Diabetic Control Group Research Articles

Ameliorative Effects of Isoeugenol and Eugenol against Impaired Nerve Function and Inflammatory and Oxidative Mediators in Diabetic Neuropathic Rats.

Diabetic polyneuropathy is characterized by structural abnormalities, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. The current study aimed to determine the antinociceptive effects of isoeugenol and eugenol and their combinations in neuropathic pain resulting from streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes and neuroinflammation. Female SD rats were categorized into normal control, diabetic control, and treatment groups. On the 28th day and 45th day, behavioral studies (allodynia and hyperalgesia) were performed to analyze the development and protection of diabetic polyneuropathy. The levels of inflammatory and oxidative mediators, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), catalase, reduced glutathione, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), were estimated. In addition, the level of nerve growth factor (NGF) was estimated at the end of the study in different groups. The anti-NGF treatment decreased its upregulation in the dorsal root ganglion significantly. The results showed that isoeugenol, eugenol, and their combination have therapeutic potential against neuronal and oxidative damage induced by diabetes. In particular, both compounds significantly affected behavioral function in treated rats and showed neuroprotection against diabetic neuropathy, and their combination had synergistic effects.

Antihypertensive and antihyperglycemic effects of combinations of losartan with metformin and/or glibenclamide in desoxycorticosterone acetate and streptozotocin-induced hypertensive diabetic rats

BackgroundHypertension is a medical condition that often comorbidly exist in patients with type II diabetes. Therefore, it is very important to manage both conditions simultaneously to mitigate the complications and mortality connected with this comorbidity. Hence, this study investigated the antihypertensive and antihyperglycemic effects of combinations of losartan (LOS) with metformin (MET) and/or glibenclamide (GLB) in hypertensive diabetic rats. Hypertensive diabetic state was induced with desoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) and streptozotocin (STZ) in adult Wistar rats. The rats were divided into 5 groups (n = 5): control group (group 1), hypertensive diabetic (HD) control (group 2), treatment groups receiving LOS + MET (group 3), LOS + GLB (group 4), and LOS + MET + GLB (group 5). Group 1 comprised healthy rats while groups 2–5 were HD rats. The rats were treated orally once daily for 8 weeks. Fasted blood glucose (FBS) level, haemodynamic parameters, and some biochemical indices were thereafter assessed.ResultsFBS level and blood pressure measurements were significantly (P < 0.05) increased following induction by DOCA/STZ. The drug treatment combinations, particularly combination of LOS + MET + GLB, significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the induced hyperglycemia and remarkably decreased systolic blood pressure and heart rate. There was significant (P < 0.05) reduction in raised lactate dehydrogenase and creatinine kinase levels by all drug treatment combinations except LOS + GLB.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that LOS combinations with MET and/or GLB exhibited significant antidiabetic and antihypertensive effects against DOCA/STZ-induced hypertensive diabetic state in rats.

Anti-Diabetic and Anti-oxidant Activities of Devdarvadyarishta in StreptozotocinInduced Diabetic Rats

Devdarvadyarishta is a honey based medicated alcoholic formulation that has been documented to elicit hypoglycemic activity in Ayurvedic lexicon. The aim of this present study was to evaluate the anti-diabetic and anti-oxidant effect of Devdarvadyarishta in STZ induced Type II diabetic rats. 24 Wistar albino rats were distributed into four groups with six animals in each group viz., Group I (Normal Control Group), Group II (Diabetic control group), group III (Standard drug Glibenclamide at 10 mg/kg of body weight), group IV (Devdarvadyarishta at 2000 mg/kg of body weight). Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of STZ at dose level of 35 mg/kg. The whole study was conducted for 30 days. Changes in parameters like body weight, blood glucose, blood urea, serum cholesterol, triglycerides, creatinine, insulin, alkaline phosphatase, oral glucose tolerance test and liver anti-oxidant parameters viz., superoxide dismutase and reduced glutathione were recorded. Histopathology of liver and pancreas was also done. Result showed significant improvement in parameters like body weight, lipid profile, blood glucose, serum creatinine, insulin and alkaline phosphatase which were almost analogous to potent antidiabetic drug glibenclamide. Histopathological studies reinforce the healing of pancreas by increase in pancreatic islet numbers and size, amelioration in atrophy, well-rejuvenated normal cellular arrangement and reduced necrosis with normal blood vessels in liver by test drug as a possible mechanism of its antidiabetic and anti-oxidant activity our study suggests that Devdarvadyarishta suppresses the symptoms of diabetes and diabetes related oxidative stress in animal study.

