Diisodecyl Phthalate Research Articles

Biochemical and behavior effects induced by diheptyl phthalate (DHpP) and Diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP) exposed to zebrafish

Both Diheptyl-phthalate (DHpP) and Diisodecyl-phthalate (DIDP) were used extensively as plasticizers. Recently, their occurrence in the environmental matrices and human body fluids have been reported. Unfortunately, these phthalate congeners are without basic toxicity profiles. Hence, we studied the toxic effects of both DHpP and DIDP in the median lethal concentration (LC50 96-h) on zebrafish (Danio rerio). We assessed swimming behavior strength and tissues biomarker responses including total antioxidants capacity (TAOC), transaminases, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme. Fish exposed to phthalate congeners (Treatment-I and-II) for 15-days showed alterations on fish swimming behavior and circadian rhythm. At the end of the exposure period, both liver and heart tissue transaminases activities were found to be accelerated in DHpP and DIDP treated fish, when compared to control group. TAOC and AChE activities were found to be decreased in brain, gills, intestine, and muscle tissues of phthalate congeners treated fish than the control group. Alterations observed in the studied biomarkers were concentration-based response. Among treatment groups DHpP showed higher effects. Comparative studies on swimming behavior and biochemical activities were reasonable to know the swimming responses are mediated due to external stress or internal stress. More studies on molecular and biomarkers assessments are warranted on toxicity of emerging contaminants.

Occupational Exposure of Plastics Workers to Diisononyl Phthalate (DiNP) and Di(2-propylheptyl) Phthalate (DPHP) in Finland.

The aim of this study was to assess occupational exposure to diisononyl phthalate (DiNP) and di(2-propylheptyl) phthalate (DPHP] in Finland. Four companies took part in the research project: A cable factory, a plastic producing company, a producer of coated textiles, and a tarpaulin producer. The cable factory used DPHP (and occasionally also diisodecyl phthalate, DiDP), the plastic producing company used both DPHP and DiNP, and the latter two companies used DiNP in their production. Exposure was assessed by measuring phthalate metabolites in urine samples (biomonitoring) and by performing air measurements. Low-level occupational exposure to DiNP was observed in the company that produced coated textiles—out of eight workers, one extruder operator was exposed to DiNP at levels exceeding the non-occupationally exposed population background levels. Some workers in the cable factory and the plastics producing company were occupationally exposed to DPHP. Air levels of phthalates were generally low, mostly below the limit of quantification. All phthalate metabolite concentrations were, however, well below the calculated biomonitoring equivalents, which suggests that the health risks related to the exposure are low.

Occurrence and Dietary Exposure of Adult Population to Phthalates in Hong Kong

This study aimed (1) to determine the levels of seven phthalates including Di-Ethyl Phthalate (DEP), Di-n-Butyl Phthalate (DnBP), Butyl Benzyl Phthalate (BBzP), Di-(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate (DEHP), Di-n-Octyl Phthalate (DnOP), Di-isononyl Phthalate (DiNP) and Di-isodecyl Phthalate (DiDP) in selected foods that are commonly consumed in Hong Kong as well as foods those are reported to be adulterated with phthalates; (2) to estimate the dietary exposure to phthalates of the Hong Kong adult populations at territory-wide scale; and (3) to assess the health risk associated with the exposure. Total Diet Study (TDS) approach was used to assess the associated health risk to the local people. Among the seven phthalates examined, DEHP was the most commonly detected phthalate, followed by DiNP, DnBP, BBzP, DiDP, DEP and DnOP. The maximum detected levels were found to be 23, 43, 93, 560, 3,500, 3,800 and 7,900 µg kg-1 for DnOP, DEP, BBzP, DnBP, DEHP, DiDP and DiNP respectively. It is believed that elevated levels of phthalates detected in isolated samples were more related to chemical nature of the food substrates. Food contact materials used in food manufacturing and packaging may also explain the situation. This study estimated that the dietary exposures to seven phthalates analyzed in the average adult consumer population ranged from a low of 0.098 μgkg-bw-1 day-1 for DnOP (upper bound) to a high of 4.8 μgkg-bw-1 day-1 in the case of DiNP. The exposure to both average and high consumers (95th percentile, or P95) of the adult populations were well within the corresponding Health-Based Guidance Values (HBGVs) for individual phthalate (maximum 13% of HBGVs). Furthermore, no age-sex population sub-group exceeded their respective HBGVs. The findings indicate that dietary exposures to seven phthalates analyzed in this study were unlikely to pose an unacceptable health risk to the Hong Kong population. The food group cereal and its products was the major contributor for DnBP, BBzP, DEHP, DnOP and DiNP dietary exposure, while non-alcoholic drinks and poultry were the major contributors for DEPs and DiDPs, respectively.

