Device Performance Research Articles

Optical super-resolution nanothermometry via stimulated emission depletion imaging of upconverting nanoparticles.

From engineering improved device performance to unraveling the breakdown of classical heat transfer laws, far-field optical temperature mapping with nanoscale spatial resolution would benefit diverse areas. However, these attributes are traditionally in opposition because conventional far-field optical temperature mapping techniques are inherently diffraction limited. Optical super-resolution imaging techniques revolutionized biological imaging, but such approaches have yet to be applied to thermometry. Here, we demonstrate a super-resolution nanothermometry technique based on highly doped upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) that enable stimulated emission depletion (STED) super-resolution imaging. We identify a ratiometric thermometry signal and maintain imaging resolution better than ~120 nm for the relevant spectral bands. We also form self-assembled UCNP monolayers and multilayers and implement a detection scheme with scan times >0.25 μm2/min. We further show that STED nanothermometry reveals a temperature gradient across a joule-heated microstructure that is undetectable with diffraction limited thermometry, indicating the potential of this technique to uncover local temperature variation in wide-ranging practical applications.

Familiarity analysis and time-advance experimental study of LP-NGD RC-circuit intended to operate with Unity-normalized gain

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop a familiarity analysis of resistive-capacitive (RC) network active circuit operating with unfamiliar low-pass (LP) type negative group delay (NGD) behavior. The design method of NGD circuit is validated by simulation with commercial tool and experimental measurement. Design/methodology/approach The present research work methodology is structured in three main parts. The familiarity theory of RC-network LP-NGD circuit is developed. The LP-NGD circuit parameters are expressed in function of the targeted time-advance. Then, the feasibility study is based on the theory, simulation and measurement result comparisons. Findings The RC-network based LP-NGD proof of concept is validated with −1 and −0.5 ms targeted time-advances after design, simulation, test and characterized. The LP-NGD circuit unity gain prototype presents NGD cut-off frequencies of about 269 and 569 Hz for the targeted time-advances, −1 and −0.5 ms, respectively. Bi-exponential and arbitrary waveform signals were tested to verify the targeted time-advance. Research limitations/implications The performance of the unfamiliar LP-NGD topology developed in the present study is limited by the parasitic elements of constituting lumped components. Practical implications The NGD circuit enables to naturally reduce the undesired delay effect from the electronic and communication systems. The NGD circuit can be exploited to reduce the delay induced by electronic devices and system. Social implications As social impacts of the NGD circuit application, the NGD function is one of prominent solutions to improve the technology performances of future electronic device in term of communication aspect and the transportation system. Originality/value The originality of the paper concerns the theoretical approach of the RC-network parameters in function of the targeted time-advance and the input signal bandwidth. In addition, the experimental results are also particularly original.

Biologically inspired piezoresistive MEMS acoustic vector sensor for underwater applications

Underwater acoustics has assumed a pivotal role in the detection, navigation, communication, and target identification of ships and submarines. In recent years, advancements in noise reduction from marine vessels have underscored the significance of underwater acoustic vector sensors. This paper presents a novel approach to the design, fabrication, and characterization of a two-dimensional Micro-Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) vector acoustic sensor tailored for underwater environments. Traditional underwater acoustic vector sensors often employ doped polysilicon or silicon/germanium sensing films on rigid silicon substrates. The inflexible nature of silicon substrates necessitates labor-intensive and costly chemical-mechanical polishing processes to achieve submicron thickness, often requiring extended clean-room usage. In contrast, this work proposes a simplified, cost-effective, and scalable alternative. The sensor design utilizes reduced graphene oxide (rGO) as the sensing material and Kapton as the substrate, chosen for their unique properties. rGO exhibits high carrier mobility and low intrinsic noise, ensuring clear signals with minimal external interference, thereby improving measurement accuracy in challenging environments. Kapton provides excellent thermal stability, mechanical strength, and chemical resistance, along with superior insulating properties that reduce electrical noise, enhancing the signal-to-noise ratio. The designed vector sensor leverages the piezoresistive transduction principle, incorporating a thin piezoresistive film of rGO on a flexible Kapton substrate via a straightforward drop-casting method. Inspired by the sensory mechanisms of aquatic life, the two-dimensional vector sensor not only detects pressure associated with acoustic signals but also discerns the direction from which these low and ultralow frequency signals originate. The device's performance characteristics, sensitivity, and directivity are comprehensively evaluated through static, dynamic, and acoustic tests conducted in both air and water mediums. Static tests reveal the piezoresistive behavior of rGO under applied displacement, yielding displacement sensitivities of 0.0279 V/mm and 0.0276 V/mm for axial and radial displacements, respectively. Dynamic and acoustic tests demonstrate the sensor's capability to detect low-frequency signals spanning from 0.25 Hz to 200 Hz, exhibiting a smooth and favorable frequency response. In air, the sensor exhibits receiving sensitivities ranging from −15.18 dB to −19.75 dB (X-channel) and −13.67 dB to −16.67 dB (Y-channel). In the underwater environment, these values range from −134.40 dB to −138.93 dB (X-channel) and −131.83 dB to −136.93 dB (Y-channel). Notably, the variation in receiving sensitivity across channels in both air and water is limited to within 6 dB. Furthermore, the device showcases a symmetrical directivity pattern resembling the shape of an "8," with an approximate sensitivity of −136.66 dB, a significant improvement compared to the −165 dB sensitivity of conventional polysilicon underwater vector sensors. These experimental findings affirm the feasibility of the proposed underwater vector sensor, based on the piezoresistive effect and MEMS technology, highlighting its two-dimensional directivity capabilities.