A Histological Study on the Effect of Aqueous Extract of Cactus on Frontal Cortex of Diabetes Mellitus Wistar Rat

The cactus plant is one of the most common plants used in treatment all kinds of ailment. Studies have shown that the cactus extract has both antihyperglycemic and neuroprotective effects. This research will focus on some of the effect of an aqueous extract of cactus on the cytoarchitecture of the frontal cortex of the diabetic Wistar rats. Thirty (30) male Wistar rats were randomly selected and placed into five (5) groups of 6 Wistar rats each. These include the control group A, diabetic only group B, diabetic+cactus group C, diabetic+metformin group D, and cactus only group E. The animals were acclimatized for one week. The Rats were weighed, and a baseline glucose level established after the overnight fasting period. The animals were injected with streptozotocin calculated at a dose of 70 mg/kg body weight and reintroduced to the normal feeding cycle. After about 72 hours, diabetes was established (blood glucose≥ 7 mmol). The administration of Cactus extract of 100 mg/kg BW and Metformin of 100 mg/kg BW commenced for four weeks. After fourth week the animals were sacrificed by euthanasia and the brain was harvested and fixed in 10 % formal saline for H and E and PTAH staining. At the end of the four weeks experiments the results shows, the average body weight of the rats in the diabetic+cactus group showed an increase by the end of the four-week experiment which was not significantly different to the normal control group, while the diabetic+metformin group was significantly different to the control group and also diabetic control group was significant to normal control group. The relative brain weight of the diabetic+cactus and diabetic+metformin group were not significantly different to the normal control (p&gt;0.05). The blood glucose levels of the diabetic+cactus and diabetic+metformin group at the end of the fourth week were not significant different from Group A (p&gt;0.05). The H and E photomicrographs of diabetic group show that most cells were necrotic, and the normal pyramidal cells present were scanty. The diabetic+cactus group showed presence of more normal pyramidal cells than necrotic cells. The diabetic+metformin group showed presence of both normal and necrotic pyramidal cells. The PTAH staining in the diabetic group, there were astrocytes present with degenerated neuron. Diabetic+cactus and diabetic+metformin groups showed some neurons were degenerated while some appeared normal with astrocytes while the cytoarchitecture of cactus only group are similar to that of normal control group. Aqueous extract of cactus possesses anti hyperglycemic effects and can be a potential and effective therapy for the management of diabetes due to its ameliorative properties as shown in the findings of this research.

Ameliorative Potentials of Methanol Bark Extract of Detarium senegalense (Tallow Tree) in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Male Wistar Rats

Diabetes is a global metabolic disease that affects millions of individuals worldwide and raises the global death rate, posing a public health concern. Because antidiabetic traditional drugs are expensive, have side effects, and are ineffective, researchers are looking into novel medicinal plants to find a long-term cure that is inexpensive, has few or no side effects, and is highly effective in treating diabetes and its consequences. Detarium senegalense is a versatile plant used to cure a variety of ailments, including diabetes. This research aimed to investigate the ameliorative potentials of methanol bark extract of Detarium senegalense in streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic male Wistar Rats. Thirty (30) adult male Wistar rats weighing 120-180gm were chosen at random and put into six (6) groups of five rats each (n=5) for this investigation. A single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (150mg/kg) produced diabetes in rats. Normal and diabetic control groups are represented by groups 1 and 2, respectively. Group 3, a diabetic group, received metformin (50mg/kg). Groups 4, 5, and 6 received methanol bark extract of Deterium senegalenses at 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg/day, respectively. The animals were euthanized at the end of the 21-day treatment period, and organs were excised for biochemical examination. The generated data was analyzed with the SPSS software, and the results were expressed as mean SEM. Result confirms Detarium senegalense methanol bark extract as a hypoglycemic agent on the diabetic rats, by decreasing blood glucose level and the activity of metabolic enzymes (α-amylase and α-glucosidase), increase hexokinase, Superoxide dismutase, Catalase, Glut 1 and Glut 2 activities while decreasing the activities of Malondialdehyde. Conclusively, the bark of Detarium senegalense has been shown to have anti-diabetic and anti-oxidative.

