Bis 2-ethylhexyl Adipate Research Articles

How does continuous venovenous hemofiltration theoretically expose (ex-vivo models) inpatients to diethylhexyladipate, a plasticizer of PVC medical devices?

Continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH) is widely used in intensive care units to treat patients with acute kidney injury requiring renal replacement therapy. The medical devices (MD) used for CVVH include a hemofilter and tubings made of plasticized PVC. Due to its known reprotoxicity, diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) has been replaced by alternatives such as diethylhexyladipate (DEHA) in some of these tubings. The migration of DEHA from hemofiltration systems has not been assessed and thus the level of patient exposure to this DEHP-alternative remains unknown.In this study, 2 CVVH models were used to evaluate the potential migration of DEHA from PVC tubings, allowing the determination of (Rachoin and Weisberg, 2019) the highest rates of DEHA able to migrate into a simulant flowing in a marketed adult CVVH circuit by disregarding any metabolisation and (Krieter et al., 2013) the clinical-reflecting exposure of patients to this plasticizer and its metabolites by assessing their migration into blood.In the first model, we showed that patients undergoing a CVVH procedure may be exposed to high rates of DEHA. Moreover, DEHA is continuously hydrolyzed into its primary metabolite MEHA (monoethylhexyladipate), which may reach cytotoxic level in the patients’ blood.When looking from a « safer » MD perspective, DEHA might not be the best alternative plasticizer for CVVH tubings. However, to reflect clinical conditions, this study should be completed by an in-vivo evaluation (biomonitoring) of the oxidized metabolites of DEHA in urines of inpatients undergoing CVVH.

Metabolism and urinary excretion kinetics of di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA) in four human volunteers after a single oral dose

Di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA) is used as a substitute for the reprotoxic phthalate plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). This study reports the first quantitative data on human in vivo DEHA metabolism and urinary metabolite excretion with the aim of providing tools for DEHA exposure and risk assessments. After DEHA was administered to four healthy volunteers (107−164 μg/kg body weight (bw)), urine samples were continuously and completely collected for 48 h and analyzed for the specific oxidized monoester metabolites mono-2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl adipate (5OH-MEHA), mono-2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl adipate (5oxo-MEHA), and mono-5-carboxy-2-ethylpentyl adipate (5cx-MEPA), as well as for the non-specific hydrolysis product adipic acid (AA) using stable isotope dilution analysis. AA was confirmed as a major (urinary excretion fraction (FUE): 10–40%), yet non-specific DEHA metabolite. 5cx-MEPA was the major specific DEHA metabolite with an FUE of 0.20% (range: 0.17–0.24%). FUEs for 5OH-MEHA and 5oxo-MEHA were 0.07% (0.03–0.10%) and 0.05% (0.01–0.06%), respectively. The three specific metabolites were excreted with two concentration maxima (tmax1 = 1.5–2.3 h, tmax2 = 3.8–6.4 h). Elimination half-lives (t1/2, calculated after the second tmax) for 5cx-MEPA were calculated between 2.1–3.8 h. The majority (98–100%) of metabolites was excreted within 24 h. The FUE of 5cx-MEPA was applied to demonstrate its applicability for calculating daily intakes based on urinary metabolite levels from three pilot populations. Daily intakes were generally far below the tolerable daily intake (TDI) for DEHA (300 μg/kg bw/day). The highest daily intake (114 μg/kg bw/day) was calculated in individuals after consuming food that had been wrapped in DEHA containing cling film.

Chemical Composition and Cytotoxic Activity of the Essential Oils from Orobanche cernua Loefling Whole Plant

Orobanche cernua is one of the species of Orobanche in Orobanchaceae family, which has been used in folk medicines for boost immunity and relieve swelling. The present study aimed to analyse the chemical constituents of the essential oils (EO) from O. cernua by GC/MS and evaluate the cytotoxic activity in vitro. Twenty-eight compounds, representing 83.41 % of the total EO were identified and the major volatile components were diethylhexyl adipate (35.34 %), followed by 2-methylheptane (12.65 %), α-cadinol (7.25 %), diethylphthalate (5.17 %), dibutyl phthalate (4.07 %), 3-methylheptane (3.51 %) and 1-tetradecanol (3.39 %). The EO cytotoxicity on the tumor cell lines (SH-SY5Y and BV-2) was determined by MTT assay and cell imaging, the results indicated that the potent cytotoxic effects with the IC50 values (55.89 μg/mL) in SH-SY5Y cells but weak in BV-2 cells with the IC50 (482.1 μg/mL) for 24 h, respectively. This paper is the first report of the chemical composition and cytotoxic activity of EO from O. cernua.

