Diethyl Ether Research Articles

Sugar cane bagasse hydrolysate (SBH) as a lucrative carbon supplement to upgrade the lipid and fatty acid production in Chlorococcum sp. for biodiesel through an optimized binary solvent system

Cost is the crucial impediment in commercializing microalgal biodiesel. Therefore, cultivating microalgae in cost-effective nutrients reduces the upstream process cost remarkably. Thus, in this study, sugar cane bagasse hydrolysate (SBH) as a lucrative carbon supplement for Chlorococcum sp. and subsequent lipid extraction via an optimized solvent system for biodiesel production was investigated. Characterization of SBH revealed the presence of various monosaccharides and other sugar derivatives such as glucose, fructose, xylose, arabinose, etc. The maximum dry cell weight of 1.7 g/L was estimated in cultures grown in 10 mL SBH. Different solvents such as diethyl ether (DEE), chloroform (CHL), ethyl acetate (ETA), hexane (HEX), methanol (MET), ethanol (ETOH), acetone (ACE) and also combination of solvents (2:1 ratio) such as DEE: MET, CHL: MET, HEX: MET, HEX: ETOH was tested for lipid extraction efficacy. Among solvents used, 12.3% and 18.4% of lipids were extracted using CHL and CHL: MET, respectively, from 10 mL SBH amended cultures. However, the biodiesel yield was found to be similar at about 70.16 % in both SBH and no SBH-added cultures. The fatty acid profile of the biodiesel shows palmitic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic, and arachidonic acid as principal fatty acids. Further, the levels of SFAs, MUFAs, and PUFAs in 10 mL SBH-added cells were 24.67, 12.89, and 34.24%, respectively. Eventually, the fuel properties of Chlorococcum sp. biodiesel, satisfying international biodiesel standards, make the biodiesel a viable diesel substitute in the future.

Electrochemically tuning the thermoelectric performance of flexible polythiophene films by ionic liquid

As one of the new generations of green energy materials, thermoelectric materials enable the direct conversion of heat and electric energy, thus alleviating the pressure of energy crisis and environmental pollution. Organic thermoelectric (TE) materials can be used as candidate materials for flexible wearable electronic devices due to their low toxicity, low cost, and lightweight, among others. In this work, free-standing polythiophene (PTh) film was obtained by electrochemical deposition using boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (BFEE) as the electrolyte, and the prepared films were processed electrochemically in [EMIM]BF4 ionic liquid. The UV–Visible absorption spectroscopy of PTh films at different constant potentials from -0.2 to 1.0 V illustrated that electrochemical treatment could modulate the doping states of the PTh film. The power factor and electrical conductivity of the PTh film treated at 0.4 V reached the maximum values of 2.91 S cm−1 and 2.59 μW m−1 K−2, respectively, an improvement of 315% and 130% compared with the pristine film. The results indicate that electrochemically doped is an effective method for modulating the thermoelectric performance of polymer films, providing enlightenment for obtaining high-performance organic thermoelectric material henceforth.

Cobalt and nickel homobinuclear metallomacrocycles based on the redox-active bis-semiquinonato ligands as potential functional absorbing materials

Recently obtained bis-o-quinone with resorcinol as a bridge was utilized for synthesis of cobalt and nickel homobinuclear complexes. Two bis-o-semiquinonato metal fragments are situated co-facially to each other forming metallomacrocycle. Metals in both fragments bond diethyl ether solvate molecules externally as well as internally in the cell. At 100 K one of two metal atoms in the macrocycle is five-coordinated whereas the other one is six-coordinated due to internal solvent molecule. Heating to room temperature results in disordering of internal solvent molecule in two positions: coordinated to different nickel atoms. Variable temperature magnetic measurements indicate both complexes to be bis-o-semiquinonato anion-radical adducts of high spin metals with magnetic interactions inside of bis-o-semiquinonato units. Sign and energy of interactions depend on the coordination number of metal. Exchange interactions between units are weak. UV–Vis absorption spectrum is determined by ligands centered bands. CV indicates reversible reduction processes involving redox active dioxolene ligands.