Comparative effects of xylitol and erythritol on modulating blood glucose; inducing insulin secretion; reducing dyslipidemia and redox imbalance in a type 2 diabetes rat model

Xylitol and erythritol have been reported in numerous previous and recent studies as potential antidiabetic sweeteners, however, it is not certain which one is most effective in this regard. In the present study, the effects of xylitol and erythritol were comparatively investigated on blood glucose, insulin level, dyslipidemia, pancreatic islet morphology and β-cell function, and redox imbalance in a type 2 diabetes (T2D) model of rats. Seven-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 8 groups: Normal Control (NC), Diabetic Control (DC), Diabetic Xylitol 5 % (DX5), Diabetic Xylitol 10 % (DX10), Diabetic Xylitol 20 % (DX20), Diabetic Erythritol 5 % (DE5), Diabetic Erythritol 10 % (DE10), and Diabetic Erythritol 20 % (DE20). T2D was induced in the diabetic groups initially by feeding 10 % fructose solution to induce insulin resistance followed by an intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (40 mg/kg body weight) dissolved in citrate buffer (pH 4.5) to induce partial pancreatic β-cells dysfunctions. The animals in NC group were fed with normal drinking water and injected with citrate buffer only. After the confirmation of diabetes, the xylitol and erythritol with above-mentioned concentrations were supplied to the respective animal groups when the animals in NC and DC groups were supplied with normal drinking water. After 8 weeks intervention period, the body weight, fluid and water intake, blood glucose, serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, CK-MB and creatinine were significantly decreased, while the serum insulin level, serum lipids, glucose tolerance ability, pancreatic islet morphology and β-cell function, pancreatic and serum redox imbalance were improved in the most xylitol and erythritol fed groups compared to the DC group, when effects were better for xylitol compared to erythritol. The data of this study suggest that xylitol has better antioxidant and antidiabetic effects compared to erythritol. Therefore, xylitol can be used as a preferrable dietary anti-diabetic sweetener or supplement over erythritol for the management of diabetes and its associated complications.

A modern web-based health promotion program for patients in Greece with diabetes 2 and obesity: an interventional study

BackgroundHealth promotion programs are most beneficial in chronic diseases such as diabetes and morbid obesity, which can be positively affected by changes in attitudes, beliefs, and lifestyle.ObjectivesThis study aimed to develop an internet-based modern Health Promotion model using interactive online applications through continuing education and participation.MethodsThe goal was to positively impact knowledge, behavior, and quality of life for patients with obesity and/or diabetes. This is a prospective interventional study on patients with obesity or type 2 diabetes. Seventeen two patients who met the inclusion criteria were distributed randomly into two groups (control and intervention) from 2019 to 2021 in Greece. All the participants were given questionaries concerning quality of life anxiety and depression (HADS) attitudes and beliefs, knowledge about their condition and general questions to establish a baseline. A traditional health promotion model was followed for the control group. For participants in the intervention group, a web-based health promotion program was created according to the goals of the research. Participants were instructed to log on 1–2 times a week for 5–15 min, with the understanding that the research team would be monitoring their activities. The website included two knowledge games and personalized educational material based on their needs.ResultsThe sample comprised 72 patients (36 in control and 36 in the intervention groups). The mean age was 47.8 years for the control group and 42.7 years for the intervention group (p = 0.293). Both study groups had a significant increase in knowledge score on diabetes (Control group:3,24, Intervention group 11,88 p < 0,001) and obesity (Control group:4,9, Intervention group 51,63 p < 0,001) along with a positive attitude score towards fighting obesity (Control group: 1,8, Intervention group 13,6 p < 0,001). Still, the overall change was more remarkable for the intervention group, as indicated by the significant interaction effect of the analysis. Anxiety was decreased only in the intervention group (Control group:0,11, Intervention group − 0,17 p < 0,005). Analysis for QOL during follow-up showed that Physical Health and Level of Independence was improved in both study groups but the degree of improvement was more significant in the intervention group (Control group 0,31,Intervention group 0,73 p < 0,001). Psychological Health was improved only in the intervention group, with better scores at 6 and 12 months compared to controls (Control group 0,28,Intervention group 1,42 p < 0,001). Furthermore, Social relationships were improved only in the intervention group (Control group 0,02, Intervention group 0,56 p < 0,001).ConclusionsThe results of the present study showed that the participants in the intervention group showed significant improvement in knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs after using the internet as a learning tool. The intervention group also showed significantly reduced anxiety and depression arising from chronic illness. All of this resulted in an improved quality of life regarding physical Health, mental Health, and social relationships. Technology and online-based health promotion programs can revolutionize how we approach the prevention and management of chronic and terminal illnesses by improving accessibility, personalizing care, increasing engagement and motivation, improving data analysis, and disease management.