Phthalate metabolites in urine of children and adolescents in Germany. Human biomonitoring results of the German Environmental Survey GerES V, 2014-2017.

During the population representative German Environmental Survey of Children and Adolescents (GerES V, 2014-2017) 2256 first-morning void urine samples from 3 to 17 years old children and adolescents were analysed for 21 metabolites of 11 different phthalates (di-methyl phthalate (DMP), di-ethyl phthalate (DEP), butylbenzyl phthalate (BBzP), di-iso-butyl phthalate (DiBP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), di-cyclohexyl phthalate (DCHP), di-n-pentyl phthalate (DnPeP), di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), di-iso-nonyl phthalate (DiNP), di-iso-decyl phthalate (DiDP) and di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP)). Metabolites of DMP, DEP, BBzP, DiBP, DnBP, DEHP, DiNP and DiDP were found in 97%-100% of the participants, DCHP and DnPeP in 6%, and DnOP in none of the urine samples. Geometric means (GM) were highest for metabolites of DiBP (MiBP: 26.1μg/L), DEP (MEP: 25.8μg/L), DnBP (MnBP: 20.9μg/L), and DEHP (cx-MEPP: 11.9μg/L). For all phthalates but DEP, GMs were consistently higher in the 3-5 years old children than in the 14-17 years old adolescents. For DEHP, the age differences were most pronounced. All detectable phthalate biomarker concentrations were positively associated with the levels of the respective phthalate in house dust. In GerES V we found considerably lower phthalate biomarker levels than in the preceding GerES IV (2003-2006). GMs of biomarker levels in GerES V were only 18% (BBzP), 23% (MnBP), 23% (DEHP), 29% (MiBP) and 57% (DiNP) of those measured a decade earlier in GerES IV. However, some children and adolescents still exceeded health-based guidance values in the current GerES V. 0.38% of the participants had levels of DnBP, 0.08% levels of DEHP and 0.007% levels of DiNP which were higher than the respective health-based guidance values. Accordingly, for these persons an impact on health cannot be excluded with sufficient certainty. The ongoing and substantial exposure of vulnerable children and adolescents to many phthalates confirms the need of a continued monitoring of established phthalates, whether regulated or not, as well as of potential substitutes. With this biomonitoring approach we provide a picture of current individual and cumulative exposure developments and body burdens to phthalates, thus providing support for timely and effective chemicals policies and legislation.

Using ambient mass spectrometry to explore the origins of phthalate contamination in a mass spectrometry laboratory

Phthalates are known endocrine disruptors that can have adverse effects on human hormonal balance and development. Phthalates are semi-volatile chemical compounds, thus they can continuously leach from phthalate-containing objects and pollute the environments such as offices or laboratories, where workers in these spaces can inhale potentially harmful amounts of phthalates. Identifying and removing phthalate-contaminated objects from these indoor environments can effectively eliminate exposure to these environmental hormones. However, as of now, it is highly impractical to perform a large-scale screening of phthalate-containing objects using conventional analytical techniques which are usually time- and labor-intensive. In this study, thermal desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (TD-ESI/MS) combined with probe sampling was used to screen phthalates on all non-metallic objects in a mass spectrometry (MS) laboratory. Due to sample pre-treatment was unnecessary and there was no limitation of sampling on sample's shape, size, and material, screening of phthalates on an object using this ambient mass spectrometric approach was completed within 30s, which enable sufficient and high-throughput screening. Phthalate signals of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), diisononyl phthalate (DINP) and diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP) were qualitatively detected on the surfaces of the filters of air conditioners and air purifiers and laboratory door, indicating there was a possibility of phthalates contamination in the studying area. Other screened objects in the laboratory included the ceiling, wall, floor, chairs, benches, pipes, mechanical vacuum pump tubes, and some personal belongings, all of which contained phthalates. Among them, floor and mechanical vacuum pump tubes contained high concentration of DEHP, DINP and DIDP, suggesting they were the main sources of phthalate contamination in the MS laboratory.