NMR Characterization of Polymethylhydrosiloxane Synthesized using Dichloromethane and Diethyl Ether as Solvent for Vitreous Substitute

<p class="Abstract">Polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS) can be synthesized from dichloromethylsilane (DCHS) by the hydrolysis-condensation method. In this synthesis method, a solvent is needed. Dichloromethane (DCM) or diethyl ether (DE) can be used as a solvent in the synthesis of PMHS. These two solvents greatly affect the physical properties of the resulting PMHS. Therefore, studies are needed to look at the characteristics and chemical content of the PMHS synthesized using these two solvents. In this research, we reported the characteristics and content studies of PMHS synthesized using different solvents, DCM and DE, using <sup>1</sup>H-NMR and <sup>13</sup>C-NMR. It was found that both samples had three peaks (Si-H, Si-CH<sub>3</sub>, and Si-CH<sub>3</sub>) on <sup>1</sup>H-NMR measurement and one peak (Si-CH<sub>3</sub>) on <sup>13</sup>C-NMR measurement. All of the peaks found were by the characteristics of PMHS and no other elements were found from solvents indicating that the PMHS samples had been successfully synthesized with a high degree of purity. In addition, the possibility of structures formed in the PMHS samples was also obtained.</p>

Possible Anti-Asthmatic Effect of Iraqi Ammi Majus Seeds Extract Against Asthma Induced by Ovalbumin in Mice

Asthma is a chronic respiratory disorder of airways characterized by inflammation, hyperresponsiveness, inflammatory cell infiltration, mucous secretion, and remodelling. Ammi majus is medicinal plant belong to family of Apiaceous which has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. This study designed to investigate of anti-asthmatic activity of alcoholic extract of Ammi majus in improvement of asthma. Forty-eight healthy female mice divided to six groups Group I: the negative control group (distal water only), Group II: Positive control group (ovalbumin group), Group III: Ammi majus (64 mg/kg/day) with sensitization, Group IV:Ammi majus (128 mg/kg/day) with sensitization, Group V: Ammi majus (64 mg/kg/day) without sensitization, Group VI: Ammi majus (128mg/kg/day) without sensitization. Mice were sacrificed by diethyl ether and blood samples were collected to prepare of serum samples that used in ELISA kits for measuring of parameter IL-4, IL-5, IL-33, & IgE. Levels of all parameters (IL-4, IL-5, IL-33, & IgE) for mice of treated groups with alcoholic extract of Ammi majus were highly significant reduced (p<0.05) in compared to ovalbumin group.in conclusion, our results demonstrated that alcoholic extract of Ammi majus has a potent anti asthmatic activity that improved ovalbumin-induced asthma.

ОПЫТ ВЫДЕЛЕНИЯ ЛЮТЕОЛИНА ИЗ ТРАВЫ ORIGANUM VULGARE

Due to economic conditions, today the purchase of reference materials from abroad is expensive, and domestic production is low and also expensive. The purpose of this study is to develop a method for isolating luteolin from Origanum vulgare (oregano). The raw material for this work was a sample of oregano herb, collected in 2022 in the Perm krai. The herb extract was obtained with 60% ethyl alcohol. The extract is a dark greenish-brown crystalline powder with a specific aromatic odor. Chloroform and hexane were used to purify the dry extract from nonpolar compounds. Diethyl ether was used to extract luteolin. This choice was justified by the fact that chloroform and hexane well remove non-polar, lipophilic compounds contained in the dry extract, and methoxylated aglycone flavonoids can also dissolve in chloroform. Diethyl ether was chosen because only aglycone flavonoids are soluble in it. Separated using a solvent system, butanol – acetic acid – water (4:1:2). The equipment used was a chromatographic column with a diameter of 10 mm, a vacuum pump. In the course of the study, we proposed the following scheme for the separation of substances, divided into 3 stages: 1st stage is purification of dry extract from non-polar (lipophilic) compounds; 2nd stage is extraction of aglycone flavonoid (luteolin) into diethyl ether; 3rd stage is separation of substances that passed into diethyl ether on a chromatographic column. According to the quality control of the progress of work, namely TLC and NMR spectroscopy, one can note the likely suitability of the developed method for the isolation of luteolin from the extract of oregano herb.