Co-administration of exercise training and melatonin on the function of diabetic heart tissue: a systematic review and meta-analysis of rodent models

PurposeDiabetes mellitus (DM), a hyperglycemic condition, occurs due to the failure of insulin secretion and resistance. This study investigated the combined effects of exercise training and melatonin (Mel) on the function of heart tissue in diabetic rodent models.MethodsA systematic search was conducted in Embase, ProQuest, Cochrane library, Clinicaltrial.gov, WHO, Google Scholar, PubMed, Ovid, Scopus, Web of Science, Ongoing Trials Registers, and Conference Proceedings in July 2022 with no limit of date or language. All trials associated with the effect of Mel and exercise in diabetic rodent models were included. Of the 962 relevant publications, 58 studies met our inclusion criteria as follows; Mel and type 1 DM (16 studies), Mel and type 2 DM (6 studies), exercise and type 1 DM (24 studies), and exercise and type 2 DM (12 studies). Meta-analysis of the data was done using the Mantel Haenszel method.ResultsIn most of these studies, antioxidant status and oxidative stress, inflammatory response, apoptosis rate, lipid profiles, and glucose levels were monitored in diabetic heart tissue. According to our findings, both Mel and exercise can improve antioxidant capacity by activating antioxidant enzymes compared to the control diabetic groups (p < 0.05). The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, especially TNF-α were reduced in diabetic rodents after being treated with Mel and exercise. Apoptotic changes were diminished in diabetic rodents subjected to the Mel regime and exercise in which p53 levels and the activity of Caspases reached near normal levels (p < 0.05). Based on the data, both Mel and exercise can change the lipid profile in diabetic rodents, especially rats, and close it to near-to-control levels.ConclusionThese data showed that exercise and Mel can reduce the harmful effects of diabetic conditions on the heart through the regulation of lipid profile, antioxidant capacity, apoptosis, and inflammation.

Sitagliptin Mitigates Diabetic Nephropathy in a Rat Model of Streptozotocin-Induced Type 2 Diabetes: Possible Role of PTP1B/JAK-STAT Pathway.

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus. This study examined the therapeutic effects of sitagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase inhibitor, on DN and explored the underlying mechanism. Male Wistar albino rats (n = 12) were intraperitoneally administered a single dose of streptozotocin (30 mg/kg) to induce diabetes. Streptozotocin-treated and untreated rats (n = 12) were further divided into normal control, normal sitagliptin-treated control, diabetic control, and sitagliptin-treated diabetic groups (n = 6 in each). The normal and diabetic control groups received normal saline, whereas the sitagliptin-treated control and diabetic groups received sitagliptin (100 mg/kg, p.o.). We assessed the serum levels of DN and inflammatory biomarkers. Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1 B (PTP1B), phosphorylated Janus kinase 2 (P-JAK2), and phosphorylated signal transducer activator of transcription (P-STAT3) levels in kidney tissues were assessed using Western blotting, and kidney sections were examined histologically. Sitagliptin reduced DN and inflammatory biomarkers and the expression of PTP1B, p-JAK2, and p-STAT3 (p < 0.001) and improved streptozotocin-induced histological changes in the kidney. These results demonstrate that sitagliptin ameliorates inflammation by inhibiting DPP-4 and consequently modulating the PTP1B-related JAK/STAT axis, leading to the alleviation of DN.

Blood Glucose Level, Langerhans Pancreas and Lipid Profile of Diabetic Rats After Administration of Red Betel, Ginger and Cinnamon Combination Extract.

Previous studies had reported antihyperglycemic activity in vitro, in vivo and in silico of red betel (Piper crocatum) extract, which was associated with its polyphenolic, tannins, alkaloids, and flavonoids compounds. This study aimed to determine blood glucose level, Langerhans pancreas, lipid profile and bodyweight of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats after administrating red betel combination extract. Red betel combination extract is composed of red betel extract that was combined with ginger and cinnamon extracts. 16 male rats (Sprague Dawley) were divided randomly into two controls groups (Normal and diabetic groups; orally administered with 2 mL of aquadest for 14 days) and two extract groups (diabetic groups; orally administered with red betel combination extract 9 mL/kg BW and 13.5 mL/kg BW). Results showed that the administration of red betel combination extract for 14 days (9 mL/kg BW dosage) decreased the rat's blood glucose level up to 55.42%, which was significantly different (p < 0.05) compared to the rat's blood glucose levels on day 3. While the combination extract (dosages 9 mL/kg BW and 13.5 mL/kg BW) increased the numbers of rat Langerhans islets up to 10.9%-30.6%. The level of rat's blood high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and triglyceride levels in the diabetic control group were significantly different (p < 0.05) compared to that of the diabetic with red betel combination extract and normal groups. The treatment orally with red betel combination extract (various dosages) for 14 days suppressed the weight loss of rats by 10%-11%.