Determination of human urinary metabolites of the plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA) by online-SPE-HPLC-MS/MS

Di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA) is a plasticizer and phthalate substitute used in various consumer products. Relevant population exposures have to be assumed. In this study we describe the determination of three specific side chain-oxidized monoester metabolites of DEHA, mono-2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl adipate (5OH-MEHA), mono-2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl adipate (5oxo-MEHA), and mono-5-carboxy-2-ethylpentyl adipate (5cx-MEPA) in human urine as potential biomarkers of DEHA exposure. After enzymatic hydrolysis, urine samples were analyzed by online turbulent flow chromatography for matrix depletion and analyte enrichment coupled to liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-triple quadrupole-tandem mass spectrometry (online-SPE-LC-MS/MS). For quantification stable isotope dilution was applied with limits of quantification of 0.05 μg/L for 5cx-MEPA and 5OH-MEHA, and 0.1 μg/L for 5oxo-MEHA. Method accuracies (relative recoveries) were between 92 and 109%, and relative standard deviations <5%. We investigated the applicability of the method for internal DEHA exposure assessment in six volunteers who had consumed food wrapped in commercial PVC-cling film containing DEHA and in two small pilot populations without known DEHA exposure (44 pregnant Brazilian women and 32 German adults). In the cling film experiment, we could quantify all three metabolites in all post exposure urine samples, with 5cx-MEPA being most prominent (0.30–10.2 μg/L), followed by 5OH-MEHA (0.12–4.31 μg/L) and 5oxo-MEHA (0.12–2.84 μg/L). In the Brazilian and German samples we could detect DEHA exposures in 43 and 9% of all samples, again with 5cx-MEPA as the most prominent metabolite. Based on validation and pilot biomonitoring results, the method has proven appropriate for DEHA biomonitoring and will be applied in future metabolism and population studies.

Silver Selective Electrode Based on Hybrid Mesoporous Silica (MCM‐41) Modified Material

AbstractA silver selective electrode based on TEPQA‐MCM‐41 material was developed and used for the selective determination of Ag+ ion in various samples. The effect of various plasticizers i. e. dimethyl phthalate (DMP), Tris(ethylhexyl)phosphate (TEP), bis‐(2‐ethylhexyl)sebacate (BEHS), bis‐(2‐ethylhexyl)adipate (BEHA) was investigated. The electrode of the composition of 2 : 1 : 77 : 12 : 8 (w/w, %) of TEPQA‐MCM‐41 : NaTPB : Graphite powder : paraffin oil : DMP respectively, works satisfactorily in a wide concentration range of 1.3×10−9 M–1.0×10−1 M for Ag+ ion with a lower detection limit (LOD) of 1.0×10−9 M and has Nernstian slope of 63.4 1 mV/decay. The electrode can be used in a pH range of 2.3 to 6.7 for a period of 3 months without any divergence in potential response. The selectivity coefficient calculated by fixed interference method indicates the high selectivity of the electrode towards Ag+ ion over other tested cations.

Analysis of Endocrine-Disrupting Compounds from Cheese Samples Using Pressurized Liquid Extraction Combined with Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction Followed by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

Simultaneous extraction and preconcentration of five endocrine disrupting compounds including di-butyl phthalate, di-iso-nonyl phthalates, di-ethylhexyl phthalate, di-ethylhexyl adipate, and bisphenol A from cheese have been developed using pressurized liquid extraction combined with dispersive liquid–liquid extraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector. In this method, initially, the analytes are extracted into a water-miscible extraction solvent (acetone) at high pressure (1000 psi) and temperature (70 °C) in the presence of carbon tetrachloride as a modifier. After extraction, a volume of the organic phase is removed and dispersed into deionized water. The cloudy solution was centrifuged, and the sedimented phase is used in analysis. Efficient parameters were optimized using one-parameter-at-one-time strategy, and low limits of detection and quantification in the ranges of 0.82–3.1 and 2.8–10 ng g−1 were obtained, respectively. Relative standard deviations lower than 8% show an acceptable precision for the present method. The enrichment factors and extraction recoveries in the ranges of 259–319 and 78–96% were achieved, respectively. Lastly, some real samples were analyzed and di-butyl phthalate and di-ethylhexyl phthalate were found in them.