Tough decisions ahead for US chemical regulators

The US Environmental Protection Agency has its work cut out for it this year. Under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), the agency faces a June deadline to finalize risk evaluations for 10 chemicals already on the market. The agency must also begin reviewing an additional 20 high-priority chemicals in order to complete those evaluations within 3–3½ years. On top of that, the EPA is expected to evaluate the risks of two phthalates—diisononyl phthalate and diisodecyl phthalate—as requested by manufacturers. The EPA has been evaluating the first 10 chemicals since TSCA was revised in 2016. It has yet to release draft assessments for four of them, including two particularly controversial substances: asbestos and trichloroethylene. The agency plans to publish those drafts early this year to give stakeholders and its TSCA advisory committee time to provide input before the June deadline. Once the EPA finalizes all 10 reviews, the agency will

Phthalate and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Levels in Liquid Ingredients of Packaged Fish Sold in Turkish Markets.

Phthalates (PAEs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous contaminants in environment and foodstuffs. The objective of this study was to investigate the contamination possibility of phthalates and PAHs in packaged and canned fishes. For this purpose, tuna, salmon, sardine and mackerel canned and packaged with different liquid ingredients (water, olive oil, sunflower oil, mixture of sunflower and canola oil) attained from local markets in Turkey in 2019, were analyzed for presence of diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), diisononyl phthalate (DINP), diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP) and benzo(a)anthracene (BaA), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), benzo(b)fluoranthene (BbF), chrysene (Chr). The instrumental analyses were performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD). In all analyzed samples, the levels of DBP, BBP, DINP and DIDP were less than their LOQ, so these phthalates were not quantified. The highest DEPH content was found 650 µg/kg in sample 2 (tuna in olive oil, packaged in plastic package). The highest sum of PAH 4 concentration was 9.97 µg/kg in sample 4 (salmon canned in sunflower oil). Some samples (19 samples) were free for all analyzed PAEs and PAHs. All levels of these persistent organic pollutants were lower than regulation limits of Turkey and EU.

Phthalates levels in cold-pressed oils marketed in Turkey.

Cold-pressed oils are valuable vegetable oils. Phthalates are used as plasticizers and additives in foodstuffs and personal care products. Studies have shown that phthalates have harmful effects on human health. In this study, five phthalates di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), butyl-benzylphthalate (BBP), diisononyl phthalate (DiNP), and diisodecyl phthalate (DiDP) were evaluated in 30 different cold-pressed oils marketed in Turkey. DEHP was widespread in oils and detected in 18 of the 30 samples, ranging from 0.56 to 92.12mg/kg. DBP was the second determined phthalate and detected in six of 30 oil samples at concentrations from 0.10 to 51.63mg/kg. The other phthalates, BBP, DiNP, and DiDP were found in 4, 5, and 2 from a total of 30 samples, respectively. BBP and DiNP ranged between 3.88-6.04 and 4.26-80.74, respectively. DiDP was found in 2 samples with 85.02 and 2.69mg/kg.