Antidiabetic, Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Residual Aqueous Fraction of Ethulia conyzoides in Induced Type 2 Diabetic Rats.

Oxidative stress and inflammation have been proven to be implicated in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Recent studies showed that Ethulia conyzoides had in-vitro antioxidant activity. This study investigated the in-vivo antidiabetic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory potential of the residual aqueous fraction of Ethulia conyzoides in type 2 diabetic-induced male Wistar rats. Sub-acute antidiabetic studies were done with varying doses (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight) of residual aqueous fraction for 21 days. Blood glucose levels, serum insulin, and in vivo antioxidant and pro-inflammatory cytokines-tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) -were measured at the end of the treatment. When rats were given different concentrations of residual aqueous fraction, there was a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in blood glucose, malondialdehyde (MDA), IL-1β, and TNF-α levels, as well as a significant (p < 0.05) increase in SOD (superoxide dismutase), catalase and insulin levels when compared to the diabetic control group. Furthermore, the 400 mg/kg body weight dosage concentration was found to be the most effective. This result suggests that the residual aqueous fraction of Ethulia conyzoides possesses significant antidiabetic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.

Retinol binding protein 4 promotes the phenotypic transformation of vascular smooth muscle cells under high glucose condition via modulating RhoA/ROCK1 pathway

Phenotypic switch of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) contributes to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis (AS). High level of retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4) is regarded as a risk factor in cardiac-cerebral vascular disease. This study is performed to clarify the biological function of RBP4 in modulating the phenotypic switch of VSMCs induced via RhoA/ROCK1 signaling pathway. In vivo experiment, all the rats were divided into control group (NC), diabetic group (DM) and diabetic atherosclerosis group (DAS). The expressions of biochemical indicators, RhoA and Rho associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase 1 (ROCK1) were detected. In vitro experiment, VSMCs were cultured under high glucose condition, and ectogenic RBP4, HA-1100, rapamycin, or 3-methyladenine (3-MA) were supplemented to treat the VSMCs, respectively. The proliferation and migration of VSMCs were evaluated. The regulatory relationship between RBP4 and ROCK1 was predicted by bioinformatics analysis, and validated by qRT-PCR and Western blot. The regulatory effects of RBP4 on contractile phenotypic markers such as calponin, MYH11, α-SMA and autophagy markers including LC3II, LC3I, and Beclin-1 as well as mTOR were also detected. Moreover, VSMCs were cultured exposed to ROCK1 overexpressed plasmid or short hairpin RNA (shRNA), the proliferation and migration of VSMCs were evaluated and the regulatory effects of RhoA/ROCK1 signaling pathway on contractile phenotypic markers and autophagy markers were also detected. In vivo, RhoA, ROCK1, and mTOR were highly expressed in the rats intraperitoneally injected with RBP4. In vitro, the expressions of calponin, MYH11, α-SMA, LC3II, LC3I, and Beclin-1 were decreased in VSMCs treated with ROCK1-OA under high glucose condition, conversely, the expressions were increased in VSMCs exposed to ROCK1-shRNA. After incubated with rapamycin additionally, the expressions of calponin, MYH11, α-SMA, LC3II/I and Beclin-1 were up-regulated and the expression of p-mTOR was decreaed in VSMCs of HG+ROCK1-OA. Conversely, after incubated with 3-MA additionally, the expressions of calponin, MYH11, α-SMA, LC3II/I and Beclin-1 were down-regulated and the expression of p-mTOR was elevated in VSMCs of HG+ROCK1-shRNA. Ectogenic RBP4 facilitated high glucose-induced proliferation and migration of VSMCs, and it repressed the expression of calponin, MYH11, α-SMA, LC3II/I, and Beclin-1 in VSMCs. As expected, ROCK1 inhibit or counteracted the biological effects of RBP4 on VSMCs. In addition, the expressions of contractile phenotypic markers, LC3II/I, and Beclin-1 were promoted and mTOR were decreased after the VSMCs treated with autophagy agonist, whereas no significant difference was observed in the expressions of ROCK1, RhoA. RBP4 is an injurious factor in the pathogenesis of diabetic AS, and it promotes the phenotypic switch of VSMCs via activating RhoA/ROCK1 pathway and inhibiting autophagy.

