Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy Scale Research Articles

The Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Stress Management on Health-Related Quality of Life, Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy, and Treatment Adherence in Type 2 Diabetes

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral stress management (CBSM) on health-related quality of life (HRQOL), self-efficacy of diabetes management, and adherence to treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes.
 Materials and Methods: The present study was a semi-experimental study with a control group. The research samples included 30 patients with type 2 diabetes. Data collection tools in this study included the Boyer & Earp quality of life (QOL) scale for patients with diabetes (D-39), the diabetes management self-efficacy scale (DMSES), and treatment adherence questionnaire in patients with chronic diseases. The CBSM therapy was performed in 8 sessions for the experimental group. To analyze the data, a univariate analysis of covariance was used with SPSS-23 software.
 Results: The results showed that the CBSM had a significant effect on the overall health-based QOL (F=8.620; P=0.007), diabetes management self-efficacy (F=12.021; P=0.002), and treatment adherence (F=83.253; P=0.0001). In addition, the CBSM has a significant effect on diabetes control (F=8.932; P=0.007), anxiety and worry (F=5.023; P=0.035), and sexual functioning (F=7.611; P=0.011), diet (F=10.041; P=0.004), therapeutic regimen (F=24.250; P=0.0001), making effort for treatment (F=22.987; P=0.0001), intention to take the treatment (F=108.001; P=0.0001), adaptability (F=28.704; P=0.0001), and integrating illness into life (F=38.263; P=0.0001).
 Conclusion: The CBSM intervention can be used to improve health-based QOL, diabetes management self-efficacy, and treatment adherence in type 2 diabetes patients.

Self-esteem mediates the relationship perceived stigma with self-efficacy for diabetes management in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

To determine the mediating effect of self-esteem in the relationship between the perceived stigmatization of individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and their self-efficacy regarding diabetes management. The study was carried out with 162 patients with T2DM who visited the Internal Medicine outpatient clinic, Bartin Public Hospital, Bartin, Turkey, between December 2020 and May 2021. A descriptive information form, diabetes management self-efficacy scale, Rosenberg self-esteem scale, and type-2 diabetes stigma assessment scale were used in data collection. As a result of regression analyses, it was determined that the variables of stigmatization (ß= -0.294) and self-esteem (ß=0.875) had a significant predictive effect on self-efficacy of patients with T2DM, and that as self-esteem was added to the model, the effect of stigmatization on self-efficacy (ß= -0.294) decreased (ß= -0.230, p<0.05). According to these findings and the results of the Sobel test, it was determined that self-esteem had a partial mediator role (z= -3.347; p< 0.05). Minimizing the perceived stigmatization can improve patients' diabetes management self-efficacy. With patient training programs and individualized nursing care plans prepared by psychiatric nurses to provide psychological support patients and through their interventions that increase self-esteem, self-stigmatization can be reduced.

The effects of a nurse-led integrative medicine-based structured education program on self-management behaviors among individuals with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundInternational guidelines advocate providing prompt structured education to individuals with diabetes at diagnosis. However, among the few eligible structured education programs, heterogeneous intervention regimens and inconsistent findings were reported. Eligible programs for Chinese individuals with diabetes are lacking. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a nurse-led integrative medicine-based structured education program on self-management behaviors, glycemic control and self-efficacy among individuals with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes.MethodsEmploying a randomized controlled trial, 128 individuals with type 2 diabetes diagnosed in the preceding three to nine months were recruited from four university-affiliated tertiary hospitals in Xi’an City, Northwest China, and randomly allocated to the intervention or control groups after baseline assessments. Participants in the intervention group received a 4-week nurse-led integrative medicine-based structured education program, which is theoretically based on the Health Belief Model and Self-Efficacy Theory, in line with updated diabetes management guidelines, and informed by relevant systematic reviews. Participants in the control group received routine care. Self-management behaviors and self-efficacy were measured with the Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities and the Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy Scale at baseline, immediate post-intervention and 12 weeks following the intervention while Glycated Hemoglobin A was measured at baseline and the 12th-week follow-up. The intervention effects were estimated using the generalized estimating equation models.ResultsParticipants in the intervention group exhibited significantly better self-management performance in specific diet regarding intake of fruits and vegetables at both follow-ups (β = 1.02, p = 0.011 and β = 0.98, p = 0.016, respectively), specific diet regarding intake of high-fat foods at the immediate post-intervention follow-up (β = 0.83, p = 0.023), blood glucose monitoring at the 12th-week follow-up (β = 0.64, p = 0.004), foot care at both follow-ups (β = 1.80, p < 0.001 and β = 2.02, p < 0.001, respectively), and medication management at both follow-ups (β = 0.83, p = 0.005 and β = 0.95, p = 0.003, respectively). The intervention also introduced significant improvements in Glycated Hemoglobin A (β = − 0.32%, p < 0.001), and self-efficacy at both follow-ups (β = 8.73, p < 0.001 and β = 9.71, p < 0.001, respectively).ConclusionsThe nurse-led integrative medicine-based structured education program could produce beneficial effects on multiple diabetes self-management behaviors, glycemic control and self-efficacy.Trial registrationThis study was retrospectively registered in the ClinicalTrials.gov. on 25/08/2017; registration number: NCT03261895.