Effect on minor addition of aromatic (benzyl alcohol) and diethyl ether in Calophyllum inophyllum blended diesel fuel in a CI engine operates by hydrogen energy as a secondary fuel

Strict regulations on vehicle emissions are in place to lessen pollution and environmental damage. The depletion of fossil fuels also threatens energy security. Renewable, cleaner-burning and sustainable fuels could aid the researcher in solving these problems. Because of their limited supply, renewable fuels cannot resolve the issue independently. Therefore, much research is being done on enhanced combustion technologies, such as dual-fuel engines, homogenous charge compression ignition, and low-temperature combustion. The Calophyllum inophyllum oil (P20) mixed with diesel, diethyl ether, and aromatic alcohol (benzyl alcohol) was tested in this study using a dual-fuel engine. Hydrogen gas is added to the air intake manifold as a second energy source. Aromatic alcohol is an organic fuel that can be produced naturally by hydrolysis of lignin. The OH hydroxyl group is attached to the aromatic ring and promotes free radical propagation. Minor addition of oxygenates affects the performance, combustion, and emission of engines operating on various loads. Maximum brake thermal efficiency and lower brake-specific fuel consumption were observed with 20 % aromatic alcohol, 32.45 %, and 0.2 kg/kW-hr, respectively. Brake thermal efficiency improved to 6.54 % compared to neat diesel. Reduction in brake-specific fuel consumption by 28 % compared to diesel fuel. Compared to other blends, aromatic alcohol additions are linked to reduced smoke, HC, and CO emissions. However, using aromatic alcohol results in slightly increased nitrogen oxide emissions compared to diesel. Blends of biofuel and benzyl alcohol have shown favorable effects in terms of enhanced combustion, reduced emissions, and increased efficiency.

Dialkyl magnesium compounds from (-)-menthyl chloride and reactions with 1,4-dioxane, TMEDA, and diphenylchlorophosphane

1,4-Dioxane (dx) reacts with the well-known Grignard reagent, prepared via reduction of (-)-menthyl chloride with magnesium in diethyl ether, to a mixture of the three diastereomeric magnesium compounds R2Mg(dx)x, R'2Mg(dx)x and RR'Mg(dx)x (R = (1R)-menthyl and R' = (1S)-neomenthyl). Addition of N,N,N’,N’-tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) to this solution yields (tmeda)Mg(R/R’)2 (R : R’ ≈ 3 : 1) (1) via substitution of ligated dx ligands. The reaction of (R/R’)2Mg(dx)x with diphenylchlorophosphane (molar ratio 1 : 1) in diethyl ether at a temperature regime of 0 °C to reflux and subsequent oxidation with elemental sulfur leads to formation of pure (-)-menthyldiphenylphosphane sulfide RPh2P(S) (2). Compounds 1 and 2 have been authenticated by X-ray crystal structures determinations.

Characterization of soot emitted from the atmospheric combustion of diethyl ether-diesel blends

In accordance with the European commission’s renewable energy proposal for 2030, advanced biofuels should be blended at a minimum of 3.6 % with conventional fuels used for powering internal combustion engines. Ethers, which may be produced using modern production methods from sustainable sources like biomass, may be crucial in this regard in the future. This study demonstrates the impact of diethyl ether as a blend component (mixed with diesel) on the characteristics of the soot generated from the diethyl ether-atmospheric diesel's combustion. The soot used in this work came from a smoke point lamp that burned a mixture of diesel and diethyl ether as per ASTM D1322 standard. Diethyl ether (DEE) and diesel (D) were combined in the following blends: DEE5D (5 % diethyl ether and 95 % diesel v/v), and DEE20D (20 % diethyl ether and 80 % diesel v/v). The obtained soot was characterized in detail using the following: elemental analyzer, X-Ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), RAMAN spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy. According to the results from XRD and Raman spectroscopy, the soot nanostructure is influenced by the amount of diethyl ether present in the mixture, which raises the reactivity. The results of the elemental analyzer and 1H NMR matched those of the TGA's soot reactivity (oxidations). The results from the SEM and TEM tests, however, were not enoughto support the experimental findings.