Protective Effects of the Polyphenolic-Rich Fraction of Cornsilk against Oxidative Stress in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) has become a significant public health problem worldwide and primarily correlated to hyperglycaemia and abnormal lipid and antioxidant levels. Fruit and vegetable wastes are rich in phenolic compounds thus suitable for antioxidant sources. Cornsilk (CS), a maize cultivar waste, also contains phenolic compounds. The current study investigated the anti-hyperglycemic and antioxidative properties of the Phenolic-Rich Fraction of Cornsilk (PRF-CS) in Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Five groups of 30 male Sprague Dawley rats were employed in this study. A sample size of six rats each is placed in five groups: Normal-Control (NC), Diabetic-Control (DC), Diabetic-PRF-CS treated 100 mg/kg (DPRF100) and 200 mg/kg (DPRF200), and Diabetic-Metformin Treated (Dmet) groups. The PRF-CS was administered at 100 and 200 mg/kg doses for 28 consecutive days to the diabetic rats. Treatment with both doses of PRF-CS (DPRF100 and DPRF200) significantly decreased the blood glucose levels of the rats (p&lt;0.05). Additionally, the PRF-treated rats demonstrated significantly decreased (p&lt;0.05) lipid peroxidation (3.60±0.23 and 3.31±0.56 µmol/g, respectively). The hepatic antioxidant enzyme activities of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) (169.35±4.75 and 175.30±3.69 U/mg, respectively), Catalase (CAT) (1457.51±152.74 and 2011.99±396.96 U/mg), and Glutathione Peroxidase (GSH-Px) (63.43±2.99 and 78.47±4.51 U/mg) were also elevated in contrast to the DC group. Furthermore, the PRF-CS administration improved the histological alterations in the liver tissues of the DPRF100 and DPRF200 rats. In conclusion, PRF-CS treatment exhibited protective effects in the diabetic rat model by decreasing oxidative stress and preserving liver integrity.

Potential of Pterocarpus erinaceus Aqueous Stem Bark Extract to Prevent Oxidative Kidney Damage in Diabetic Rats

Diabetes is a chronic, metabolic disease characterized by elevated levels of blood glucose, which over time leads to serious damage to the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys and nerves. This present study investigated the potential of Pterocarpus erinaceus aqueous stem bark extract to prevent oxidative kidney damage in diabetic rats. Thirty six (36) male wistar rats of 100 to 200g were used. The rats were divided into six groups (A-F). Diabetes mellitus was induced in groups B-F by injecting alloxan at the dose of 150 mg/kg body weight. After 72hours, diabetes was confirmed. Vitamin C 25 mg/kg b.wt was used as standard treatment for group C and aqueous extract of Pterocarpus erinaceus stem bark at doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg b.wt were administered to groups D, E and F respectively. All treatments were given orally, daily for 14 days. Phytochemical screening of the extract, Blood glucose level and oral glucose tolerance test were determined. At the end of the experiment, the serum, kidney tissue and kidney homogenate were obtained for the determination of kidney function parameters, histology, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant and inflammation markers. Phytochemical results shows the presence of phenols, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, glycosides, cardiac glycosides and flavonoides. Diabetic rats administered with Pterocarpus erinaceus aqueous stem bark extract showed significant (P&lt;0.05) decrease in, blood glucose, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), potassium, MDA, TNF-alpha, IL-6 and TGF-β when compared with diabetic control rats. Also a non significant (P&gt;0.05) decrease in uric acid, albumin, and an increase in sodium, GSH when compared with the diabetic control group. A significant (P&lt;0.05) increase was observed in SOD, CAT, GPx, and GST when compared with diabetic control rats. The kidney histology shows well protected kidney. These results obtained shows that aqueous extract of Pterocarpus erinaceus stem bark exhibited significant antihyperglycemic, improvement in kidney function, antioxidant and anti inflammatory markers and prevented kidney tissue damage in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. This might be useful in the management diabetes mellitus patients.