A green and simple procedure based on deep eutectic solvents for the extraction of phthalates from beverages

In this work, a green, inexpensive, simple and fast deep eutectic solvent (DES)-based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction was evaluated, for the first time, for the extraction of phthalates (i.e. benzylbutyl phthalate, diisobutyl phthalate, diisopentyl phthalate, di-n-pentyl phthalate, di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, di-n-octyl phthalate, diisononyl phthalate, diisodecyl phthalate) from different beverages. Separation and determination were achieved by high performance liquid chromatography-diode-array detection while confirmation was carried out by tandem mass spectrometry. The main factors affecting the extraction such as type and volume of DES and emulsifier, pH and ionic strength, were optimised. Choline chloride:phenol-based DES showed the best results. The methodology was validated for tea, apple-based beverage and pineapple juice. Recovery values ranged from 84 to 120% with relative standard deviation values lower than 11%. Limits of detection of the method were in the range 5.1–14.2 µg L−1 for tea, 5.3–17.8 µg L−1 for apple beverages and 5.9–15.6 µg L−1 for pineapple juices.

Urinary levels of phthalates and DINCH metabolites in Korean and Thai pregnant women across three trimesters

Phthalates are anti-androgenic chemicals and may cause long-lasting adverse effects on growing fetuses. Understanding their exposure profile during pregnancy, therefore, is of public health importance. Because both behavioral and physiological changes of pregnant women are expected to be substantial, the amount of phthalate exposure is expected to vary significantly over the course of pregnancy. Temporal trend of phthalate exposure during pregnancy, however, is largely unknown, especially in Asian women. The purpose of this study is to investigate the urinary concentrations of metabolites for major phthalates and alternative plasticizers over the course of pregnancy among Korean (n = 81) and Thai women (n = 102). Twenty-four metabolites from 15 plasticizers, such as dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-isobutyl phthalate (DiBP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), benzyl butyl phthalate (BBzP), di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), dioctyl phthalate (DnOP), diisononyl phthalate (DiNP), diisodecyl phthalate (DiDP), di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHTP), and di-(iso-nonyl)-cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate (DINCH), were measured in urine samples collected in each trimester from pregnant women. While the levels of several phthalate metabolites were significantly different by trimester among Korean women, those of Thai women were relatively consistent. Urinary metabolites of DEP and DnOP were higher in Thai pregnant women compared to Korean pregnant women. The detection frequencies of the DINCH metabolite were 67.4% and 44.9% among Korean and Thai pregnant women, respectively. However, the ratio of DINCH to DEHP metabolites was significantly higher in Thai women. According to risk assessment, 11.9% of Korean and 5.3% of Thai women were considered at risk due to phthalate exposure, and DEHP, DnBP and DiBP were identified as major risk drivers. Considering the vulnerability of growing fetuses, further studies are warranted to identify major sources of exposure to these plasticizers during pregnancy.

Analysis of Pollution of Phthalates in Pork and Chicken in Taiwan Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Assessment of Health Risk.

Phthalates are widely used plasticizers that can cause endocrine disruption, mutagenicity, and carcinogenic effects and can contaminate food through various pathways. Investigations are scanty on phthalate pollution of livestock and poultry meat and their dietary exposure to humans. The present study assessed residual levels of phthalates in unpackaged pork (30 samples) and unpackaged chicken (30 samples) and their relevance to meat consumption and health risks in the Taiwanese population. Phthalate quantity was assessed by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry; the materials included diisononyl phthalate, diisodecyl phthalate, benzyl butyl phthalate, di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), and di-n-butyl phthalate. The Taiwan Food and Drug Administration (TFDA) has established values of tolerable daily intake (TDI) for the five phthalates. The major compound detected was DEHP, which ranged from 0.62 to 0.80 mg/kg in two pork samples, and 0.42–0.45 mg/kg in three chicken samples. Collectively, 8.33% of the phthalate-residue-containing samples tested positive for DEHP. The concentrations of DEHP were lower than the screening value of 1.0 mg/kg, as defined by the TFDA. Health risk was calculated as the estimated daily intake (DI) for any likely adverse effects; the DI of DEHP residues was <1% of the TDI value. The estimated risk was insignificant and considered to be safe, indicating that there is no risk to the health of Taiwanese population due to meat consumption. However, it is suggested that a phthalate monitoring program in meat should be instituted for any possible effects in future on human health.