Aggregative Luminescence from CsPbBr3 Perovskite Precursors

AbstractUnderstanding the properties of the precursor can provide deeper insight into the crystallization and nucleation mechanisms of perovskites, which is vital for the solution‐process device performance. Herein, we conducted a detailed investigation into the photophysics properties of CsPbBr3 precursors in a broad concentration and various solvents. The precursor transformed from the solution state into the colloidal state and exhibited aggregation‐induced emission character as the concentration increased. The aggregative luminescence from the precursors originates from the polybromide plumbous that is formed through the coordination of solvent molecules to the lead metal center. Two adducts with monodentate (PbBr2 ⋅ solvent) and bidentate (PbBr2 ⋅ 2solvent) ligands can be obtained, accompanied by emission with photoluminescence at 610 and 565 nm, respectively. Furthermore, the aggregative luminescence intensity and color could be regulated by changing the solvent and precursor ratio. Besides, we discussed the difference between the molecular aggregate in the organic system and the ionic aggregate in the inorganic system: the ionic aggregate is composed of solvated ions rather than individual molecules as in organic systems, which could possess properties that ions do not have. The fluorescence that is sensitive to Pb2+ coordination reported here could be applied to screen perovskite additives and judge the precursor aging.

Interfacial Stereoelectronic Effect Induced by Anchoring Orientation.

Heterogeneous interfaces in most devices play a key role in the material performance. Exploring the atomic structure and electronic properties of metal-molecule interfaces is critical for various potential applications, such as surface sensing, molecular recognition, and molecular electronic devices. This study unveils a ubiquitous interfacial stereoelectronic effect in conjugated molecular junctions by combining first-principles simulation and scanning tunneling microscopy break junction technology. Single-molecule junctions with same-side interfacial anchoring (cis configuration) exhibit higher conductance than those with opposite-side interfacial anchoring (trans configuration). The cis and trans configurations can undergo reversible conversions, resulting in a conductance switching. The stability of these configurations can be adjusted by an electric field, achieving precise regulation of conductance states. Our findings provide important insights for designing high-quality materials and enhancing the device performance.

Aggregative Luminescence from CsPbBr3 Perovskite Precursors.

Understanding the properties of the precursor can provide deeper insight into the crystallization and nucleation mechanisms of perovskites, which is vital for the solution-process device performance. Herein, we conducted a detailed investigation into the photophysics properties of CsPbBr3 precursors in a broad concentration and various solvents. The precursor transformed from the solution state into the colloidal state and exhibited aggregation-induced emission character as the concentration increased. The aggregative luminescence from the precursors originates from the polybromide plumbous that is formed through the coordination of solvent molecules to the lead metal center. Two adducts with monodentate (PbBr2 ⋅ solvent) and bidentate (PbBr2 ⋅ 2solvent) ligands can be obtained, accompanied by emission with photoluminescence at 610 and 565 nm, respectively. Furthermore, the aggregative luminescence intensity and color could be regulated by changing the solvent and precursor ratio. Besides, we discussed the difference between the molecular aggregate in the organic system and the ionic aggregate in the inorganic system: the ionic aggregate is composed of solvated ions rather than individual molecules as in organic systems, which could possess properties that ions do not have. The fluorescence that is sensitive to Pb2+ coordination reported here could be applied to screen perovskite additives and judge the precursor aging.