Essential oil composition of ‘WW-B.Dahl’ old world bluestem (Bothriochloa bladhii) grown in the Texas High Plains

Bothriochloa spp. include aromatic grasses that produce essential oils. Some of these grasses are reported to repel economically important insects. Leaves, stems, and seedheads of ‘WW-B.Dahl’ old world bluestem [Bothriochloa bladhii (Retz) S.T. Blake] were sampled during 3 years. Quantitative analysis by GC and GC–MS methods revealed a total of 172 compounds from methylation method, and 105 compounds from steam distillation method. Acorenone-B [spiro[4.5]dec-6-en-8-one, 1,7-dimethyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-] was in greatest concentration in both methods; however, this compound was detected on only one date (12 August) out of three collection dates extracted by steam distillation. Twenty-two compounds were detected by simple solvent extraction, in which acorenone-B was in greatest concentration in seedheads and least in stems. Diethylhexyl adipate was in highest concentration in stems and least in seedheads among the oils extracted by simple solvent. Camphene and limonene were present in the samples that contained seedheads. Naphthalene, a known insect deterrent, was detected in oils extracted from all methods and in all plant parts. Old world bluestem grass contained measurable amounts of essential oils that may be associated with previously observed repellency of red imported fire ants (Solenopsis invicta Buren).

Systemic toxicity of di (2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA) in rats following 28-day intravenous exposure

Di (2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA) is a potential plasticizer alternative for di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP). Toxicity of DEHA has been studied mostly via oral exposure but not assessed after repeated intravenous exposure. The present study shows the toxicity effects after intravenous administration for 28 consecutive days and the reversibility of the effects following a 14-day recovery period. The study was conducted under GLP conditions. Four groups of rats (15/sex/group) each received either vehicle or DEHA in vehicle (100, 200, or 450 mg/kg/day). Criteria for evaluation included clinical observations, body weight, food consumption, clinical pathology (hematology, serum chemistry, coagulation, urinalyses), gross (necropsy) evaluation, organ weight and histopathological evaluation. There were no DEHA-related changes in all the endpoints evaluated at 100 or 200 mg/kg/day. There were no test article-related changes in clinical pathology or gross necropsy observation at 450 mg/kg/day. At the high-dose, DEHA-related findings included clinical observations, decreased body weight gain and food consumption, increased liver weight in females associated with minimal hepatocellular hypertrophy, and decreased thymus weight in males and females without histopathology findings. All these findings were completely reversible within a 14-day recovery period. Therefore, the 200 mg/kg/day dose is considered to be the No-Observed-Effect Level (NOEL).

Development and validation of a bioanalytical assay based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for measuring biomarkers of exposure of alternative plasticizers in human urine and serum

Alternative plasticizers (APs) have been increasingly used in the last decade to replace conventional phthalate esters, in particular di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), due to the toxicity of the latter. However, there is currently very little data about the toxicity of and exposure to APs. No method exists so far for the analysis of multiple exposure biomarkers. The objective of this work consisted in developing a simple bioanalytical procedure for the analysis of multiple exposure biomarkers of APs in human urine and serum. Focus was set on metabolites of di(2-propylheptyl) phthalate (DPrHpP), di(isononyl)cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate (DINCH), di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHTP) and di-2-ethylhexyl adipate (DEHA). A sample preparation protocol was developed and optimized using Oasis HLB solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridges. Subsequently, an instrumental method based on liquid-chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was optimized. Following established guidelines, the sample preparation and instrumental methods were validated in terms of recovery, matrix effects, carry-over, linearity, limits of quantification, within- and between-run precision and trueness. Obtained results were satisfactory for all compounds except for one of the metabolites of DEHA (i.e., mono(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (MEHA)). A pilot biomonitoring study was carried out to assess the method's ability to detect and quantify target analytes in human urine and serum. In urine, most analytes could be detected with frequencies ranging from 8% for mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) adipate (OH-MEHA) and cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic mono hydroxyisononyl ester (OH-MINCH) to 92% for mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) adipate (oxo-MEHA), whilst most compounds could not be detected in serum, except for mono(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (MEHTP) and mono-(2-propyl-6-hydroxyheptyl) phthalate (OH-MPrHpP) which were detected in all samples. The obtained results show that the developed method can be used to simultaneously analyse multiple exposure biomarkers to APs in human urine and serum.

