Devils Mountain Research Articles

Faulting within the San Juan–southern Gulf Islands Archipelagos, upper plate deformation of the Cascadia subduction complex

Abstract The San Juan–southern Gulf Islands Archipelago of Washington State, USA and western Canada is located on the upper plate of the Cascadia subduction zone, in the forearc between the trench and volcanic arc. Onland and island investigations show many faults within the region that primarily represent old, inactive faults associated with transport, subduction and accretion of tectonostratigraphic terranes. However, until recently little geologic investigation and mapping have been done in the offshore. From these narrow straits, channels and sounds we have collected and interpreted high-resolution multibeam echosounder bathymetric data, 3.5 kHz sub-bottom and Huntec seismic-reflection profiles, and piston-cores to identify and date recently active faults. Previous studies by us focused on the earlier recognized active Devils Mountain fault zone that bounds the southern part of the Archipelago and the recently reported newly mapped active Skipjack Island fault zone that bounds the northern part. These transcurrent fault zones appear to be deforming and rotating the Archipelago. We concentrate on the unique deformation occurring within the seaways to determine the relationship and styles of faulting associated with these active bounding fault zones and relate the fault geometry and kinematics to one other subduction complex, the New Hebrides island arc of Vanuatu.

Group I alkenones and Isochrysidales in the world’s largest maar lakes and their potential paleoclimate applications

The Espenberg maar lakes on the Seward Peninsula, Alaska, are the largest volcanic crater lakes in the world and contain the longest known lacustrine sedimentary archives in Alaska. The lack of glacial-aged marine sedimentary archives around the Bering Land Bridge due to exposure of the shelf during sea level low-stands makes these lakes highly valuable for understanding the region’s past climate and environmental changes. Located en route to humanity’s last colonized American continents, the Seward Peninsula’s climate and environments during the last glacial period bear major anthropological significance. However, a lack of quantitative proxies has so far hampered exploration of these lakes for paleoclimate reconstructions. Here we report, for the first time, the discovery of abundant Group I alkenones and Isochrysidales in surface sediments from three maar lakes: White Fish, North Killeak and Devil Mountain, using a combination of lipid biomarker and 18S rRNA gene sequencing analyses. Our discovery adds to the expanding list of oligotrophic freshwater lakes where Group I alkenones are found, and water chemistry data contribute to the understanding of the environmental controls on Group I Isochrysidales. Our results further confirm the use of the U37K index of Group I alkenones as a proxy for the mean temperature of the spring isotherm (MTSI) and RIK37 as a quantitative measurement for Isochrysidales group mixing. We also demonstrate the analytical challenges for analyzing alkenones in freshwater lakes and the effectiveness of eliminating coelution using silver thiolate chromatographic material (AgTCM).

The Skipjack Island fault zone: An active transcurrent structure within the upper plate of the Cascadia subduction complex

The Skipjack Island fault zone has been mapped in the San Juan Islands between Vancouver Island, Canada, and the Washington State mainland, USA. A decade ago, interpretation of multibeam sonar seafloor imagery revealed that Skipjack Island, an east–west striking sedimentary bedrock outcrop, was a fault-controlled structural feature. A major fault separates Skipjack Island from a deformed sedimentary bedrock outcrop on the seafloor to the north. Recently the Skipjack Island fault zone's morphology and extent have been explored both to the west and east of the island using multibeam echosounder bathymetry, seismic reflection profiles, and sediment cores. The character of the Skipjack Island fault zone is well defined locally by the interpreted seismic-reflection profiles, which show active faults that displace sediments deposited since the Last Glacial Maximum. The central part of the fault zone, near Skipjack Island, appears as a near-vertical structure in the shallow subsurface that has been subjected to left-lateral motion as evidenced by a bedrock exposure on the seabed north of the island where folded strata bend eastward against the fault, the result of drag from fault motion. Interpretations of recent geophysical data suggest an extension of the Skipjack Island fault zone farther to the west, where it trends towards, and possibly connects with, the Fulford Fault on Vancouver Island, and to the east, where it either terminates north of Lummi Island, or continues eastward onto the mainland. The Skipjack Island fault zone is interpreted to be the northern boundary of the San Juan Archipelago with the Devils Mountain fault zone being the southern boundary. Both fault zones represent the longest continuous faults of the San Juan Archipelago. This newly mapped fault zone and its zone of deformation to the north may represent the northern boundary of the Cascadia forearc. Potential sesimicity of the Skipjack Island fault zone and its proximity to the steep unstable northeastern side of Orcas Island and the southern front of the Fraser River Delta poses a geohazads problem in the form of earthquakes, landslides, submarine slides, and tsunamis.