The effectiveness of solution-focused counseling on the mental health of mothers with gestational diabetes under treatment with insulin – A randomized clinical trial

ABSTRACT Objectives: The present study was designed to investigate the effect of solution-focused counseling on mental health and self-efficacy in women with gestational diabetes. Methods: This study was a randomized clinical trial with a parallel design. Fifty-six women with gestational diabetes completed DASS (Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale) and DMSES (Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy Scale) in both groups immediately and eight weeks after the last day of the intervention. Solution-focused counseling was performed in six 60-minute sessions for six weeks. The subjects in the control group received routine care. The analytical statistic of t-test, chi-square, and variance analysis with repeated measurements using SPSS were used to analyze the data. Results: The mean score of stress was 11.7 ± 9.09 in the posttest and 7.25 ± 6.25 eight weeks after the intervention. Also, scores in the control group were 13.5 ± 7.47 and 13.29 ± 6.99, respectively (P = .00). The mean score of anxiety in the intervention and control groups was 9.93 ± 7.80 vs. 9.64 ± 6.30 immediately after the intervention, and 5.79 ± 4.53 vs. 9.64 ± 5.96 eight weeks after the intervention (P = .00). Diabetes management self-efficacy was significant too (P = .001). Conclusion: Solution-focused group counseling improved the mental health of pregnant women with gestational diabetes. This method increased diabetic self-efficacy in these clients by controlling stress and anxiety and decreasing depression. IRCT: The code of this clinical trial study is IRCT20200202046339N1.

The Effects of Virtual Directed Painting Therapy on Anxiety, Depression, and Self-efficacy of Children with Type 1 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.

ABSTRACTBackground: Diabetes-induced anxiety, depression, and decreased self-efficacy lead to poor adherence to treatment in diabetic children. Since painting therapy seems to be helpful to express their feelings, this study aimed to investigate the effects of virtual directed painting therapy on anxiety, depression, and self-efficacy in diabetic children.Methods: This randomized controlled trial was conducted on 40 children with type 1 diabetes aged 8-12 years who were referred to Imam Reza Clinic of Diabetes in Shiraz, from July to October 2020. Children were randomly selected and assigned to intervention and control groups, using block randomization. The intervention group received the routine care plus virtual painting therapy directed by WhatsApp (six 2-hour group sessions once a week for six weeks). Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale, Maria Kovacs Children’s Depression Inventory, and Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy Scale were completed before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed through SPSS 23, using Chi-square, Mann-Whitney U, and Wilcoxon tests. P value <0.05 was considered as significant.Results: After the intervention, the median (interquartile range) total scores for anxiety, depression, and self-efficacy in the intervention group were 48.50 (45.00-51.75), 7.00 (4.00-9.00), and 169.00 (154.00-178.00), and in the control group 55.00 (48.50-62.25), 13.00 (10.00-17.50), and 152.00, respectively (110.50-184.00). After the intervention, there was a significant difference between the groups regarding anxiety (P=0.02) and depression (P<0.001); however, the difference in self-efficacy was not significant (P=0.20).Conclusion: Painting therapy should be considered as a part of care programs in diabetes centers and other community settings to control anxiety and depression of diabetic children.Trial Registration Number: IRCT20200118046181N1.