Synthesis of diethylhexyl adipate by Candida antarctica lipase-catalyzed esterification

Diethylhexyl adipate (DEHA) has been used for various applications in the chemical industry. In particular, DEHA is used as a plasticizer for polyvinyl chloride and its polymers. In this study, DEHA was successfully synthesized via lipase-catalyzed esterification from adipic acid with ethylhexanol in a solvent-free system. An immobilized lipase from Candida antarctica (Novozym 435) was used as a biocatalyst in this reaction. The optimal reaction conditions for the synthesis of DEHA were temperature of 50 °C, an enzyme loading of 5% (based on the total weight of substrate), a vacuum of 6.7 kPa, and a molar ratio 1:2.5 (adipic acid to ethylhexanol). When vacuum was applied, the conversion to DEHA was improved significantly and 100 mol% conversion was obtained within only 3 h under optimal condition.

Structural characterization of potential endocrine disrupting activity of alternate plasticizers di-(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA), acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC) and 2,2,4-trimethyl 1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate (TPIB) with human sex hormone-binding globulin

Plasticizers are chemical compounds used to increase the softness and fluidity of polymer materials. Phthalate compounds constitute the most common class of compounds used as plasticizers. However, phthalate plasticizers, especially the predominant di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, have been shown to have adverse effects on environment and human health. Hence, efforts have been made to use safer and environmentally friendly alternate non-phthalate plasticizers in industrial applications. The present study involves structural binding studies on endocrine disrupting potential of three high volume alternate plasticizer compounds, i.e., di-(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA), acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC) and 2,2,4-trimethyl 1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate (TPIB) with sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG). This study showed that DEHA, ATBC and TPIB bind in the ligand binding pocket of SHBG and the structural binding results suggested that the three alternate plasticizers may interfere in the steroid binding of SHBG and thus may cause dysfunction in sex steroid homeostasis.

Hair as an alternative matrix to monitor human exposure to plasticizers – Development of a liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry method

The application and production of alternative plasticizers (APs) has been increasing in the last decade in replacement of conventional phthalates due to their toxicity. This calls for the development of non-invasive monitoring approaches to assess human exposure to APs. A method for the simultaneous measurement of exposure biomarkers of di(2‑propylheptyl) phthalate (DPHP), di(isononyl)cyclohexane‑1,2‑dicarboxylate (DINCH), di(2‑ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHTP) and di‑2‑ethylhexyl adipate (DEHA) in hair samples was developed and validated in this study. Prior to the analysis, the hair samples were washed in acetone and ultrapure water and pulverized to powder. Further, a solid-liquid and solid-phase extraction, followed by quantification using liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was performed. The method was validated in terms of recovery, matrix effects, carry-over, linearity, limits of quantification, within- and between-run precision and trueness. Satisfying results were obtained for all targeted compounds, except for mono(2‑ethylhexyl) adipate (MEHA), which was monitored only qualitatively. The optimized method was implemented in a pilot biomonitoring study with hair samples from 9 healthy volunteers. Detection frequencies of seven metabolites ranged from 11% to 100%. Mono(2‑ethylhexyl) terephthalate (MEHTP) and mono(2‑ethyl‑5‑oxohexyl) adipate (oxo-MEHA) were found in all hair samples. More hydrophobic monoester metabolites were found to be incorporated in hair to a greater extent compared to their oxidized counterparts. Obtained results show that the developed method can detect AP metabolites in hair, supporting the use of this alternative matrix in human biomonitoring.