Mechanisms of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway in itch: From acute itch model establishment to the role in chronic itch in mouse

Programmed cell death receptor/ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) blockade therapy for various cancers induces itch. However, few studies have evaluated the mechanism underlying PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor-induced itch. This study aimed to establish and evaluate a mouse model of acute itch induced by PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors and to explore the role of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway in chronic itch. The intradermal injection of the PD-1/PD-L1 small molecule inhibitors, or anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies in the nape of the neck in the mice elicited intense spontaneous scratches. The model was evaluated using pharmacological methods. The number of scratches was reduced by naloxone but not by antihistamines or the transient receptor potential (TRP) channel inhibitor. Moreover, the PD-1 receptor was detected in the spinal cord of the mouse models of chronic itch that exhibited acetone, diethyl ether, and water (AEW)-induced dry skin, imiquimod-induced psoriasis, and 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNFB)-induced allergic contact dermatitis. Intrathecal PD-L1 (1 μg, 4 times a week for 1 week) suppressed the activation of the microglia in the spinal dorsal horn to relieve the chronic itch that was elicited by imiquimod-induced psoriasis and DNFB-induced allergic contact dermatitis. Although the activation of the microglia in the spinal dorsal horn was not detected in the AEW-treated mice, intrathecal PD-L1 still reduced the number of scratches that were elicited by AEW. Our findings suggest that histamine receptor inhibitors or TRP channel inhibitors have limited effects on PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor-induced itch and that spinal PD-1 is important for the spinal activation of the microglia, which may underlie chronic itch.

Phytochemical characterization, in vivo and in vitro biological activities of Atriplex lindleyi Moq. subsp. inflata

Ethnopharmacological relevanceAtriplex lindleyi Moq. subsp. inflata from Algeria is known for its traditional use for therapeutic properties. Aim of the studyWe analysed quantitatively and qualitatively the infusion and diethyl ether, n-butanol and ethereal extracts of A. lindleyi, as well as assessed their acute toxicity, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and antioxidant activities. Materials and methodsThe total phenolic and flavonoid contents were quantified. The anti-inflammatory effect was assessed using a carrageenan-induced paw oedema assay and the antinociceptive effect was evaluated using an acetic acid-induced writhing method. In addition, antioxidant activity was examined by three tests: DPPH, reducing power and phenanthroline assays. ResultsThe quantity of total phenols in the roots of A. lindleyi was larger than in the aerial parts, while the amounts of total flavonoids were larger in the aerial parts than in the roots. The HPLC profiles allowed us to identify 32 compounds belonging to the phenolic acid and flavonoid classes. Intraperitoneal administration of the infusions and phenolic extracts in mice did not cause any symptoms of toxicity or mortality. Results revealed that the aerial parts and roots of A. lindleyi had potential anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities and were higher than diclofenac and paracetamol, respectively. The diethyl ether extract (DEE) of aerial parts and roots showed the greatest antioxidant activity in comparison to the other tested extracts. ConclusionThe phenolic composition attempted to be identified by HPLC confers this plant's pharmacological potential. The antioxidant potential may be due to active ingredients, including ascorbic acid, in the two studied parts of A. lindleyi, which is a bioactive molecule with strong antioxidant properties. Also, detecting salicylic acid, the active antinociceptive ingredient of aspirin, gallic and ferulic acids may justify this subspecies' antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory potentials.

