DG Penetration Level Research Articles

Impact of Distributed Generators Penetration Level on the Power Loss and Voltage Profile of Radial Distribution Networks

The Distributed Generator types have different combinations of real and reactive power characteristics, which can affect the total power loss and the voltage support/control of the radial distribution networks (RDNs) in different ways. This paper investigates the impact of DG’s penetration level (PL) on the power loss and voltage profile of RDNs based on different DG types. The DG types are modeled depending on the real and reactive power they inject. The voltage profiles obtained under various circumstances were fairly compared using the voltage profile index (VPI), which assigns a single value to describe how well the voltages match the ideal voltage. Two novel effective power voltage stability indices were developed to select the most sensitive candidate buses for DG penetration. To assess the influence of the DG PL on the power loss and voltage profile, the sizes of the DG types were gradually raised on these candidate buses by 1% of the total load demand of the RDN. The method was applied to the IEEE 33-bus and 69-bus RDNs. A PL of 45–76% is achieved on the IEEE 33-bus and 48–55% penetration on the IEEE 69-bus without an increase in power loss. The VPI was improved with increasing PL of DG compared to the base case scenario.

The Integration of Renewable-Distributed Energy Resources into Electrical Power System Expansion with Intermittency Consideration

This study presents a mixed-integer linear programming model to solve generation and transmission planning problems. Distributed energy resources are considered in the developed model. The intermittent property of distributed energy resources is applied by the k-means clustering method. The multiobjective approach is used by the epsilon constraint method. Finally, the fuzzy decision-making process is implemented to determine the best solution within the generated Pareto sets. The model is implemented into IEEE 24 bus test system. The results show that for each Pareto point, an increase in the DG penetration level reduces the overall planning cost by 6.08% compared to the planning cost without DG penetration based on the same weighting factor of the objective functions. The results also show that the investment cost of the generator unit and transmission line can be reduced by 20.10% and 22.27%, respectively. Furthermore, handling intermittency using the clustering method of renewable energy resources results in different choices of DG technology compared to the results obtained in authors’ previous publication.

Effect of DG Types and Penetration Level in Transmission System using Hybrid Optimization Technique for Loss Control

Effect of DG Types and Penetration Level in Transmission System using Hybrid Optimization Technique for Loss Control

Optimal incorporation of multiple distributed generation units based on a new system maximum loadability computation approach and vortex searching algorithm

In this paper, the optimal incorporation of distributed generation (OIDG) units for the maximization of the system‟s loadability is investigated (based on sizing and siting). To this end a new computational approach for computing maximum loadability of the system is developed. This approach has been compared with the classical one on different radial test systems (RTS) and is found to be faster and more accurate. The OIDG problem is formulated mathematically as an optimization problem with the objective function to maximize system‟s loadability, the imposed constraints are; voltage limits, thermal limits and DG penetration level. The optimization algorithm used is to solve the OIDG problem is the Vortex searching algorithm (VS). The tested radial distribution systems are the standard 33-bus and 69-bus systems. This paper also discusses some other interesting findings about VS algorithm.

Optimal incorporation of multiple distributed generation units based on a new system maximum loadability computation approach and vortex searching algorithm

In this paper, the optimal incorporation of distributed generation (OIDG) units for the maximization of the system‟s loadability is investigated (based on sizing and siting). To this end a new computational approach for computing maximum loadability of the system is developed. This approach has been compared with the classical one on different radial test systems (RTS) and is found to be faster and more accurate. The OIDG problem is formulated mathematically as an optimization problem with the objective function to maximize system‟s loadability, the imposed constraints are; voltage limits, thermal limits and DG penetration level. The optimization algorithm used is to solve the OIDG problem is the Vortex searching algorithm (VS). The tested radial distribution systems are the standard 33-bus and 69-bus systems. This paper also discusses some other interesting findings about VS algorithm.

Optimal incorporation of multiple distributed generation units based on a new system maximum loadability computation approach and vortex searching algorithm

In this paper, the optimal incorporation of distributed generation (OIDG) units for the maximization of the system‟s loadability is investigated (based on sizing and siting). To this end a new computational approach for computing maximum loadability of the system is developed. This approach has been compared with the classical one on different radial test systems (RTS) and is found to be faster and more accurate. The OIDG problem is formulated mathematically as an optimization problem with the objective function to maximize system‟s loadability, the imposed constraints are; voltage limits, thermal limits and DG penetration level. The optimization algorithm used is to solve the OIDG problem is the Vortex searching algorithm (VS). The tested radial distribution systems are the standard 33-bus and 69-bus systems. This paper also discusses some other interesting findings about VS algorithm.

Multi-Objective Optimization of Integrated Power System Expansion Planning with Renewable Energy-Based Distributed Generation

Multi-objective-based power system expansion planning considering distributed generation is presented in this study. An integrated model of electrical power system expansion planning with renewable energy-based distributed generation is proposed. Two objective functions, cost and the emission objective function, are implemented in the proposed model. The cost function comprises investment cost and operation cost. The investment cost covers the cost of the new generation unit, the new distributed generation unit, and the investment for the new transmission circuit. The operation cost covers the operation cost of the installed and new generation unit and the operation cost of the installed and new distributed generation unit. Two emission gasses, CO2 and NOx, are considered in the proposed model. These two gasses are expressed in the same unit as Global Warming Potential. The developed model is implemented into the IEEE 14 bus system. Lexicographic optimization combined with the epsilon constraint technique is used to solve the multi-objective problem. A Pareto optimal solution is generated by this method. Then, the fuzzy decision-making process is implemented to select the best solution from the Pareto set. The simulation results show that the distributed generation significantly reduces the overall cost of power system expansion planning. With a 30% DG penetration level, overall planning costs can be reduced by 12.62% compared to without DG penetration with an equal weighting factor for each objective function. Details of the capacity expansion of the generation unit, distributed generation unit, and transmission line are presented in this study.

A combined probabilistic modeling of renewable generation and system load types to determine allowable DG penetration level in distribution networks

A combined probabilistic modeling of renewable generation and system load types to determine allowable DG penetration level in distribution networks

An Optimization Based Algorithm for Allocation of Distribution Generation and to determine impact of DG Penetration Level in RDS

An Optimization Based Algorithm for Allocation of Distribution Generation and to determine impact of DG Penetration Level in RDS

A new approach for optimum simultaneous multi-DG distributed generation Units placement and sizing based on maximization of system loadability using HPSO (hybrid particle swarm optimization) algorithm

This paper presents a new approach for optimum simultaneous multi-DG (distributed generation) placement and sizing based on maximization of system loadability without violating the system constraints. DG penetration level, line limit and voltage magnitudes are considered as system constraints. HPSO (hybrid particle swarm optimization) algorithm is also proposed in this paper to find the optimum solution considering maximization of system loadability and the corresponding minimum power losses. The proposed method is tested on standard 16-bus, 33-bus and 69-bus radial distribution test systems. This paper will also compare the proposed method with existing Ettehadi method and present the effectiveness of the proposed method in terms of reduction in power system losses, maximization of system loadability and voltage quality improvement.

Reliability Assessment of Active Distribution System Using Monte Carlo Simulation Method

In this paper we have treated the reliability assessment problem of low and high DG penetration level of active distribution system using the Monte Carlo simulation method. The problem is formulated as a two-case program, the program of low penetration simulation and the program of high penetration simulation. The load shedding strategy and the simulation process were introduced in detail during each FMEA process. Results indicate that the integration of DG can improve the reliability of the system if the system was operated actively.