a week for eight weeks. A method based on Western blotting was used to determine changes in the expression of BNIP3 and NIX proteins in the liver tissue of rats. The one-way analysis of variance and the Bonferroni post hoc test were used to analyze the data. Results: Diabetes increased BNIP3 and NIX proteins; nonetheless, it was not significant. The changes of NIX in the trained diabetic group were about 57% less than in the diabetic control group, and this difference was significant (P=0.033), while BNIP3, despite a 37% decrease, did not change significantly (P&gt;0.05). Conclusion: Eight weeks of intense intermittent training caused a significant decrease in the expression of proteins involved in mitophagy in the training group. Nonetheless, arriving at a definite conclusion on these indicators and how they are affected by different conditions depends on conducting further studies.

Exenatide improves hypogonadism and attenuates inflammation in diabetic mice by modulating gut microbiota

With the rising incidence of diabetes and its onset at a younger age, the impact on the male reproductive system has gradually gained attention. Exenatide is a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist effective in the treatment of diabetes. However, its role in diabetes-induced reproductive complications has rarely been reported. The study aimed to investigate the mechanism by which exenatide improved diabetic hypogonadism by regulating gut microbiota (GM) mediated inflammation. C57BL/6J mice were equally divided into normal control (NC), diabetic model control (DM) and exenatide-treated (Exe) groups. Testicular, pancreatic, colonic, and fecal samples were collected to assess microbiota, morphologic damage, and inflammation. Exenatide significantly reduced the fasting blood glucose (FBG) level in diabetic mice, increased the testosterone level, ameliorated the pathological morphological damage of islet, colon, and testes, and reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory factors, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-6 in colon and testis. Furthermore, exenatide significantly reduced the abundance of some pathogenic bacteria, such as Streptococcaceae and Erysipelotrichaceae, and increased that of beneficial bacteria Akkermansia. Probiotics, such as Lactobacillus were negatively correlated with TNF-α, nuclear factor-kappa-B (NF-κB), IL-6, and FBG. Conditional pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia/Shigella Streptococcus were positively correlated with TNF-α, NF-κB, IL-6, and FBG. The fecal bacteria transplantation experiment revealed that the abundance of pathogenic bacteria, Peptostreptococcaceae, significantly decreased from Exe group mice to pseudo-sterile diabetic mice, and the pathological damage to testes was also alleviated. These data suggested the protective effects of exenatide on male reproductive damage induced by diabetes by regulating GM.

Linagliptin in Combination with Emblica officinalis Gaertn Improves Glycemic Control through Alleviating Dyslipidemia and Oxidative Stress on Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats

Objectives: Diabetes is a complex chronic metabolic disorder. Today, many diabetes patients are known to supplement their standard therapies with herbal medications that have antidiabetic characteristics. The purpose of the study was to examine the fixed dose combination of linagliptin and Emblica officinalis Gaertn (aq FE) for its hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and antioxidant properties.&#x0D; Methods: Streptozotocin (45 mg/kg b.w.) was administered intraperitoneally to Wister albino rats to cause diabetes. Linagliptin (5 mg/ 70kg b.w), aqueous fruit extract of Emblica officinalis Gaertn (200 mg/kg b.w.) and fixed dose combination therapy of linagliptin (2.5 mg /70kg b.w) with aqueous fruit extract of Emblica officinalis Gaertn (100 mg/kg b.w) were administered orally once daily for four weeks. After that fasting blood glucose level (FBG), low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL), total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG) were measured in serum with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. Typical procedures were used to measure the antioxidant activity by the estimation of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity.&#x0D; Results: The combination therapy significantly (p&lt;0.05) reduced the FBG, TC, TG, LDL level in compared to the diabetic control group (p&lt;0.05). Significant (p&lt;0.05) increased of HDL was also observed. The antioxidant activity significantly increased after the administration of fixed dose combination therapy in compared to diabetic control group. These alterations were vastly superior to those of linagliptin with Emblica officinalis Gaertn (aqFE) monotherapy.&#x0D; Conclusion: This study suggests that the fixed dose combination therapy of linagliptin and Emblica officinalis Gaertn (aq FE) might be potent on antihyperglycemic antidyslipidemic and antioxidative effect.

Metabolic Alterations in Streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced Diabetic Rats Treated with Muntingia calabura Extract via 1H-NMR-based Metabolomics.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic endocrine disorder caused by decreased insulin concentration or poor insulin response. Muntingia calabura (MC) has been used traditionally to reduce blood glucose levels. This study aims to support the traditional claim of MC as a functional food and blood-glucose-lowering regimen. The antidiabetic potential of MC is tested on a streptozotocin-nicotinamide (STZ-NA)-induced diabetic rat model by using the 1H-NMR-based metabolomic approach. Serum biochemical analyses reveal that treatment with 250 mg/kg body weight (bw) standardized freeze-dried (FD) 50% ethanolic MC extract (MCE 250) shows favorable serum creatinine (37.77 ± 3.53 µM), urea (5.98 ± 0.84 mM) and glucose (7.36 ± 0.57 mM) lowering capacity, which was comparable to the standard drug, metformin. The clear separation between diabetic control (DC) and normal group in principal component analysis indicates the successful induction of diabetes in the STZ-NA-induced type 2 diabetic rat model. A total of nine biomarkers, including allantoin, glucose, methylnicotinamide, lactate, hippurate, creatine, dimethylamine, citrate and pyruvate are identified in rats' urinary profile, discriminating DC and normal groups through orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis. Induction of diabetes by STZ-NA is due to alteration in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, gluconeogenesis pathway, pyruvate metabolism and nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism. Oral treatment with MCE 250 in STZ-NA-induced diabetic rats shows improvement in the altered carbohydrate metabolism, cofactor and vitamin metabolic pathway, as well as purine and homocysteine metabolism.