Insight of Effect of Silver Powders on Silver–Silicon Contacts of Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells through Analysis of Glass Structural Decay

Optimally designed silver–silicon (Ag–Si) contacts, based on silver (Ag) paste screen printing and the rapid sintering process, are widely utilized in mainstream crystalline silicon solar cells, enabling to reduce contact resistance and high photo‐conversion efficiency. Ag powder is the largest conductive component in Ag paste, but its impact on the formation of Ag–Si contacts lacks in‐depth research and comprehensive understanding. In this work, it is demonstrated that the oxygen adsorption capacity of silver powders affects the formation of Ag–Si contacts by enhancing the reactivity of Ag powders with glass frits, and has a significant effect on the performance of devices. The generation of Ag2O introduced by surface‐absorbed oxygen promotes the transformation of [TeO4] triangular bipyramidal into [TeO3] triangular pyramid, thus destroying the network structure of the glass frits. This structural decay accelerates the spreading of glass frits in the bulk, causing the glass frits to come into contact with SiNx layers earlier and facilitating the formation of the Ag–Si contacts. In this work, not only a complete picture of the interaction between Ag powder and glass frits but also a new direction is provided to optimize the Ag–Si contacts.

Compositional effects of hybrid MoS2–GO active layer on the performance of unipolar, low-power and multistate RRAM device

Currently, 2D nanomaterials-based resistive random access memory (RRAMs) are explored on account of their tunable material properties enabling fabrication of low power and flexible RRAM devices. In this work, hybrid MoS2–GO based active layer RRAM devices are investigated. A facile hydrothermal co-synthesis approach is used to obtain the hybrid materials and a cost-effective spin coating method adopted for the fabrication of Ag/MoS2–GO/ITO RRAM devices. The performance of the fabricated hybrid active layer RRAM device is analysed with respect to change in material properties of the synthesized hybrid material. The progressive addition of 0.5, 1.5, 2.5 and 4.5 weight % of GO to MoS2, results in a hybrid active layer with higher intermolecular interaction, in the case of Ag/MoS2–GO4.5/ITO RRAM device, resulting in a unipolar resistive switching RRAM behavior with low SET voltage of 1.37 V and high I on/I off of 200 with multilevel resistance states. A space charge limited conduction mechanism is obtained during switching, which may be attributed to the trap states present due to functional groups of GO. The increased number of conduction pathways on account of both Ag+ ions and oxygen vacancies (Vo 2+), participating in the formation of conducting filament, results in higher I on/I off. This is the first report of unipolar Ag/MoS2–GO/ITO RRAM devices, which are particularly important in realizing high density crossbar memories for neuromorphic and in-memory computing as well as enabling flexible 2D nanomaterials-based memristor applications.

Surface‐Like Diffusion of Fast Ions in Framework Energy Materials for Li‐ and Na‐Ion Batteries

AbstractThe rate performance, power density, and energy efficiency of electrochemical devices are often limited by ionic conductivities in electrolyte and electrode materials. Framework Prussian blue analogs and dense niobium oxides have been identified as high‐rate electrodes for sodium‐ and lithium‐ion batteries, respectively, yet the origin of the extremely high solid‐state Na+/Li+ transport is not fully understood. Of critical importance is the fact that their ultra‐low activation energy and anomalous pre‐exponent factor cannot be satisfactorily rationalized from conventional theory of solid‐state diffusion in the crystal lattice. Here, assisted by density‐functional‐theory calculations, we argued that the true origin is a unique surface‐like diffusion mechanism of the intercalation ions. In a surface‐like migration event, a mobile ion moves along the channel wall via a low coordination number and low migration barrier experiencing minimal steric hindrance. It is similar to surface diffusion in the conventional picture and contrasts with lattice diffusion from one interstitial/vacancy site to another one with high coordination number, crowded saddle‐point geometry and high migration barrier. We found that the shifting from solid‐state lattice diffusion to surface‐like diffusion is determined by the size difference between the mobile ion and the diffusion channel, and a lowest migration energy barrier can be reached by mediating the channel size. The analogy to gas diffusion in molecular sieves shall be discussed. Additionally, the effects of defects and crystal water in Prussian blue analogs were also discussed for better understanding their rate performances in experimental scenarios.