The Devils Mountain Fault zone: An active Cascadia upper plate zone of deformation, Pacific Northwest of North America

The Devils Mountain Fault Zone (DMFZ) extends east to west from Washington State to just south of Victoria, British Columbia, in the northern Strait of Juan de Fuca of Canada and the USA. Recently collected geophysical data were used to map this fault zone in detail, which show the main fault trace, and associated primary and secondary (conjugate) strands, and extensive northeast-southwest oriented folding that occurs within a 6km wide deformation zone. The fault zone has been active in the Holocene as seen in the offset and disrupted upper Quaternary strata, seafloor displacement, and deformation within sediment cores taken close to the seafloor expression of the faults. Data suggest that the present DMFZ and the re-activated Leech River Fault may be part of the same fault system. Based on the length and previously estimated slip rates of the fault zone in Washington State, the DMFZ appears to have the potential of producing a strong earthquake, perhaps as large as magnitude 7.5 or greater, within 2km of the city of Victoria.

Evidence of multiple thermokarst lake generations from an 11 800‐year‐old permafrost core on the northern Seward Peninsula, Alaska

Permafrost degradation influences the morphology, biogeochemical cycling and hydrology of Arctic landscapes over a range of time scales. To reconstruct temporal patterns of early to late Holocene permafrost and thermokarst dynamics, site‐specific palaeo‐records are needed. Here we present a multi‐proxy study of a 350‐cm‐long permafrost core from a drained lake basin on the northern Seward Peninsula, Alaska, revealing Lateglacial to Holocene thermokarst lake dynamics in a central location of Beringia. Use of radiocarbon dating, micropalaeontology (ostracods and testaceans), sedimentology (grain‐size analyses, magnetic susceptibility, tephra analyses), geochemistry (total nitrogen and carbon, total organic carbon, δ13Corg) and stable water isotopes (δ18O, δD, d excess) of ground ice allowed the reconstruction of several distinct thermokarst lake phases. These include a pre‐lacustrine environment at the base of the core characterized by the Devil Mountain Maar tephra (22 800±280 cal. a BP, Unit A), which has vertically subsided in places due to subsequent development of a deep thermokarst lake that initiated around 11 800 cal. a BP (Unit B). At about 9000 cal. a BP this lake transitioned from a stable depositional environment to a very dynamic lake system (Unit C) characterized by fluctuating lake levels, potentially intermediate wetland development, and expansion and erosion of shore deposits. Complete drainage of this lake occurred at 1060 cal. a BP, including post‐drainage sediment freezing from the top down to 154 cm and gradual accumulation of terrestrial peat (Unit D), as well as uniform upward talik refreezing. This core‐based reconstruction of multiple thermokarst lake generations since 11 800 cal. a BP improves our understanding of the temporal scales of thermokarst lake development from initiation to drainage, demonstrates complex landscape evolution in the ice‐rich permafrost regions of Central Beringia during the Lateglacial and Holocene, and enhances our understanding of biogeochemical cycles in thermokarst‐affected regions of the Arctic.