Correlation between Self Efficacy and Coping Mechanism in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Patients with Diabetes mellitus can experience psychological distress that is stress, depression, and anxiety. Psychological disorders in diabetic patients caused by changes in behavior in everyday life such as physical activity, regular blood glucose control, continuous drug consumption, proper diet, and avoid foot wounds. The patient's response to stress depends on positive coping mechanisms. Positive self-belief or self-efficacy of a patient to the treatment of his illness can increase positive coping mechanisms. This study aims to explain the relationship between self-efficacy with coping mechanisms in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. This study used correlation research design with a cross-sectional approach. Sampling technique in this study used consecutive sampling with respondents 36 outpatients type 2 diabetes mellitus in dr. Haryoto Hospital at Lumajang. Data was obtained by giving questionnaires of the Diabetes Management Self Efficacy Scale (DMSES) and the Cope Inventory, analyzed by using Spearman Rank correlation test. This study showed a significant relationship between self-efficacy and coping mechanism (p = 0.001) with a strong and positive correlation (r = 0.673) which shows the higher self-efficacy of the patient then the coping mechanism will better. Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who have high self-efficacy in the treatments will have good coping mechanisms in dealing with psychological distress such as stress, depression, and anxiety

Prevalence and association of chronic musculoskeletal pain on self-management, glycemic control and quality of life among Chinese type 2 diabetes patients in primary care

AimsTo examine the prevalence of chronic musculoskeletal (MSK) pain and its association with diabetes self-management, glycemic control and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) in primary care. Methods329 patients with type 2 DM were recruited at public primary care clinics in Hong Kong. Chronic MSK pain was defined as having MSK pain ≥ 3 months, and the pain severity was measured by Brief Pain Inventory (BPI). Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy Scale (DMSES), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and EuroQuol-5D (EQ5D) were collected. Multivariable regression was used to examine the association between the presence of chronic MSK pain with DMSES, HbA1c and EQ5D, adjusted for baseline confounders such as age, sex, BMI, duration of DM and comorbid depression. ResultsApproximately 49.5% of respondents reported chronic MSK pain with a median BPI severity score of 3.5 (2.0–5.0). The presence of chronic MSK pain was associated with lower HRQoL (β = −0.053, 95% CI −0.087 to −0.018, P = 0.003), but was not associated with the diabetes self-management and glycemic control. Depression was associated with poorer diabetes self-management (β = −2.776, 95% CI −4.247 to −1.304, P < 0.001) and HRQoL.( β = −0.018,95% CI-0.025 to −0.012, P < 0.001). ConclusionsChronic MSK pain was present in nearly half of the diabetic patients in primary care; however, the degree of pain was mild and had not shown to affect diabetes self-management and glycemic control. Depression was associated with poorer diabetes self-management. Chronic MSK pain and depression were both associated with poorer HRQoL.

Translation and psychometric validation of the Arabic Gestational Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy Scale (GDMSES)

IntroductionThe assessment of self-efficacy for adherence to healthy behaviours among women with gestational diabetes (GDM) is undermined by the unavailability of validated tools. Therefore, this study aimed at translating, culturally adapting and assessing the psychometric properties of the Arabic version of Gestational Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy Scale (GDMSES). Materials and methodsThis methodological study was conducted in the Antenatal Clinic at Sultan Qaboos University Hospital in Oman between October 2016 and January 2017. A total of 90 forms of the Arabic GDMSES tool were completed by Omani pregnant women with gestational diabetes. The study has a multiphase design: (1) cultural and linguistic validation; (2) content and face validity; (3) construct validity; (4) internal validity. ResultsThe Arabic GDMSES showed satisfactory content validity (CVI between .8 and 1), acceptable overall scale internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's alpha=0.85) and stability overtime (Pearson correlation coefficient>.6). Four factors emerged for construct validity using exploratory factor analysis: nutrition and body weight, adaptation to healthy eating, physical activity and treatment and blood sugar. Our sample size of 90 was considered adequate in determining these factors (Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin=.78). ConclusionsGDMSES is a valid and reliable tool, thus providing a quick and easy self-efficacy assessment tool for antenatal nurses dealing with pregnant women with GDM.