Encapsulation and Assessment of Antidiabetic Potential of α-Lactalbumin-Derived Hydrolysates.

Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) is an exopeptidase mainly present in epithelial tissues of the liver, kidney, and intestine. It is involved in the cleavage of a variety of substrates including the incretin hormones like glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). GLP-1 binds to the GLP-1 receptors of pancreatic β-cells and leads to β-cell proliferation and increases insulin secretion through associated gene expression. In diabetes, a constant increase in the glucose level leads to glucotoxicity, which destroys pancreatic β-cells, decreases the insulin level, and further increases the blood glucose level. Inhibition of DPP-IV is one of the strategies for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. In recent years, peptides derived from a variety of dietary proteins have been reported to exhibit inhibitory activity against the DPP-IV enzyme. Such peptides should also be protected from the action of digestive enzymes to keep their bioactivity intact. Therefore, the present investigation was aimed to evaluate the in vitro DPP-IV inhibition potential and in vivo antidiabetic potential of α-lactalbumin in non-encapsulated hydrolysate (NEH), freeze-dried encapsulated hydrolysate (FDEH), and emulsified encapsulated hydrolysate (EEH) forms. Percent DPP-IV inhibition by the NEH, FDEH, and EEH after simulated gastrointestinal digestion was 36 ± 2.28, 54 ± 2.02, and 64 ± 2.02, respectively. The oral administration of the NEH, FDEH, and EEH at a dose of 300 mg/kg body weight was evaluated in nicotinamide-streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic experimental rats in a study of 30 days. Rats in the diabetic control group showed an increase in the blood glucose level and liver function enzymes and a decrease in GLP-1, insulin, and antioxidative enzymes. Administration of hydrolysates reversed the parameters by lowering the blood glucose level and increasing GLP-1 and insulin levels in plasma. The blood lipid profile, liver enzyme (ALT, AST, and AP) levels, and catalase and superoxide dismutase activity were also found to be normalized and better managed in experimental diabetic rats.

Antihyperglycemic Avtivity of Plumeria alba Linn. Leaves Extracts in Streptozotocin-nicotinamide Induced Diabetic Rats

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic condition wherein the body's blood sugar levels are elevated. Plant-based treatments are less toxic than allopathic pharmaceuticals. Plumeria alba Linn (Apocynaceae) is a popular medicinal plant that contains flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, terpenoids, and antioxidants. The antihyperglycemic action of Plumeria alba Linn. leaves, on the other hand, has yet to be determined. A Streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced Type II diabetes model was used to elaborate on the hypoglycemic activity of ethanolic and aqueous leaf extractives of Plumeria alba, which were compared to the diabetic control group. Anti-diabetic activity was tested on albino Wistar rats. Normal and experimental rats were given ethanolic and aqueous leaf extracts at 250 mg/kg b.w. and 500 mg/kg b.w. for 21 days, and the effect on blood sugar levels was measured. In comparison to the diabetic control group, the ethanolic extract at a dose of 500 mg/kg b.w. exhibits a highly significant (p&lt;0.001) reduction in blood glucose levels.

The effects of using Tempeh as a supplement for type 2 diabetes.

Studies suggest that the consumption of Tempeh can improve abnormal blood glucose and lipid parameters, although it remains still unclear as to whether Tempeh can improve tissue damage. In our study, db/db obese diabetic mice were given Tempeh 1 (300 mg/kg) and Tempeh 2 (600 mg/kg) for 3 months. The tissue samples collected were stained using different tissue-staining methodologies and were compared with the diabetic control group that was not given any Tempeh. Our results demonstrated that consuming high-dose Tempeh for 1 month could significantly reduce serum glucose and body weight in mice whereas the tissue section of our result could validate that consuming high-dose Tempeh for 3 months effectively improves lipid droplet size and lipid accumulation in the liver, aorta, and kidney of the mice. Moreover, an indication of the recovery of the damaged tissue could be observed in the heart and pancreatic tissue when high dosage of Tempeh was given as a treatment. Thus, it can be concluded that continuous consumption of Tempeh as a treatment could improve both blood glucose and body weight of diabetic mice while also improving lipid accumulation and tissue damage.

Exploring of the ameliorative effects of Nerium (Nerium oleander L.) ethanolic flower extract in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats via biochemical, histological and molecular aspects.