Metropolitan Andrei Sheptytskyi - environmental representative of Halychyna

The article elucidates important aspect of Metropolitan Andrei Sheptytskyi's diversified activity - environmental protection in Halychyna. The author proves that Metropolitan's environmental activity was aimed at the intensification of national revival in the region. It was important for the consolidation of Halychian's self-respect and steady growth of their spiritual worldview. The article suggests various archival documents that contain facts of Metropolitan's environmental activity in Halychyna in 1930-1940.Metropolitan Andrei always pays great attention to environmental protection and conservation activities fully support the various segments of the Ukrainian community of Galicia. The main stages of this activity - an organization in Gorgan, near the village. Osmoloda on the lands of the first Ukrainian Church Cedar Reserve, which later was given the name of Metropolitan Andrei Sheptytskyi First National Park Nature Nature Reserve "Devil's Mountain" near. Rohatyn, "Cash Mountain" near the village. Bovše in the vicinity. Galich, forests estates "Zarvanytsya" Podgaetskiy county in the region, protection of some old, old trees as monuments of nature, a number of other events, which, though indirectly, however, contributed to conservation land (attempt open in Lviv Ukrainian University, purchase 4 thousand. hectares of forest near the village. Yanov, on the basis of which it was established the Institute "forest Foundation Lviv Greek Catholic eparchy" which included testing Yaniv forestry and forest research station, is the financial support of the National museum in Lviv care about the economic activity of the Ukrainian Academy in Podebrady (Czech Republic), gift of the land area of 50 mortuaries with a large garden and a garden in the village. Mylovannya society "Enlightenment," which became the basis for local school field crops, etc.).Nature and the environment as an important aspect of the Metropolitan, was aimed at strengthening of national revival in the land, had considerable importance for establishing national dignity Galicians approached their nature, sowed grains of environmental ideas as a way to increase national, religious and moral consciousness people is through steady expansion of its spiritual world, strengthening economic situation and increasing material prosperity, based on lies and love for his native land and native wildlife.

Trümmer Geographies

The article explores ruination and human geography by focusing on the vast rubble hill of Teufelsberg (Devils Mountain). Located in Berlin's outer district of Wilmersdorf, Teufelsberg was constructed in the aftermath of World War II from the remnants of buildings destroyed during the air war on the city. This article focuses on the Trümmerfrauen (‘Rubble Women’), children and men who ‘shifted’ the rubble of Berlin's destroyed urbanity to its burial at Teufelsberg. Noticing the different ways in which Teufelsberg rewrites the city yet appears like any other hill prompts a question: what opportunities would arise in attempting to rediscover the buried city of Berlin? To answer this question is to first recognize that Teufelsberg and present day Berlin share a landscape bound by geography; the unearthing of one leads to the unearthing of the other. To uncover this partnership between the labour of the Trümmerfrauen, the rubble and burial, presupposes a rethinking of the human and material forms that lie buried at Teufelsberg.Using a speculative logic, the article draws on various concepts of ruination from Richard Pogue Harrison's humic foundation in burial practices, Jacques Derrida's self-ruining in self-portraiture painting, Albert Speer's theory of ruins and W.G. Sebald's self-anaesthesia in order to open up new possibilities of thinking around Berlin and ruination post World War II. References are made throughout the article to a selection of black and white photographs drawn from the Berlin Landesarchiv (City Archive). The photographs are important as they evidence Berlin's destruction in the immediate aftermath of the war and graphically depict the Trümmerfrauen, children and men who worked in the ruins of their city. By referencing these images, the aim is to re-establish Teufelsberg's physical yet hidden presence of ruination and burial as an extension of the present day city of Berlin.