Hepatoprotective effect of hydromethanol extract of Otostegia integrifolia benth leaves in isoniazid and rifampicin induced Swiss albino mice

IntroductionDrug-induced liver injury is the most common cause of acute liver failure. Off-Target effect “hepatotoxicity “frequently detected during clinical examination of patients on anti-Tb medication particularly isoniazid (INH), and rifampin (RMP). However, there is no any treatment option against isoniazid and rifampicin induced hepatotoxicity. It is, therefore, necessary to search for effective affordable and safe drugs from medicinal plants for the prevention of liver toxicity caused by isoniazid and rifampicin. The aim the current study is to evaluate hepatoprotective effect of hydro methanol extract from Otostegia integrifolia leaves in isoniazid and rifampicin-induced hepatotoxicity in Swiss albino mice. MethodsO. integrifolia leaves powder was macerated in hydromethanol and thirty Swiss albino mice 29.0–40.6 g were grouped in to five groups. Group I were given 20 ml/kg distilled water, group II were given 100 mg INH and 150 mg RIF per kg body weight. Group III, group IV, and group V were given 200 mg extract, 400 mg extract, and 100 mg of N-acetyl cysteine respectively per kg 1hr before induction with 100 mg INH plus 150 mg RIF per kg. The treatments were followed for 14 days. On the 15th day, all mice were anaesthetized with diethyl ether; blood samples were collected for the assessment liver enzyme and function test. ResultsGroup II mice's serum ALT, AST and total bilirubin levels were significantly increased and serum total protein and albumin levels were significantly decreased as compared with group I mice. The groups of mice treated with O. integrifolia at a dose of 400 mg/kg and N-acetyl cysteine AST, ALT and total bilirubin level were significantly decreased; and total protein and albumin levels were significantly (P < 0.05) increased as compared with group II. The liver index of the group IV showed decreased (P < 0.05) as compared to the group II. ConclusionEvidence from our study revealed that the hydromethanol extract of O. integrifolia has a hepatoprotective effect against isoniazid and rifampicin-induced hepatotoxicity in Swiss Albino mice. This protective effect of O. integrifolia extract may be based on its metal ion reducing power, free radical scavenging activity, and anti-inflammatory activity and could be used as a potential therapeutic option.

Lewis acid catalyzed cis (liquid) to trans (solid) isomerization of Jojoba oil in supercritical CO2

Isomerization of the olefin from cis to trans configuration is often a desirable reaction pathway that leads to products with different properties and chemical reactivities. In this work, we report a novel process involving the use of boron trifluoride diethyl etherate, BF3·O(C2H5)2, in supercritical CO2 that converts a compound with an isolated cis to a trans olefin in quantitative yield. No polymerization was observed. The utility of this reaction has been demonstrated by the conversion of jojoba oil (a natural wax ester, comprising a monoester of long-chain fatty acids with cis olefins) to its trans isomers. Jojoba oil is liquid at room temperature with a melting point of about 10 °C; the reacted product is a solid with a melting point of 37.6 °C (around the normal human body temperature). The simplicity of the reaction and the use of supercritical CO2 are the attractive features of this reaction.

Effect of addition of diethyl ether with custard apple seed oil + hydrogen enrichment on dual-fuel compression ignition engine

Due to the inert chemical properties of custard apple seed oil (CASO), one standard method for overcoming the challenges with its combustion is to use hydrogen as a supplemental fuel in dual-fuel mode. This is a technique that has developed in prominence in recent years. This investigation aims to examine the combustion characteristics of a DI engine that has been fuelled with CASO-blended di-ethyl ether (DEE), as well as hydrogen used as a secondary fuel. The experiment was conducted in atmospheric air with hydrogen enrichment (8 and 10 LPM) using CASO and CASO + 20% DEE as fuel for load condition varying from (25–100%). When compared to diesel at full load, the brake thermal efficiency of CASO was lower by 16%; however, it was improved by 9% with direct hydrogen induction at a knock limit of 10 LPM; and it was improved by 23% with CASO + H2 + 20% DEE when operating at maximum load. NOx emissions for CASO + 10 LPM H2 + 20% DEE at maximum load is 926 ppm, which is around 45.46% less than the emission value for diesel. When more hydrogen was added to the combination, the presence of DEE in the fuel caused a reduction in the emissions of both hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide around 21.70% opacity and 0.711%vol, respectively, which leading to a cleaner environment.