A Review of Research on RF MEMS for Metaverse Interactions

Abstract Metaverse as a comprehensive integration of multiple digital technologies of the new generation, enables human beings to bring unprecedented immersive experiences with the support of virtual reality, augmented reality, blockchain, digital twin, Artificial Intelligence, haptic IoT, and human-computer interaction. In view of the urgent need for high-speed and high-capacity data transmission as well as high integration, RF MEMS devices have become the core components for metaverse system building due to their advantages of miniaturization, high integration, and low power consumption. Playing a pivotal role in real-time high-capacity data transmission and signal processing in metaverse interactive systems, the low cost and high performance of RF MEMS devices have once again become the focus of attention for people from all walks of life. Therefore, this paper focuses on the working principles and performance optimization of RF MEMS devices. Firstly, the classification and basic principles of RF MEMS devices are introduced, followed by the advanced fabrication technology and optimization scheme of MEMS devices, and then the advanced applications of RF MEMS devices in the field of metaverse are discussed in focus, including IoT mobile communication, Artificial Intelligence, and flexible wearables. Finally, the prospects and potential challenges for the development of RF MEMS devices interacting with the metaverse are summarized and discussed.

Tunable Near-Field Radiative Heat Transfer between Graphene-Coated Magneto-Optical Metasurfaces.

The highly structured design of metasurfaces greatly facilitates the manipulation of near-field radiative heat transfer (NFRHT). In this study, we incorporate magneto-optical materials into metasurfaces to theoretically explore the mechanism for controlling NFRHT between anisotropic magneto-optical metasurfaces. Our findings indicate that the interaction between the magnetization-induced modes, arising from interband transitions of graphene, and the surface modes of InSb under a magnetic field leads to a transition in the heat transfer spectrum from a dual band to a triple band. The modification of the distribution and magnitude of transmission wave vectors in surface electromagnetic modes by magnetic fields serves to modulate the radiative heat flux. By combining active control by a magnetic field with passive structural design of metasurfaces, the regulation of heat flux can be increased by more than 8-fold compared with the planar configuration. Additionally, the magnetic field amplifies the anisotropy of the photon energy distribution induced by the symmetry breaking of the metasurface structure. This study is anticipated to provide a pathway for achieving flexible tuning of NFRHT by combining active and passive regulation. It also opens up possibilities for multiband information transmission and for improving the performance of energy conversion devices.

Giant thermal conductivity and strain thermal response of nitrogen substituted diamane: a machine-learning-based prediction.

With the ongoing trend of seeking miniaturization and enhanced performance for electronic devices, effective thermal management has emerged as a critical concern. The discovery and investigation of high thermal conductivity (κ) materials have proved to be pivotal in addressing this challenge. This study aims to explore the distinctive properties and potential applications of nitrogen substituted diamane (NCCN), a two-dimensional material with a diamond-like structure composed of carbon and nitrogen atoms. This work systematically delves into NCCN's thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties. It is predicted that NCCN exhibits an exceptional κ, ∼2288 W m-1 K-1, at room temperature (300 K) by combining the machine-learning interatomic potential method and the phonon Boltzmann transport equation, surpassing that of H-diamane and rivaling that of diamond, and an impressive electronic band gap of ∼4.47 eV (PBE). For mechanical properties, the stress-strain relationship reveals that NCCN exhibits isotropic elastic properties and anisotropic tensile strengths. Additionally, the variations in NCCN's κ and electronic energy band structure under different strains underscore its substantial potential in the field of thermoelectric applications.