Holocene earthquakes and right-lateral slip on the left-lateral Darrington–Devils Mountain fault zone, northern Puget Sound, Washington

Sources of seismic hazard in the Puget Sound region of northwestern Washington include deep earthquakes associated with the Cascadia subduction zone, and shallow earthquakes associated with some of the numerous crustal (upper-plate) faults that crisscross the region. Our paleoseismic investigations on one of the more prominent crustal faults, the Darrington–Devils Mountain fault zone, included trenching of fault scarps developed on latest Pleistocene glacial sediments and analysis of cores from an adjacent wetland near Lake Creek, 14 km southeast of Mount Vernon, Washington. Trench excavations revealed evidence of a single earthquake, radiocarbon dated to ca. 2 ka, but extensive burrowing and root mixing of sediments within 50–100 cm of the ground surface may have destroyed evidence of other earthquakes. Cores in a small wetland adjacent to our trench site provided stratigraphic evidence (formation of a laterally extensive, prograding wedge of hillslope colluvium) of an earthquake ca. 2 ka, which we interpret to be the same earthquake documented in the trenches. A similar colluvial wedge lower in the wetland section provides possible evidence for a second earthquake dated to ca. 8 ka. Three-dimensional trenching techniques revealed evidence for 2.2 ± 1.1 m of right-lateral offset of a glacial outwash channel margin, and 45–70 cm of north-side-up vertical separation across the fault zone. These offsets indicate a net slip vector of 2.3 ± 1.1 m, plunging 14° west on a 286°-striking, 90°-dipping fault plane. The dominant right-lateral sense of slip is supported by the presence of numerous Riedel R shears preserved in two of our trenches, and probable right-lateral offset of a distinctive bedrock fault zone in a third trench. Holocene north-side-up, right-lateral oblique slip is opposite the south-side-up, left-lateral oblique sense of slip inferred from geologic mapping of Eocene and older rocks along the fault zone. The cause of this slip reversal is unknown but may be related to clockwise rotation of the Darrington–Devils Mountain fault zone into a position more favorable to right-lateral slip in the modern N-S compressional stress field.

Constraining fault interpretation through tomographic velocity gradients: application to northern Cascadia

Abstract. Spatial gradients of tomographic velocities are seldom used in interpretation of subsurface fault structures. This study shows that spatial velocity gradients can be used effectively in identifying subsurface discontinuities in the horizontal and vertical directions. Three-dimensional velocity models constructed through tomographic inversion of active source and/or earthquake traveltime data are generally built from an initial 1-D velocity model that varies only with depth. Regularized tomographic inversion algorithms impose constraints on the roughness of the model that help to stabilize the inversion process. Final velocity models obtained from regularized tomographic inversions have smooth three-dimensional structures that are required by the data. Final velocity models are usually analyzed and interpreted either as a perturbation velocity model or as an absolute velocity model. Compared to perturbation velocity model, absolute velocity models have an advantage of providing constraints on lithology. Both velocity models lack the ability to provide sharp constraints on subsurface faults. An interpretational approach utilizing spatial velocity gradients applied to northern Cascadia shows that subsurface faults that are not clearly interpretable from velocity model plots can be identified by sharp contrasts in velocity gradient plots. This interpretation resulted in inferring the locations of the Tacoma, Seattle, Southern Whidbey Island, and Darrington Devil's Mountain faults much more clearly. The Coast Range Boundary fault, previously hypothesized on the basis of sedimentological and tectonic observations, is inferred clearly from the gradient plots. Many of the fault locations imaged from gradient data correlate with earthquake hypocenters, indicating their seismogenic nature.

Structural variation along the Devil's Mountain fault zone, northwestern Washington