An efficient synthesis of phosphonated cyclopentenones by NaN3-catalyzed three-component reaction between trialkyl phosphites, ethyl arylmethylidenecyanoacetates and dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylates.

NaN3-catalysed three-component reaction between trialkyl phosphites, dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylates and ethyl arylmethylidenecyanoacetates afforded phosphonated cyclopentenone derivatives. The process involves one C-P and two C-C bond formations in one synthetic step. All reactions were conducted in acetone as solvent at room temperature and the products were obtained in high yields as stable solids. The products were isolated and purified by simple washing with water and diethyl ether without need to tedious chromatography methods. The structures of products were proved by 1H, 13C and 31P NMR and IR spectral and elemental analysis data.

Luminescence of In(III)Cl-etioporphyrin-I.

The luminescent and photophysical properties of the etioporphyrin-I complex with indium(III) chloride, InCl-EtioP-I were experimentally studied at room and liquid nitrogen temperatures in pure and mixed toluene solutions. At 77 K, in a 1:2 mixture of toluene with diethyl ether, the quantum yield of phosphorescence reaches 10.2%, while the duration of phosphorescence is 17 ms. At these conditions, the ratio of phosphorescence-to-fluorescence integral intensities is equal to 26.1, which is the highest for complexes of this type. At 298 K, the quantum yield of the singlet oxygen generation is maximal in pure toluene (81%). Quantum-chemical calculations of absorption and fluorescence spectra at temperatures of 77 K and 298 K qualitatively coincide with the experimental data. The InCl-EtioP-I compound will further be used as a photoresponsive material in thin-film optoelectronic devices.

Armillaria ostoyae extracts inhibit EMT of cancer cell lines via TGF-β and Wnt/β-catenin signaling components

Armillaria ostoyae is an edible mushroom, appreciated in human nutrition, with several medicinal properties already proven. However, its phenolic composition and effects on cancer have never been investigated so far, especially regarding specific signaling pathways included in first steps of cancer metastatic process, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and migration. We report phenolic profile of two Armillaria ostoyae extracts, ethanol and diethyl ether (E and DE) and their effects on colorectal carcinoma (HCT-116) and cervical adenocarcinoma (HeLa) cells. Phenolics were detected using HPLC, while effects on cancer cells were investigated using MTT test; expression of markers related to EMT on gene and protein level by flow cytometry, immunofluorescence and qRT-PCR method. Antimigratory potential was assessed on collective and individual type of migration by Wound healing assay and RTCA technique. Sinapic acid was detected as the main phenolic component in E, while rutin and naringin were dominant in DE type of extract. Extracts notably suppressed pro-EMT markers: vimentin, N-cadherin, β-catenin, Snail, Smad2 and MMP-9, and elevated anti-EMT marker E-cadherin. Consequently, collective and single cell migration were significantly inhibited via regulation of TGF-β and Wnt/β-catenin signaling components. DE extract was more efficient in suppression of EMT and migration of colorectal and cervical cancer cells.

Mentha longifolia L. Inhibits Colorectal Cancer Cell Proliferation and Induces Apoptosis via Caspase Regulation

Naturopathy or herbal medicine has been widely used as an alternative treatment for several illnesses, such as cancer, as they are generally acknowledged as a treatment with lesser side effects. This research evaluated the bioactive compounds profiling, antioxidant, and anticancer potential in Mentha longifolia L. (essential oil and extract), using different solvent polarities (hexane, methanol, and diethyl ether). Meanwhile, the caspase 3 gene expression and cell cycle status of methanolic extract were determined in colorectal cancer cells (Caco-2 and SW48). The overall findings showed that methanolic extraction exhibited the highest total phenolic and flavonoid with respective values of 59.25 mg GAE (Gallic acid) eq./g DW (dry weight) and 20.02 mg RE (Rutin) eq./g DW, respectively, compared to hexane and diethyl ether. Furthermore, piperitenone oxid and piperitonone were found to be the dominant volatile compounds in methanolic extracts and essential oils. Additionally, the methanolic extract possesses higher antioxidant and anticancer activities. The molecular analysis indicated that methanolic extract up-regulated the expression of caspase 3 and increased the SubG1 (method to detecting cell death) peaks in treated Caco-2 and SW48 cell lines. To conclude, M. longifolia L. could serve as an effective therapeutic agent and a remedy for several illnesses, such as cancer caused by oxidative stress.