Social Support, Self-Care Behaviour and Self-Efficacy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Diabetes mellitus is a major public health issue that considerably impacts mortality, morbidity, and healthcare costs worldwide. The COVID-19 pandemic has created havoc in diabetes management, too, like other spectrums of life. A descriptive, cross-sectional study was adopted to determine the effect of Social Support, Self-Care Behaviour and Self-Efficacy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2D) during this COVID-19 pandemic. Two hundred T2D patients who satisfied the inclusion criteria were chosen using a convenient sampling procedure. The tool consists of four sections, including socio-demographic characteristics, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), revised Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA) Scale and modified Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy Scale (DMS). Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the obtained data. The mean and SD of diabetic management self-efficacy is 5.74 (1.95) and 4.37 (1.4), respectively, for patients with HbA1c < 6.5% and HbA1c ≥ 6.5%. The self-care activities of the patients who had good glycemic control were 4.31 (2.06) compared to 3.50 (1.73) who did not. The social support received by the patients was 6.13 (2.13) vs. 5.31 (1.67) among patients with glycemic control vs. no control. The results show that social support (p = 0.04), self-efficacy (p =0.01) and self-care activities (p = 0.001) were significantly related to the level of glycemic control of the T2D patients. A significant relationship was also identified between gender (p = 0.036), age (p = 0.001) and education status (p = 0.000) with HbA1c control of the participants. This study demonstrates a significant relationship between social support, self-care behaviours, self-efficacy and glycemic management in T2D patients. During this COVID-19 pandemic, interventions to enhance the self-care activities like exercise and social support to boost their self-efficacy; for better diabetes management, reducing diabetes complications or prolonging their onset are the need of the hour.

The impact of prenatal depression and diabetes management self-efficacy on postpartum stress and depression in women with gestational diabetes mellitus.

The study aimed to examine the impact of prenatal depression and diabetes management self-efficacy on postpartum stress and postpartum depression in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Poor perinatal mental health is linked to various adverse pregnancy outcomes in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. A predictive study design and the guidelines forthe STROBE checklist were used for the study. A total of 119 pregnant women with a positive 75g-glucose challenge test were recruited at a medical centre. The Taiwanese depression questionnaire (TDQ), the diabetes management self-efficacy scale (DMSES) and the Hung postpartum stress scale (Hung PSS) were used for data collection at the 24th week of pregnancy and the first week after childbirth. Diabetes management self-efficacy was correlated with postpartum stress in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Moreover, prenatal depression was a predictor of postpartum stress and postpartum depression, respectively, in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Healthcare providers should assess those women's diabetes management self-efficacy and mood status during prenatal visits and offer the needed intervention to reduce the levels of postpartum stress and postpartum depression of those women after childbirth. A holistic care approach integrated diabetic care and mental health for women with gestational diabetes mellitus in a timely manner is warranted to promote perinatal mental health in women with gestational diabetes mellitus.

Medication Adherence and Associated Factors in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Structural Equation Model.

Background: The number of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) is increasing. Medication treatment is of great importance to stabilize blood glucose. Previous studies have reported that neuroticism, self-efficacy, and social support are factors associated with medication adherence, but few studies have fully investigated the mechanisms between these factors and medication adherence in patients with T2D.Purpose: To explore the prevalence of medication adherence and the factors associated with medication adherence in patients with T2D.Methods: A cross-sectional study consisting of 483 patients with T2D was conducted from July to December 2020. Questionnaires containing sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale-8 (MMAS-8), the neuroticism subscale of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised Short Scale (EPQ-RS), the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), and the Diabetes Management Self-efficacy Scale (DMSES) were used to collect data. The structural equation model (SEM) was used to test the hypotheses.Results: This study included 305 (63.1%) medication adherence and 178 (36.9%) medication non-adherence patients with T2D. Social support directly influenced medication adherence (β = 0.115, P = 0.029) and indirectly influenced medication adherence through self-efficacy (β = 0.044, P = 0.016). Self-efficacy directly influenced medication adherence (β = 0.139, P = 0.023). Neuroticism indirectly affected medication adherence through social support (β = −0.027, P = 0.023) and self-efficacy (β = −0.019, P = 0.014). Moreover, there was a sequential mediating effect of social support and self-efficacy on the relationship between neuroticism and medication adherence (β = −0.010, P = 0.012). After controlling for age and gender, similar results were obtained. The model fit indices showed a good fit.Conclusions: The medication adherence of patients with T2D needs to be improved. Neuroticism, social support, and self-efficacy had direct or indirect effects on medication adherence in patients with T2D. Healthcare providers should comprehensively develop intervention programs based on neuroticism, social support, and self-efficacy to improve medication adherence in patients with T2D.