The eastern Juan de Fuca Strait is subject to long-term, north–south-oriented shortening. The observed deformation is interpreted to result from the northward motion of the Oregon block, which is being driven north by oblique subduction of the oceanic Juan de Fuca plate. Seismic data, acquired during the Seismic Hazards Investigation in Puget Sound survey are used, with coincident first-arrival tomographic velocities, to interpret structural variation along the Devil's Mountain fault zone in the eastern Juan de Fuca Strait. The Primary fault of the Devil's Mountain fault zone developed at the northern boundary of the Everett basin, during north–south-oriented Tertiary compression. Interpretation of seismic reflection data suggests that, based on their similar geometry including the large magnitude of pre-Tertiary basement offset, the Primary fault of the Devil's Mountain fault west of ~122.95°W and the Utsalady Point fault represent the main fault of the Tertiary Devil's Mountain fault zone. The Tertiary Primary fault west of ~122.95°W was probably kinematically linked to faults to the east (Utsalady Point, Devil's Mountain, and another to the south), by an oblique north–northeast-trending transfer zone or ramp. Left-lateral transpression controlled the Quaternary evolution of the Devil's Mountain fault zone. Quaternary Primary fault offsets are smaller to the east of ~122.95°W, suggesting that stress here was in part accommodated by the prevalent oblique compressional structures to the north. Holocene deformation has focussed on the Devil's Mountain, Utsalady Point, and Strawberry Point faults to the east of ~122.8° but has not affected the Utsalady Point fault to the west of ~122.8°W.

Upper crustal structure in Puget Lowland, Washington: Results from the 1998 Seismic Hazards Investigation in Puget Sound

A new three‐dimensional (3‐D) model shows seismic velocities beneath the Puget Lowland to a depth of 11 km. The model is based on a tomographic inversion of nearly one million first‐arrival travel times recorded during the 1998 Seismic Hazards Investigation in Puget Sound (SHIPS), allowing higher‐resolution mapping of subsurface structures than previously possible. The model allows us to refine the subsurface geometry of previously proposed faults (e.g., Seattle, Hood Canal, southern Whidbey Island, and Devils Mountain fault zones) as well as to identify structures (Tacoma, Lofall, and Sequim fault zones) that warrant additional study. The largest and most important of these newly identified structures lies along the northern boundary of the Tacoma basin; we informally refer to this structure here as the Tacoma fault zone. Although tomography cannot provide information on the recency of motion on any structure, Holocene earthquake activity on the Tacoma fault zone is suggested by seismicity along it and paleoseismic evidence for abrupt uplift of tidal marsh deposits to its north. The tomography reveals four large, west to northwest trending low‐velocity basins (Tacoma, Seattle, Everett, and Port Townsend) separated by regions of higher velocity ridges that are coincident with fault‐bounded uplifts of Eocene Crescent Formation basalt and pre‐Tertiary basement. The shapes of the basins and uplifts are similar to those observed in gravity data; gravity anomalies calculated from the 3‐D tomography model are in close agreement with the observed anomalies. In velocity cross sections the Tacoma and Seattle basins are asymmetric: the basin floor dips gently toward a steep boundary with the adjacent high‐velocity uplift, locally with a velocity “overhang” that suggests a basin vergent thrust fault boundary. Crustal fault zones grow from minor folds into much larger structures along strike. Inferred structural relief across the Tacoma fault zone increases by several kilometers westward along the fault zone to Lynch Cove, where we interpret it as a zone of south vergent faulting overthrusting Tacoma basin. In contrast, structural relief along the Seattle fault zone decreases west of Seattle, which we interpret as evidence that the N‐S directed compression is being accommodated by slip transfer between the Seattle and Tacoma fault zones. Together, the Tacoma and Seattle fault zones raise the Seattle uplift, one of a series of east‐west trending, pop‐up structures underlying Puget Lowland from the Black Hills to the San Juan Islands.

Faust's metropolis: a history of Berlin

In the city of Berlin, history is tangible: the history of Germany, of Europe and in particular of the 20th century with all its myths, depravities, idealism and horror. The sense of the past hangs in the air around the old Hinterhofs and deserted railway stations, around the famous landmarks from the Wall to the bullet-ridden Reichstag, the imposing Brandenburg Gate. Even the geography is provocative: the Spree river beside which the first settlements grew and into which Rosa Luxemburg's battered body was dumped after the 1919 Revolution; the sprawling Mark Brandenburg favoured by the Prussian Princes as a parade ground; and the Teufelsburg or Devil's Mountain, created out of hundreds of tons of rubble cleared from the flattened city at the end of World War II. It is for good reason that Berlin has been named the Schicksal Stadt Deutschlands, the city of German destiny. Perhaps no European city has played such a part in the tides of 20th-century European history, none been so lionized, mythologized, so cast down. Full of humour and street-level philosophy on the ambience of the new capital of reunited Germany, it also offers an analysis of the legends and myths created about the city, the tensions which have historically existed between Berliners and other Germans, the crucial role which Berlin has played in shaping the political life of Europe, and the city's pervasive influence as many-faceted cultural symbol.