Human Urinary Biomarkers of Exposure to the Plasticizer Deha

Di (2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA) is predominantly used as plasticizer in PVC consumer products, but can also be used in nitrocellulose base coatings and synthetic rubbers. Blends of DEHA with general-purpose phthalates improve low-temperature flexibility for consumer goods like garden hoses, gaskets and tubing. DEHA is also used to substitute Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) in some medical applications like e.g. nutrition transfer systems or tubing for hemodialysis. The use of DEHA for food contact materials like flexible PVC cling film is approved in several parts of the world (e.g. Europe, North America/Canada, Asia). All of these applications imply likely exposures of the general population. The former European Scientific Committee on Food evaluated the data available on DEHA in 1994 and derived a tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 0.3 mg/(kg bw*d).We developed an online-SPE-LC-MS/MS method with isotope dilution to investigate the metabolism of DEHA and urinary excretion kinetics of its metabolites. 4 volunteers were dosed orally with 10 mg DEHA. Urine samples were consecutively collected for 48 hours after dosage. Following oral uptake, DEHA is quickly metabolized and excreted in urine as adipic acid, which, however, is not a specific biomarker. The side chain oxidized monoester metabolites of DEHA in urine, 2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl adipate (5OH-MEHA), 2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl adipate (5oxo-MEHA), and 5-carboxy-2-ethylpentyl adipate (5cx-MEPA) were identified as specific and robust biomarkers. Urinary conversion factors were also established, whereby 5cx-MEPA, the major specific metabolite, represented approximately 0.2% of the oral dose in urine.We applied the specific DEHA biomarkers in a pilot biomonitoring study on German adults and pregnant Brazilian women and were able to detect all three biomarkers in the urine samples with the highest prevalence for 5cx-MEPA.

Di (2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA): systemic toxicity in rats following 28-day intravenous exposure

Video monitoring the nearshore can provide high-frequency remotely-sensed optical information from which morphological changes and hydrodynamic data can be derived. Although overlooked in most of the studies, it is acknowledged that camera viewing angles can substantially vary in time for a variety of reasons, reducing consistently data accuracy. This paper aims to identify the primary environmental parameters controlling camera shifts at the video monitoring station of Sète (SE France) and develops an empirical model to routinely reduce these deviations. Our model simulates camera movements with an excellent skill (BSS = 0.87) and shows that camera viewing angles’ deviation is primarily controlled by the position of the sun during sunny days, making it predictable. This study opens new perspective to routinely improve camera geometry of video monitoring systems.

Synthesis and Characterization of a Molecularly Imprinted Polymer for Diclofenac Sodium Using (2-vinylpyridine and 2-hydroxyethyl metha acrylate) as the Complexing Monomer

Four electrodes were synthesized based on molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). Two MIPs were prepared by using the diclofenac sodium (DFS) as the template, 2-hydroxy ethyl metha acrylate(2-HEMA) and 2-vinyl pyridine(2-VP) as monomers as well as divinyl benzene and benzoyl peroxide as cross linker and initiator respectively. The same composition used for prepared non-imprinted polymers (NIPs) but without the template (diclofenac sodium). To prepared the membranes electrodes used different plasticizers in PVC matrix such as: tris(2-ethyl hexyl) phosphate (TEHP), tri butyl phosphate (TBP), bis(2-ethyl hexyl) adipate (BEHA) and tritolyl phosphate (TTP). The characteristics studied the slop, detection limit, life time and linearity range of DFS–MIPs electrodes. The results were obtained from selectivity measurements on amino acids showed good response as well as pharmaceuticals analysis.

Synthesis and Characterization of a Molecularly Imprinted Polymer for Diclofenac Sodium Using (2-vinylpyridine and 2-hydroxyethyl metha acrylate) as the Complexing Monomer

Four electrodes were synthesized based on molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). Two MIPs were prepared by using the diclofenac sodium (DFS) as the template, 2-hydroxy ethyl metha acrylate(2-HEMA) and 2-vinyl pyridine(2-VP) as monomers as well as divinyl benzene and benzoyl peroxide as cross linker and initiator respectively. The same composition used for prepared non-imprinted polymers (NIPs) but without the template (diclofenac sodium). To prepared the membranes electrodes used different plasticizers in PVC matrix such as: tris(2-ethyl hexyl) phosphate (TEHP), tri butyl phosphate (TBP), bis(2-ethyl hexyl) adipate (BEHA) and tritolyl phosphate (TTP). The characteristics studied the slop, detection limit, life time and linearity range of DFS–MIPs electrodes. The results were obtained from selectivity measurements on amino acids showed good response as well as pharmaceuticals analysis.