Effect Of Nursing Intervention Based on Behavioral Shaping Therapy on Blood Glucose Index, Self-Efficacy and Subjective Well-Being in Elderly Patients with T2DM

Objective: To investigate the effect of nursing intervention based on behavioral shaping therapy on blood glucose index, self-efficacy and subjective well-being in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: 100 elderly patients with T2DM admitted to our hospital from February 2019 to January 2020 were selected and divided into control group and observation group according to the random number table method, 50 cases in each group. The control group adopted the nursing method of routine education combined with motivation interview, and the observation group adopted the nursing method of behavior shaping on the basis of the control group. The fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2h postprandial plasma glucose (2h PG), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbAlc) level, self-management ability score, diabetes management self-efficacy scale (DMSES) score and subjective well-being score were compared between the two groups before and after intervention. Results: The levels of FPG, 2h PG and HbAlc in the two groups were significantly decreased, and those of the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P&lt;0.05). After intervention, the total scores of self-management ability, DMSES and subjective well-being of the two groups were significantly increased, and the observation group was significantly higher than the control group (P&lt;0.05). Conclusion: Behavioral shaping therapy combined with routine education and motivation interview can significantly improve the self-management ability, self-efficacy, blood glucose index and subjective well-being of elderly patients.

Examination of Self-Efficacy and Quality of Life of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Regarding Diabetes Management

Purpose: Good self-management in patients with diabetes will help them to maintain their well-being and quality of life, and the control of risk factors will make it possible to manage disease symptoms and to prevent complications. This study was carried out to determine the self-efficacy levels of patients with type 2 diabetes regarding their care and the factors affecting them and to examine the relationship between patients’ self-efficacy and quality of life. &#x0D; Methods: This study used a cross-sectional design and was carried out with a total of 342 patients with type 2 diabetes. The Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy Scale (SES) was employed to evaluate diabetes self-efficacy levels of the patients, and the WHO Quality of Life Scale-Brief Form was used to evaluate their quality of life. &#x0D; Results: The mean of the scores that the patients obtained from the SES scale was 64.16 ± 12.09. Diabetes self-efficacy was higher in patients who were married, were university graduates, had received training/information related to the disease, did not have any other chronic diseases, and did not exhibit any complications (p

Application of the Social Cognitive Theory to Predict Self-Care Behavior among Type 2 Diabetes Patients with Limited Health Literacy

Background and Objective: Although compliance with self-care behaviors is necessary for the successful management of diabetes, patients with diabetes often refuse favorable self-care. This study was conducted to determine the factors influencing self-care behaviors among type-2 diabetic patients who had limited health literacy based on social cognitive theory (SCT). Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 293 diabetic patients with limited health literacy that was identified by S-TOFHLA. The data were collected using the summary of diabetes self-care activities, diabetes management self-efficacy scale, outcome expectancies questionnaire, and a researcher-made questionnaire for collecting data related to self-regulation and social support constructs. Data were analyzed by SPSS ver.22 using multiple linear regression to determine the predictors of self-care behaviors. Results: In the case of patient’s adherence to self-care tasks, they had the best adherence to medication regime and the worst adherence to physical activity. Employment status (p <0.032, β=3.57), supplementary insurance (p <0.018, β=1.74), and history of participating in diabetes education classes (p <0.044, β=1.63) were predictors of self-care behaviors in the studied patients. Among the SCT constructs, perceived self-efficacy (p <0.001, β=0.21) predicted self-care ability. The mean score of self-care increased around 0.21 by increasing one single unit of self-efficacy. Overall, these factors predicted 67% (R2 = 0.67) of self-care changes. Conclusions: The results of this study showed that self-efficacy and demographic variables are significant predictors to improve self-care ability among diabetic patients with limited health literacy.