Analysis of phthalic acid esters in sea water and sea sand using polymer-coated magnetic nanoparticles as extraction sorbent

In this work, poly(dopamine)-coated magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4@pDA) have been used as sorbents for the magnetic dispersive solid-phase extraction (m-dSPE) of a group of 10 phthalic acid esters (dipropyl phthalate, DPP, dibutyl phthalate, DBP, dicyclohexyl phthalate, DCHP, bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, DEHP, di-n-octyl phthalate, DNOP, diisodecyl phthalate, DIDP, butylbenzyl phthalate, BBP, diisononyl phthalate, DINP, diisopentyl phthalate, DIPP, di-n-pentyl phthalate, DNPP) and one adipate (di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate, DEHA) from sea water and sea sand extracts employing DBP-d4 and DHP-d4 as internal standards. After m-dSPE, analysis was carried out by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Mean recovery values (which were determined at three concentration levels) ranged between 70 and 120%, with relative standard deviation values ≤ 20%, for nearly all analytes in both matrices. Matrix-matched calibration curves revealed the presence of matrix effects for certain PAEs, specially for sea sand, though linearity was assayed with determination coefficients (R2) above 0.991 for all target analytes. The limits of quantification of the method were in the range 1.8–319 ng/L for sea water and 0.020–4.0 ng/g for sea sand. Several samples of each type collected at different sites of the coast of Tenerife were also analysed. Only DEHA, DNOP and DIPP were detected in some of the sea sand samples at concentrations ≤ 44 ng/g.

Simultaneous quantitative detection of 10 phthalates in PVC children’s toys by HPLC-PDA

A high-performance chromatography-photodiode array detection (HPLC-PAD) method has been developed and validated for the identification and quantification of ten phthalates; diethyl phthalate (DEP), diallyl phthalate (DAP), benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), dihexyl phthalate (DHP), dicyclohexyl phthalate (DCHP), di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), di-n-octyl phthalate (DOP), diisononyl phthalate (DINP) and diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP) in children’s PVC toys. The phthalates were extracted from PVC toy sample using ultrasonic extraction with methanol. Quantification analysis was achieved by gradient elution mode using reversed-phase ODS-4 C18 column with PAD detection at 226 nm. The method has been validated for (BBP, DOP, DINP, and DIDP) and (DEP, DAP, DBP, DCHP, DHP, and DEHP) in the concentration range of 1–100 and 2–200 mg L−1, respectively. The accuracy determined as recovery were 82.85–107.40% with RSD values at 0.8–4.2%. The limits of detection for (DEP, DAP, BBP, DBP, DCHP, DHP, DEHP, DOP, DINP, and DIDP) were 0.02, 0.04, 0.01, 0.03, 0.02, 0.03, 0.03, 0.01, 0.08, and 0.10 mg L−1, respectively.

Simple Colorimetric Determination of Phthalates in Polymers by Dye Formation.

This paper describes a simple method for quantifying phthalates via the conversion of anhydrous phthalates to a dye. The phthalate was hydrolyzed with sodium hydroxide and dehydrated to form phthalic anhydride, which was converted to a marker, namely fluorescein, by reaction with resorcinol. Concentrated sulfuric acid was used as the catalyst. The presence of a phthalate was determined by absorbance spectrophotometry. The detection limit of this method for di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate was 0.1 μmol, and the relative standard deviation with respect to reproducibility was approximately 10% (n = 3). For other phthalates, namely diisobutyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, bis(butylbenzyl) phthalate, di-n-octyl phthalate, diisononyl phthalate, and diisodecyl phthalate, the absorbance deviation was less than 20%, which is within the acceptable range for screening purposes. Because the phthalates were hydrolyzed to enable colorimetric determination, the identification of individual phthalates is beyond the scope of this method. However, this simple colorimetric method can easily be used to determine the total amount of phthalates in real samples at the sub-micromolar level, by converting the phthalates to dyes. The applicability of this method was investigated by analyzing actual samples containing various phthalates. The quantitative results were almost the same as those obtained by using a conventional gas chromatographic method.