Di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA) detection in Antarctic krill (Euphasia superba Dana)

In this reported study, a novel high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) method was developed for the detection and quantification of the toxic substance di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA) i...

Reduced stress‐optical coefficient of polycarbonate by antiplasticization

ABSTRACTWe have investigated the effect of antiplasticization on the stress‐optical behavior of polycarbonate (PC) containing terphenyls (tPh) and di(2‐ethylhexyl)adipate (DEHA). Addition of the three tPhs (p‐, o‐, and m‐tPh) and DEHA at contents of 5–10 wt % increases the tensile storage modulus (E') of PC owing to the antiplasticization effect. In particular, p‐tPh increases E' more than the other additives, suggesting that the rod‐like shape matches the free volume of PC in the glassy state. The three tPh isomers improve the glassy birefringence of PC while DEHA does not change the glassy birefringence, which corresponds to the polarizability anisotropy. The stress‐optical coefficient, a ratio of stress and birefringence, of PC decreases with increasing additive content in order of p‐tPh ≫ o‐tPh &gt; m‐tPh = DEHA. This result is agreement with a restricted rotational motion of additive molecule in PC, which is observed in dynamic mechanical and birefringence data. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2017, 55, 1837–1842

Estrogenic activity, chemical levels and health risk assessment of municipal distribution point water from Pretoria and Cape Town, South Africa

Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are ubiquitous in the environment and have been detected in drinking water from various countries. Although various water treatment processes can remove EDCs, chemicals can also migrate from pipes that transport water and contaminate drinking water. This study investigated the estrogenic activity in drinking water from various distribution points in Pretoria (City of Tshwane) (n = 40) and Cape Town (n = 40), South Africa, using the recombinant yeast estrogen screen (YES) and the T47D-KBluc reporter gene assay. The samples were collected seasonally over four sampling periods. The samples were also analysed for bisphenol A (BPA), nonylphenol (NP), di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), diisononylphthalate (DINP), 17β-estradiol (E2), estrone (E1) and ethynylestradiol (EE2) using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrophotometry (UPLC-MS/MS). This was followed by a scenario based health risk assessment to assess the carcinogenic and toxic human health risks associated with the consumption of distribution point water. None of the water extracts from the distribution points were above the detection limit in the YES bioassay, but the EEq values ranged from 0.002 to 0.114 ng/L using the T47D-KBluc bioassay. BPA, DEHA, DBP, DEHP, DINP E1, E2, and EE2 were detected in distribution point water samples. NP was below the detection limit for all the samples. The estrogenic activity and levels of target chemicals were comparable to the levels found in other countries. Overall the health risk assessment revealed acceptable health and carcinogenic risks associated with the consumption of distribution point water.

Phthalate and non-phthalate plasticizers in indoor dust from childcare facilities, salons, and homes across the USA

The quality of indoor environment has received considerable attention owing to the declining outdoor human activities and the associated public health issues. The prolonged exposure of children in childcare facilities or the occupational exposure of adults to indoor environmental triggers can be a culprit of the pathophysiology of several commonly observed idiopathic syndromes. In this study, concentrations of potentially toxic plasticizers (phthalates as well as non-phthalates) were investigated in 28 dust samples collected from three different indoor environments across the USA. The mean concentrations of non-phthalate plasticizers [acetyl tri-n-butyl citrate (ATBC), di-(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA), and di-isobutyl adipate (DIBA)] were found at 0.51–880 μg/g for the first time in indoor dust samples from childcare facilities, homes, and salons across the USA. The observed concentrations of these replacement non-phthalate plasticizer were as high as di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, the most frequently detected phthalate plasticizer at highest concentration worldwide, in most of indoor dust samples. The estimated daily intakes of total phthalates (n = 7) by children and toddlers through indoor dust in childcare facilities were 1.6 times higher than the non-phthalate plasticizers (n = 3), whereas estimated daily intake of total non-phthalates for all age groups at homes were 1.9 times higher than the phthalate plasticizers. This study reveals, for the first time, a more elevated (∼3 folds) occupational intake of phthalate and non-phthalate plasticizers through the indoor dust at salons (214 and 285 ng/kg-bw/day, respectively) than at homes in the USA.