Self-Efficacy Effects of Maccabi Telcare Center Diabetes Mellitus Intervention: Do Men and Women Benefit Equally?

A growing body of evidence points to physiological and psychological gender differences in the manifestation and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. This study is part of a large-scale, prospective trial investigating the effects of Maccabi Telecare Center (MTC) interventions on self-efficacy. Here, we focus on the effects of gender on diabetes self-efficacy related to depressive symptom severity and illness representation. A prospective open-label study investigating the effect of tele-based intervention on diabetes self-efficacy. Participants completed the following questionnaires: Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy Scale (DMSES) (self-efficacy), Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9) (depression), and Illness Perception Questionnaire-Revised (IPQ-R) (illness representation). Data were collected at three time points: Baseline (T1), 3-4 months (T2), and 8-9 months (T3). Although men and women exhibited similar baseline self-efficacy levels, men scored significantly higher than women over time, at T2 (p < .05) and T3 (p < .05). Consistent gender differences were observed throughout the study in depression and illness representations: women scored higher than men on PHQ-9 (3.94 vs. 5.57, p < .001), and perceived their diabetes consequences as more severe than men (p < .001). A linear regression analyses indicated that MTC intervention, age, baseline self-efficacy, and depression at T3 explained 39.8% of the variance of selfefficacy at the conclusion of the study for both genders, although more strongly for men. This study indicates that the effects of a treatment intervention for individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus are gender specific. Thus, gender-tailored interventions may be advised to further improve outcomes for women with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Pengaruh Self-Efficacy Enhancing Intervention Program (SEEIP) Secara Online Terhadap Self-Efficacy Dalam Manajemen Diri Penderita Diabetes Mellitus Tipe II Di Puskesmas Juli I

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the effect of Self-Efficacy Enhancing Intervention Program (SEEIP) with online method on Self-Efficacy in Self-Management in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) at Juli I Public Health CentreMethods: This study was a pre-experimental pre-test and post-test with only one group design. The population wasT2DM at Juli I Public Health Center in 2020. The sample size was 22 participants, selected by purposive sampling technique. Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy Scale (DMSES) was used to measure the Self-Efficacy in Self- Management of T2DM patients. Data were analyzed using paired t-testResults: The results of the study showed that the means score of Self- Management of T2DM before receiving SEEIP was 39,00 (SD: 15,455) and 90,23 (SD: 7,571)after receiving the SEEIP. Paired t-test showed that there was a significant difference on Self- Efficacy in Self-Management in T2DM at Juli I Public Health Centre in 2020Conclusion: SEEIP could improve self-efficacy in self-management for Type 2 diabetes mellitus at Juli I Public Health Centre.

Impacts of psychological resilience on self-efficacy and quality of life in patients with diabetic foot ulcers: a prospective cross-sectional study.

Patients with diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) usually have a poor quality of life (QoL) and self-efficacy, which is affected by many risk factors. However, the role of psychological resilience in QoL and self-efficacy in DFU patients has remained unclear. This prospective cross-sectional study was performed in a single center from January 2018 to February 2020. A total of 98 DFU patients were enrolled in this study. Some demographic and clinical data were prospectively collected from participants. The psychological resilience of participants was assessed by Connor-Davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC). Self-efficacy was also assessed using the diabetes management self-efficacy scale (DMSES) and QoL was assessed by the 36-item short-form (SF-36) health survey. Univariable and multivariable linear regression were used to analyze the risk factors of self-efficacy and QoL. Then, logistic regression was used to analyze the predictors of psychological resilience among the participants. A CD-RISC score of more than 85 points was defined as high psychological resilience in this study; there were 28 participants diagnosed with high psychological resilience and 70 patients with low psychological resilience. Those with high psychological resilience had significantly higher self-efficacy, general health, vitality, social functioning, role emotional, and mental health than those with low psychological resilience. According to multivariable linear regression, low psychological resilience and older age were identified as risk factors of self-efficacy. On the contrary, low psychological resilience, older age, lower perceived social support and higher level of glycated hemoglobin were identified as risk factors of QoL. Finally, males had lower psychological resilience than females and those receiving more social support had higher psychological resilience than participants receiving less social support. Some risk factors of QoL and self-efficacy were identified in this study and these results may provide some evidence for the improvement of QoL and self-efficacy in DFU patients. Being female and receiving higher social support were shown to have potential for improving psychological resilience in DFU patients.