Suppressing Fluoride Segregation for High Efficiency Tin Perovskite Solar Cells

AbstractPhase segregation can bring low crystallinity and orientation, giving rise to poor carrier transport and high defect density, leading to poor device performance. In order to reduce oxidation and defect density and regulate film growth, lots of reductive additives such as SnF2 are explored as additives in tin perovskite film growth. Despite the oxidation is effectively reduced, it induces phase segregation. Herein, a reductive molecule NH5F2 with a bi‐fluoride anion is explored to address this challenge for tin perovskite solar cells. This bi‐fluoride anion reduces coordination energy with Sn2+ compared to SnF2, hence the byproduct of [F─H─F]− can be eliminated during the film annealing process, effectively preventing fluoride segregation. As a result, a highly oriented perovskite film with reduced oxidation is fabricated. The film shows reduced defect density and carrier recombination, leading to improved current density. Consequently, a tin‐based perovskite solar cell with an efficiency of 15.04% is fabricated, ranking as one of the highest efficiencies reported up to now.

Simulations of Anisotropic Monolayer GaSCl for p-Type Sub-10 nm High-Performance and Low-Power FETs.

Two-dimensional materials have been extensively studied in field-effect transistors (FETs). However, the performance of p-type FETs has lagged behind that of n-type, which limits the development of complementary logical circuits. Here, we investigate the electronic properties and transport performance of anisotropic monolayer GaSCl for p-type FETs through first-principles calculations. The anisotropic electronic properties of monolayer GaSCl result in excellent device performance. The p-type GaSCl FETs with 10 nm channel length have an on-state current of 2351 μA/μm for high-performance (HP) devices along the y direction and an on-state current of 992 μA/μm with an on/off ratio exceeding 107 for low-power (LP) applications along the x direction. In addition, the delay-time (τ) and power dissipation product of GaSCl FETs can fully meet the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors standards for HP and LP applications. Our work illustrates that monolayer GaSCl is a competitive p-type channel for next-generation devices.

In Operando Study of Microsupercapacitors with Gel Electrolytes Using Nano‐Beam Synchrotron X‐ray Diffraction

AbstractSynchrotron radiation X‐ray diffraction (XRD) with nanoscale beam size was used here for in situ and in operando study of micro‐supercapacitors (MSC) with gel electrolyte and MXene Ti3C2Tx electrodes. The electrode structure was characterized as a function of applied voltage and distance from the gap separating electrodes using microscopic cells with cylindrical shape designed for transmission mode XRD. The devices with gel electrolytes based on H2SO4 (with H2O/PVA and DMSO/PVA) showed stable performance with no changes in MXene structure under voltage swaps between positive and negative values. Experiments with KI‐based electrolytes demonstrated changes of MXene structure correlated with decrease of energy storage parameters under conditions of increased operation voltage starting from 0.8 V. The optimal performance of the MSCs was observed when the MXene structure remained unchanged upon switching the applied voltage polarity. The changes of inter‐layer distance of MXene upon swap of applied voltage correlate with decrease of device performance and are undesirable for stable operation of MSC's. We also tested feasibility of X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) for characterization of electrolyte ion migration in MSCs using 2D element mapping. Irreversible sorption of iodine by MXene was found using XRF mapping of charged electrodes using standard in‐plane MSC device and KI electrolyte.

Investigation of the Temperature Coefficients of Perovskite Solar Cells for Application in High-Temperature Environments.

Perovskite solar cells are actively investigated for their potential as highly efficient and cost-effective photovoltaic devices. However, a significant challenge in their practical application is enhancing their durability. Particularly, these cells are expected to be subjected to heating by sunlight in real-world operating environments. Therefore, high-temperature durability and device operation under such conditions are critical. Our study aims to improve the durability of perovskite solar cells for practical applications by examining their temperature coefficients at elevated temperatures using MA-free compositions. We assessed these coefficients and investigated their correlation with the ideality factor, revealing that carrier recombination markedly affects the temperature behavior of these cells. Our methodology involves simple J-V measurements to evaluate device degradation at high temperatures, paving the way for further research to enhance device performance in such environments.

The time evolution of electrical and thermodynamic characteristics of surface dielectric barrier discharge caused by dielectric degradation