Depositional history of the southeastern outcrop belt of the Chuckanut Formation: implications for the Darrington – Devil's Mountain and Straight Creek fault zones, Washington (U.S.A.)

The southeastern outcrop belt of the Eocene Chuckanut Formation contains the erosional remnants of a larger depositional system. In the study area, the Chuckanut Formation can be split into four units based upon differences in age, lithology, sedimentology, paleocurrents, and provenance relationships. The Coal Mountain unit (Early Eocene) represents a southwest-flowing fluvial system that shows no evidence for fault control of drainage. The overlying Higgins Mountain unit (early Middle Eocene) represents a northeast-flowing fluvial system east of the Devil's Mountain fault zone (DMFZ), with lithologies derived from western source areas. The Sperry Peak unit (early Middle Eocene) represents a fluvial system with a wide dispersion of paleocurrent azimuths and a possible mixture of sediment source areas. We believe the Sperry Peak unit was deposited in a fault-wedge graben at the junction of the DMFZ and Straight Creek fault zone (SCFZ), with sediment sources from both east and west. The Grade Creek unit (age unknown) is a fluvial unit found along the trace of the SCFZ with paleo-flow subparallel to the fault zone. The sedimentary evidence suggests that onset of Paleogene faulting on the DMFZ and SCFZ was at about 50–48 Ma, while movement on the Darrington fault zone may have been later (post-42 Ma).

Deadwood by Pete Dexter

360 Western American Literature Deadwood. By Pete Dexter. (New York: Random House, 1986. 365 page: $17.95.) "A picture is the beginning of misstatement and misunderstanding. Y01 got people looking at it with all different opinions, and they make up storie to go with them." These are the words of Pete Dexter's Wild Bill Hickok who, like a good western hero, realizes that to be famous is to be public prop. erty and prefers to move along the trail ahead of his reputation. Historica figures from the Black Hills pioneer dayspeople the novel; Dexter claims tha1 the events and all the characters, save one, are "real." The assassination 01 Wild Bill occurs halfway through the book, but the momentum of the narrative continues as those who loved him and thought they knew him-'-Charley Utter, Agnes Lake, Calamity Jane Cannary, and others-wrestle with their memories and learn about Bill from each other. The tale unfolds mostly through the perceptions of Bill's best friend, "Colorado Charley" Utter. Like Gatsby's Nick Carraway, Charley judges people and considers events in a way that sets him apart from the rest of Deadwood's denizens. In a move that does The Virginian's narrator one better, Charley is forced to confront his deep love for Bill when Bill saves his life, and the complexity of Charley's reaction reveals hitherto unexplored emotion beneath the surface of a macho gunman. Charley is pained that while he has to admit what he feels, Bill, because he has "as much feelings as a hawk," is "incomplete. One half of a perfect man." Throughout the novel run intertwining images of bottles and themes of drinking (people never eat, but they guzzle brown whiskey and pink gin all day in a quest to release the personality and alter perception) and the liberty of the human soul. As much as Charley wishes to preserve the Bill that he knew from fiction-mongers in the press, he realizes that what's set in stone hereafter-his perceptions or anybody else's-is not Bill at all, and that Bill ultimately has his freedom. Thus Dexter releases himself from the onus of "truth" in a historical narrative, using fact to create a superbly entertaining and thoughtful novel about how fact necessarily becomes fiction. MARGARET A. LUKENS University of Colorado Snapshots: Glimpses of the Other California. By Gerald Haslam, with a foreword by W. H. Hutchinson. (Walnut Creek, California: Devil Mountain Books, 1985. 120 pages, $7.95 paper.) This, his fourth collection, makes clear that Gerald Haslam has become one of our best short story writers. And though the subtitle emphasizes that these are stories about "the California ignored by the golden state's stereotype ," they're also much more. These are western stories of the best sort: ...