Bazı süt ürünlerinde likit kromatografi/tandem kütle spektrometresi ile fitalat tayini

This study was aimed to determine the presence and amount of the phthalates in yoghurt and ayran samples consumed in Turkey. For this purpose, 36 yoghurt and 24 ayran samples were used as materials in original packages collected from different markets in Turkey. The presence and the amounts of di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP), di-isononyl phthalate (DINP), di-n-octyl phthalate (DNOP) and diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP) were determined by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The results of the analysis howed that DBP, DEHP and BBP were present in the yoghurt samples whereas DINP, DIDP and DNOP were found to be lower than the detectable limit 20 μg/kg. The lowest and the highest mounts of DBP, DEHP and BBP in yoghurt samples are 6-229, 24-122, 22-63 μg/kg respectively. The lowest and highest phthalate amounts in ayran samples are determined to be 38-59 μg/kg for DBP and 26-81 μg/kg for DEHP. According to the results, although DEHP and DBP were the main phthalate esters in all milk products that were analyzed, the phthalate values of the samples were found to be less than the limit values (P&amp;lt;0.001).

Development and validation of an ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of phthalate esters in Greek grape marc spirits

An Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography – Tandem Mass Spectrometry method has been developed for the analysis of 12 phthalate esters in Greek grape marc spirits. The phthalates were separated on a U-VDSpher PUR 100 C18-E (100 mm x 2.0 mm, 1.8 μm) column by gradient elution. The analytes were ionized by positive electrospray ionization using the multiple reaction monitoring mode. The standard addition method was used for quantification and the Student’s t-test was carried out to evaluate the matrix effect. The accuracy of the method was assessed by recovery experiments resulting in values from 81.6 to 109.6%. The detection limits ranged from 0.3 to 33.3 μg L−1.The proposed method was validated and successfully applied to the analysis of 45 samples collected from Greece and Cyprus. All phthalate esters proved to be present at least once in the analysed grape marc spirits samples, except only in cases of diphenyl phthalate and diisodecyl phthalate, while for the regulated phthalates only bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate was quantified above the legislative concentration limits.

Development of a screening method for phthalate esters in polymers using a quantitative database in combination with pyrolyzer/thermal desorption gas chromatography mass spectrometry

Seven phthalate esters (di-isobutyl phthalate (DIBP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), benzylbutyl phthalate (BBP), di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), di-n-octyl phthalate (DNOP), di-isononyl phthalate (DINP) and di-isodecyl phthalate (DIDP)) were analyzed by pyrolyzer/thermal desorption-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py/TD-GC/MS), the retention index and relative response factor (RRF) relative to DEHP was calculated for each compound and used to construct a quantitative database (qDB). This qDB enables normalization of the retention time and response factor of each phthalate ester between any laboratory simply by analyzing an n-alkane solution and DEHP standard material. This allows for easy calculation of the phthalate ester content of samples without preparation of calibration curves. The efficacy of this qDB method was verified by performing a quantitative analysis of phthalate esters at 4 different laboratories that showed actual retention times were within ±0.012 min of the estimated retention times for all compounds at all laboratories. Similarly, the mean recovery rate (n = 6) at each laboratory was within 79–113%. Quantitative analysis was also performed on 30 real samples using both the qDB method and the Py/TD-GC/MS method set forth in IEC62321-8, which involves the preparation of 1-point calibrations to perform quantitative analysis. The difference in quantitative results between the methods was approximately within ±200 mg/kg for compounds in the concentration region of <2000 mg/kg.

Development and Interlaboratory Validation of Two Fast UPLC-MS-MS Methods Determining Urinary Bisphenols, Parabens and Phthalates.