Confinement of Rh nanoparticles in triphenylphosphine oxide-functionalized core-crosslinked micelles for aqueous biphasic hydrogenation catalysis

The introduction of phosphine oxide as anchoring groups in the hydrophobic core of amphiphilic star-block copolymers leads to greatly improved confinement of rhodium nanoparticles (RhNPs) inside the nanoreactors with a benefit in aqueous biphasic catalysis. The copolymers are specially designed core-crosslinked micelles (CCMs) forming a stable latex by reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization. They possess a hydrophilic shell made of polycationic 4-vinyl-N-methylpyridinium iodide P(4VPMe+I−) chains, a triphenylphosphine oxide (TPPO)-functionalized polystyrene core and are crosslinked at the inner end of the polystyrene chains by diethylene glycol dimethacrylate (DEGDMA) (TPPO@CCM-C). Ex-situ synthesized RhNPs readily cross the hydrophilic shell and remain anchored within the CCM nanoreactor cores. The RhNP-loaded TPPO@CCM-C latex was applied as catalyst in the hydrogenation of styrene under mild conditions with complete selectivity towards ethylbenzene and average turnover frequency (TOF) up to 12000 h−1, corresponding to a corrected TOF (cTOF) up to 16800 h−1 based on only surface atoms of the RhNPs. Moreover, the catalytic phase proved recyclable after product extraction with diethyl ether, demonstrating efficient retention of the RhNPs by the core TPPO ligands. Although the activity decreased after the first catalytic run, it converged to a stable average TOF of ca. ∼1025 h−1 (cTOF of ca. ∼1440 h−1), which was similar to that of an extensively pre-washed RhNP-TPPO@CCM-C latex. This phenomenon is attributed to a promoter effect of adsorbed ligands, which were used as stabilizer for the RhNPs synthesis and were gradually removed during the work-up washings between recycles.

A comprehensive study on the performance and emission analysis in diesel engine via optimization of novel ternary fuel blends: Diesel, manganese, and diethyl ether

Ecosystem degradation and fossil fuel depletion are the two foremost concerns to look for alternative fuels. Rapid population growth is primarily accountable for higher consumption of fossil fuel sources, although engine technology is achieving milestones in terms of fuel efficiency and lower exhaust emissions in order to contribute towards a sustainable environment. The main root cause of global warming is carbon dioxide emissions; therefore, it is imperative to assess the impact of alternative fuels in diesel engines with an aim to minimize carbon emissions. A current study deals with the reduction of carbon emissions and improvement of efficiency through addition of manganese nano-additive to di-ethyl ether and diesel fuel blend in particulate form. Fuel blends were formed by adding various proportions of manganese to high-speed diesel fuel and stirring the mixture while heating it for 10 min. The blends were then tested in diesel engines at two distinct loads and five engine speed ranges. Emission analyzer was used to ascertain the CO2 output of engine. At higher loads for 10 % diethyl ether in diesel, the increase in brake thermal efficiency was 24.19, 28.17 and 26.86 % when the manganese amount in blend was changed as 250 mg, 375 mg and 500 mg respectively. On the other side CO2 emissions increase by 11.57, 30.52 and 20.33 % for manganese concentrations of 250 mg, 375 mg and 500 mg respectively. Analysis performed with Design Expert 13 showed that the desirability was 0.796 for a blend of 375 mg manganese at 1300 rpm and 4500 W load with 33.0611 % BTE, 334.011kg/kWh BSFC, 67.8821Nm torque, and 6.072 % CO2. Therefore, it can be deduced that manganese nanoparticle blends improved engine performance but CO2 emissions also increase which can be responsible for global warming and it should be reduced through catalytic converters.