Nerium oleander L. is ethnopharmacologically used for diabetes. Our aim was to investigate the ameliorative effects of ethanolic Nerium flower extract (NFE) in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Seven random groups including control group, NFE group (50mg/kg), diabetic group, glibenclamide group and NFE treated groups (25mg/kg, 75mg/kg, and 225mg/kg) were composed of forty-nine rats. Blood glucose level, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), insulin level, liver damage parameters and lipid profile parameters were investigated. Antioxidant defense system enzyme activities and reduced glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents and immunotoxic and neurotoxic parameters were determined in liver tissue. Additionally, the ameliorative effects of NFE were histopathologically examined in liver. mRNA levels of SLC2A2 gene encoding glucose transporter 2 protein were measured by quantitative real time PCR. NFE caused decrease in glucose level and HbA1c and increase in insulin and C-peptide levels. Additionally, NFE improved liver damage biomarkers and lipid profile parameters in serum. Moreover, lipid peroxidation was prevented and antioxidant enzyme activities in liver were regulated by NFE treatment. Furthermore, anti-immunotoxic and anti-neurotoxic effects of NFE were determined in liver tissue of diabetic rats. Histopathogically, significant liver damages were observed in the diabetic rats. Histopathological changes were decreased partially in the 225mg/kg NFE treated group. SLC2A2 gene expression in liver of diabetic rats significantly reduced compared to healthy rats and NFE treatment (25mg/kg) caused increase in gene expression. Flower extract of Nerium plant may have an antidiabetic potential due to its high phytochemical content.

Antihyperglycemic Potential of Spondias mangifera Fruits via Inhibition of 11β-HSD Type 1 Enzyme: In Silico and In Vivo Approach.

The 11 β- hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11 β-HSD1) is hypothesized to play a role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and its related complications. Because high glucocorticoid levels are a risk factor for metabolic disorders, 11β-HSD1 might be a viable therapeutic target. In this investigation, docking experiments were performed on the main constituents of Spondias mangifera (SM) oleanolic acid, β-amyrin, and β-sitosterol to ascertain their affinity and binding interaction in the human 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-1 enzyme's active region. The results of in vitro 11β HSD1 inhibitory assay demonstrated that the extract of S. mangifera had a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the 11-HSD1% inhibition (63.97%) in comparison to STZ (31.79%). Additionally, a non-insulin-dependent diabetic mice model was used to examine the sub-acute anti-hyperlipidemic and anti-diabetic effects of SM fruits. Results revealed that, in comparison to the diabetic control group, SM fruit extract (SMFE) extract at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight considerably (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01) lowered blood glucose levels at 21 and 28 days, as well as significantly decreased total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG) and enhanced the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL). After 120 and 180 s of receiving 200 and 400 mg/kg SMFE, respectively, disease control mice showed significantly poorer blood glucose tolerance (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01). SMFE extract 200 (p < 0.05), SMFE extract 400 (p < 0.01), and Glibenclamide at a dosage of 5 mg/kg body weight all resulted in statistically significant weight increase (p < 0.01) when compared to the diabetic control group after 28 days of treatment. According to in silico, in vitro, and in vivo validation, SMFE is a prospective medication with anti-diabetic and hypoglycemic effects.

Discovery of the cysteine dynamics during the development and treatment of diabetic process by fluorescent imaging

Herein, a novel fluorescent probe RhoDCM was developed for monitoring the cysteine (Cys) dynamics. For the first time, the Cys-triggered implement was applied in relatively complete diabetic mice models. The response of RhoDCM towards Cys suggested advantages including practical sensitivity, high selectivity, rapid reaction, and steadiness in various pH and temperature conditions. RhoDCM could basically monitor the intracellular Cys level, both exogenous and endogenous. It could further monitor the glucose level via detecting consumed Cys. Furthermore, the diabetic mice models including the no diabetic control group, the induced model groups by streptozocin (STZ) or alloxan, and the treatment groups induced by STZ and treated with vildagliptin (Vil), dapagliflozin (DA), or metformin (Metf) were constructed. The models were checked by oral glucose tolerance test and significant liver-related serum indexes. Based on the models, the in vivo imaging and penetrating depth fluorescence imaging both indicated that RhoDCM could characterize the status of the development and treatment in the diabetic process via monitoring the Cys dynamics. Consequently, RhoDCM seemed beneficial for inferring the order of severity in the diabetic process and evaluating the potency of therapeutic schedules, which might be informatic for correlated investigations.