Abstract The degradation of the dielectric layer is a common issue in dielectric barrier discharge (DBD). The performance of DBD devices may suffer from instability due to potential corrosion of the dielectric layer caused by discharge, which could even result in structural failure. To gain a comprehensive understanding of the degradation of DBD devices during discharge, the evolution of the performance of DBD devices with various dielectric materials over time is studied. Periodic patterns are found to form on the dielectric surface along the edge of the high-voltage electrode. The electrical data, emission spectra, and surface morphologies of DBD devices with three different dielectric materials, namely ceramics, glass, and PCB, are obtained during an eight-hour discharge. The electrical and thermodynamic characteristics of DBD devices with the three dielectric materials are found to initially decrease by about 20~40%. Subsequently, they remain stable in devices with ceramics and PCB dielectric layers but increase in devices with glass dielectric layers until the end. Surface morphologies reveal that periodic patterns consisting of metal accumulations, etching pits, and metal depositions form on the surfaces of ceramics, glass, and PCBs, respectively. Some organic compounds vaporize from the surface of PCBs. The deposition, etching, and vaporization could be reasons for changes in the electrical and thermodynamic characteristics. It shows that degradation occurs not only in organic dielectrics like polymers but also in inorganic dielectrics such as ceramics and glass. To enhance stability and prevent potential failures and overestimations, electrical and optical measurements could be utilized as diagnostic methods in applications involving DBD devices.


Virtual Reality Application for the Safety Improvement of Intralogistics Systems

Immersive technologies from the spectrum of Industry 4.0, such as Virtual Reality (VR), are increasingly used in research and safety analysis in industrial and intralogistics systems, including distribution warehouses and production plants. Safety in intralogistics systems is influenced by design and management processes, human behavior, and device performance. In all these areas, VR can serve as a supportive technology for visualization, testing, and employee training. However, this requires the development of principles for integrating VR into standard procedures for the design, modernization, and analysis of intralogistics and production systems. This article discusses the use of VR to analyze the occupational and functional safety of intralogistics systems. It reviews the literature and VR implementations aimed at examining and improving safety in industrial systems. The article explores the integration of VR into the design and analysis procedures for intralogistics and production systems. The authors present a five-dimensional decision space for assessing the use of VR, including identifying subjects of safety analysis, threats and hazards specific to intralogistics, countermeasures for these threats, factors affecting safety, and mechanisms by which VR can improve safety in intralogistics systems. As a subsequent step, the authors discuss using universal simulation environments that support VR technology to study and enhance safety in intralogistics systems, providing a framework example based on the FlexSim (2023 update 2) environment. Finally, this article addresses the threats and limitations of VR technology, along with the challenges and future prospects of VR in the context of Industry 4.0. The article concludes that VR can be an essential tool for increasing safety in the future, albeit with some reservations about certain features of this technology.

High-efficiency electroluminescence devices containing Si nanocrystals/SiC multilayers via improved carrier injection and recombination process

Realizing high efficiency of all Si-based light-emitting devices is currently one of interesting issues in order to develop monolithic opto-electronic integration on chips. Here, we report an electroluminescence device based on phosphorus (P)-doped silicon nanocrystals (Si NCs)/silicon carbide (SiC) multilayers by modulating carrier injection and recombination process. The p+-Si substrate is used instead of p-Si substrate for facilitating the hole injection into Si NCs. Additionally, the influences of annealing temperature on the device performance have been studied, and the optimized annealing temperature is achieved by balancing the crystallinity, defect state density, and recombination process.

A synergy of Cr2O3 with eco‐friendly and thermally stable CsSnCl3 perovskite for solar energy storage: Density functional theory and SCAPS‐1D analysis

AbstractThe present study employs rigorous DFT analysis using WIEN2k for the best suitability of the Cr2O3 as an electron transport layer, synergetic with nontoxic and thermally stable CsSnCl3 perovskite solar energy storage device, configured as FTO/Cr2O3/CsSnCl3/CBTS/Au. The main objective of our investigation is to improve the device performance by optimizing thickness, carrier concentration, bulk defect density of each layer, interface defects, operating temperature, as well as the impact of parasitic elements on device performance. SCAPS‐1D tool was used to optimize the novel device architecture. The simulation results reveal that a CsSnCl3 layer with an optimized thickness of 800 nm and a doping concentration of 1 × 1015 cm−3 yields noteworthy outcomes, specifically, champion efficiency (𝜂) of 22.01% along with an open‐circuit voltage (Voc) of 1.12 V, a short‐circuit current (Jsc) of 23.86 mA/cm2, and a fill factor of 81.65%. These improved findings were compared with existing theoretical and experimental reported data and found to exhibit the best performance. The present research substantially enhances the understanding of eco‐friendly CsSnCl3 perovskite solar cell optimization, thereby extending its applicability to future photovoltaic and optoelectronic devices.