People are constantly exposed to a wide variety of chemicals. Some of these compounds, such as parabens, bisphenols and phthalates, are known to have endocrine disrupting potencies. Over the years, these endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have been a rising cause for concern. In this study, we describe setup and validation of two methods to measure EDCs in human urine, using ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The phenol method determines methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, n-butyl- and benzylparaben and bisphenol A, F and S. The phthalate method determines in total 13 metabolites of dimethyl, diethyl, diisobutyl, di-n-butyl, di(2-ethylhexyl), butylbenzyl, diiso-nonyl and diisodecyl phthalate. Runtime was 7 and 8 min per sample for phenols and phthalates, respectively. The methods were validated by the National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST) for 13 compounds. In addition, EDCs were measured in forty 24-h urine samples, of which 12 EDCs were compared with the same samples measured in an established facility (Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark). The intra-assay coefficient of variability (CV) was highest at 10% and inter-assay CV was highest at 12%. Recoveries ranged from 86 to 115%. The limit of detection ranged from 0.06 to 0.43 ng/mL. Of 21 compounds, 10 were detected above limit of detection in ≥93% of the samples. Eight compounds were in accordance to NIST reference concentrations. Differences in intercept were found for two compounds whereas slope differed for six compounds between our method and that used in the Danish facility. In conclusion, we set up and validated two high-throughput methods with very short runtime capable of measuring 5 parabens, 3 bisphenols and 13 different metabolites of 8 phthalates. Sensitivity of the phenol method was increased by using ammonium fluoride in the mobile phase.

Регламентація пластифікатору диізодецилфталату у повітрі робочої зони

Objective. Based on the analysis and compilation of the literature data and own studies on toxicological characteristics of diisodecyl phthalate plasticizer, substantiation of its tentative safe exposure level in the air of the working zone was performed. Materials and Methods. Regulation of diisodecyl phthalate in the air of the working zone was performed based on the analytical review of the scientific publications, reference database of scientific libraries and PubMed text database of publication, as well as own results of studies of the toxicological properties of diisodecyl phthalate and its homologs under different ways of penetration of experimental animals in conditions of acute, subacute, subchronic, chronic experiments, carcinogenicity and mutagenicity, effect on reproductive function and embryogenesis, as well as investigation of its toxicodynamics and toxicokinetics was used. The resulting experimental findings were confirmed by the epidemiological studies. Results. This work provides substantiation of tentative safe exposure level (TSEL) of diisodecyl phthalate in the air of the working zone. Conclusion. For prevention of the possible negative effect on the body of workers, TSEL of diisodecyl phthalate in the air of working zone is 1.0 mg/m3, physical state — vapour + aerosol, with a mark + (Order of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine No. 1257 as of 13.10.2017 registered with the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine under No. 1353/21221 as of07.11.2017).

Comparative analysis of endocrine disrupting effects of major phthalates in employed two cell lines (MVLN and H295R) and embryonic zebrafish assay

Endocrine disruption potentials of phthalates have been widely recognized, but relatively little is known about relative potency of major phthalates. In the present study, six phthalates were chosen, i.e., dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP), diisononyl phthalate (DINP) and diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP), and their endocrine disruption effects were evaluated by employing two cell lines and an embryonic zebrafish assay. Binding affinity with estrogen receptors (ERs) and effects on steroidogenesis were evaluated with MVLN and H295R cell assays, respectively. In zebrafish embryos, transcription of genes regulating steroid hormone balance and estrogen receptors was measured. Exposure to DMP, DEP, DEHP, and DnOP significantly increased E2/T ratio in H295R cells. However, no significant binding affinity to ERs was observed in MLVN cells. Exposure to DEHP influenced the expression of vtg1, esr1, and cyp19a1b genes in zebrafish larvae. DMP, DEP, DINP, and DIDP exposure led to significant transcriptional changes even at lower exposure concentrations, suggesting their greater endocrine disruption potency than DEHP in zebrafish. Our findings demonstrate that endocrine disruption upon phthalate exposure varies between in vitro and in vivo assay, and a battery of tests are warranted to understand endocrine disruption potentials of phthalates. Consequences of long-term exposure to phthalates other than DEHP warrant further evaluations.