Grace Stone Coates: Honey Wine and Hunger Root by Lee Rostad

Reviews 361 they present lives shaped by landscape, lives in which the past continues to exist in the present, lives which are connected to other lives. And so they're more than just California stories, more than just western stories, more even than just American stories. The best of them achieve the universality we ask of the finest fiction. Because these fourteen stories are so good, and so varied, each reader is apt to argue for a different favorite, or group of favorites. I'll argue for "That Constant Coyote," in which Haslam blends perfectly those relationships among landscape, past, and human lives. Indeed, "That Constant Coyote" is perhaps the best western short story I've ever read. Other readers might prefer the title story, "Snapshots," another magical realist piece, in which Haslam gives us an aging woman who talks with--and is answered by-the pictures in her photo album. In the story's few pages we learn more of her life than many writers could tell us in a novel. Still others will prefer "Crossing the Valley," which shows us an old man falling into dotage and finally death, but in a way which makes clear that a good life, or even a good moment, is not lost. (This is certainly one of Haslam's major themes throughout the collection . ) Snapshots is simply a splendid collection of western stories, the best yet by a fine writer. Devil Mountain Press has given these stories the production they deserve, so that the book looks as good as it reads. And read it you should, as soon as possible. WAYNE UDE Mankato State University Grace Stone Coates: Honey Wine and Hunger Root. By Lee Rostad. (Helena and Billings, Montana: Falcon Press Publishing, 1985. 106 pages, $14.95.) A sort of biography, Honey Wine and Hunger Root is the story of a Montana teacher and writer, told with brief biographical sketches by Rostad, but mostly composed of the verses and prose of Coates herself. Coates can be witty: to a reader who mistook a graceful young tennis player for Coates, she writes, "Cherish your dreams I I waddle when I walk." And she can be passionate : "life in me was furious brew I You sipped, till you were drunk with wine, I And I was drunk with life and you." She is best when she is toughest, when she looks without sentimentality at, especially, relationships between men ~nd women: "The years go OIl; and both of them are willing I To drift along lIke any man and wife; I He hides away his private corpse by killing; I She daily galvanizes hers to life." Although much of her style seems out of fashion now--her verses are filled with rhymes and inverted syntax ("0 heedless pebble on the mountain trail, I Hold firm, hold firm, my lover's step sustainlng ! I In darkness, confident, he leaves the vale, I Before the sun the distant Summit gaining.") ---a lively sense of Coates' personality does come across. I 362 Western American Litemture find the format rather puzzling, however; Rostad groups poems and prose pieces chronologically under sections on Coates' childhood, her marriage, her life in Martinsdale, etc., never discussing why these works are so placed, not acknowledging that they may be fictions. Scattered throughout are a number of photographs, mostly unlabelled. Rostad says in her introductory note that "Whenever possible, I have tried to have Grace tell her own story in her verse and prose-she wrote so much better than 1." I wonder then that she did not edit a more standard edition of selected works, with a more standard introduction. NANCY PROTHRO ARBUTHNOT U. S. Naval Academy Super Bull and Other True Escapades. By Max Evans. (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1986. 187 pages, $16.95.) In his introduction to Super Bull, Charles Champlin describes Evans' collection as "non-fiction pieces," but it reads more like folklore-folklore in the sense that it is appropriate for repeating across the campfire, is dominated by stereotypical characters, and attempts to contribute new legends to the Old West of the good ole boys. Evans narrates hunting stories about missing shots and bagging the limit...