Correlation Between Functional Health Literacy and Self-efficacy in People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Cross-sectional Study.

To analyze the correlation between functional health literacy (FHL) and self-efficacy (SE) in people with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Cross-sectional study was conducted among September and October 2019, with 196 people with type 2 diabetes. Data were collected using the Functional Literacy in Health instrument (B-TOFHLA) and the Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy Scale for Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DMSES). Bivariate analysis was used to verify the relationship among the constructs. Most diabetics showed an average B-TOFHLA score of 74.75, considered adequate, and self-efficacy of 4.07, high. The association between SE and FHL in the bivariate analysis found no statistical significance (p > .05), in the same sense as the B-TOFHLA score and the DMSES domains (p > .05). Constructs were not related to each other in terms of skills arising from judgments and decisions with motivational confidence by the investigated audience.

Self-Efficacy as a Predictor of Self-Management Behavior Practice Among People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)

Diabetes mellitus is a major health challenge associated with morbidity and mortality. Self-management behaviors are a critical part of diabetes disease management. Empowered or activated patients are more likely to practice better implementation of self-management behaviors. However, self-management behavior practice has not always been applied effectively among these populations. Further investigations are necessary to evaluate the status and factors that influence the practice of selfmanagement behaviors among patients with diabetes. The purpose of this research is to identify the relationship between self-efficacy and self-management behaviors of people with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. A cross-sectional research design was used in this study; 112 eligible people with type 2 Diabetes were recruited. Several questionnaires were used in this study including demographic and patient characteristics, Diabetes Management Self Efficacy Scale (DMSES), Summary Diabetes Self Care Activity (SDSCA), and Diabetes Knowledge (DKN) Scale. Data analysis was performed through univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analyzes. Most of the respondents studied were women, aged 34-74 years and the highest educational background was secondary education, 33.9% of respondents have a good level of knowledge, and 59.8% have good self-efficacy. The results show the significant relationship between self-efficacy and self-management behaviors (p-value &lt; 0.001). The results of multivariate analysis showed that there was a relationship between self-efficacy and self-management behavior after being controlled by the knowledge and the duration of diabetes. Therefore, nurses need to improve the self-efficacy of people with type 2 Diabetes by providing education about the management of Diabetes, as well as supporting and motivating them.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: self-efficacy, self-management behaviors, people with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

The self-efficacy improvement in adolescent girls with type 1 diabetes mellitus with self-care education through mobile-based social networking

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is the most common chronic metabolic disease in childhood and adolescence. The increasing use of social networks among adolescents provides a unique opportunity to implement self-care educational programs for improving self-efficacy in diabetic adolescents in terms of awareness, attitude, and performance. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of a self-care educational program provided by mobile-based social networking (MBSN) on the self-efficacy of diabetic adolescent girls. A quasi-experimental study with 76 Iranian 14- to 18-year-old girls with T1DM was conducted in 2018–2019. The subjects were selected with aconvenient sampling method and randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. The MBSN was applied to implement a self-care educational program in the experimental group for 12 weeks. The Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy Scale (DMSES) questionnaire with the main domains of blood sugar control (BSC), diet control (DC), medical care (MC), and exercise was used to evaluate the self-efficacy level before and 4 weeks after the intervention. The mean age and T1DM duration of participants were 15.9 ± 1.5 and 7.24 ± 3.9 years, respectively. No significant difference in the self-efficacy of the two groups before the intervention was found. The self-efficacy level in the experimental group was increased after the intervention so that there was a significant difference in this parameter between the experimental and control groups (p < 0.0001). Three DMSES domains of BSC (p = 0.003), DC (p = 0.011), and MC (p = 0.016) after the intervention significantly differed between the two groups. As the self-care education with MBSN significantly increased the self-efficacy level of girls with T1DM, this technique would be a complementary of health care in educating and supporting diabetic patients in other age groups.