Large-scale Energy Storage Devices Research Articles

Active MoSx Nanoparticle Pillars Embedded in Reduced Graphene Oxide As Anode Materials for High Performance Na-Ion Batteries

As the use of large-scale energy storage devices (i.e. electric vehicles, smart grids.) are increased in recent years, research on the energy storage system is constantly being developed.1 Li-ion batteries are extensively used for energy applications. However, there are some obstacles to its application to large-scale energy systems, such as the limited lithium resources, unstable supply, and cost issues.2 Na-ion batteries have been considered as one of the most promising alternative to Li-ion batteries owing to the low-cost and abundance of sodium element. However, the ionic radius of Na+ (1.06 Å) is larger than Li+ (0.76 Å).3 It leads to severe structural deformation of electrode materials, accompanied by phase change or structural pulverization during cycling.4 To effectively accommodate the larger Na ion into the electrode structure and enhance the cell performance, we need to find suitable anode material for Na-ion batteries. There have been many attempts to develop the carbonaceous electrode materials for Na-ion batteries such as hard carbon, N-doped porous carbon fiber, and expanded graphite.5 , 6 Among them, the expanded graphite alternative could be a good choice due to (i) extended interlayer space for proper accommodation of large Na ions and (ii) stable structural feature with long range order for sufficient stress relaxation during Na intercalation. However, side-reactions between Na ions and a lot of anion pillars (e.g. epoxide and hydroxyl) are often found in the carbon layers, resulted in degradation of the cell performances. Therefore, proper pillar candidate should be introduced to optimize the expanded graphite anode for high performance Na-ion batteries.A representative layered 2-D molydisulfide (MoS2) has been recognized as a promising anode material for Na-ion batteries.7 The MoS2 materials operate via intercalation of sodium at the beginning and a subsequent four-electron conversion reactions.8 The S-Mo-S layer are stacked by van der Waals forces, providing a large interlayer spacing. The large interlayer spacing of MoS2 (~6.2 Å vs. 3.4 Å of graphite) could allow facile transport of Na+ during initial intercalation reaction.9 However, MoS2 has low electronic conductivity and internal strain during sodiation/desodiation. Therefore, many strategies have been considered to develop the cell performance with tailored design, morphology control, (nanocomposite, core-shell structure etc.), and hybridization with carbon materials (carbon nanofibers, amorphous carbon etc.)10 , 11.In this presentation, we introduce the expanded graphite material employing MoSx as bi-functional conversion reaction anode and pillar species between graphite interlayers. The MoSx-expanded graphite anode material synthesized via self-assembly of poly-cationic molybdenum-sulfide source and negatively charged graphite oxide flakes. We demonstrate that the morphological and structural changes of crystalline MoSx pillars under the different thermal temperature in reduction conditions. We attempt to solve the irreversible capacity problems by chemically forming SEI-layer on the electrode surface. We also elucidate the electrochemical reaction mechanisms and structural changes during charge/discharge reaction. M. D. Slater, D. Kim, E. Lee and C. S. Johnson, Adv Funct Mater, 2013, 23, 947-958.Y. Kim, K. H. Ha, S. M. Oh and K. T. Lee, Chem-Eur J, 2014, 20, 11980-11992.Y. Li, Y. Liang, F. C. R. Hernandez, H. D. Yoo, Q. An and Y. Yao, Nano Energy, 2015, 15, 453-461.J. H. Li, H. K. Wang, W. Wei and L. J. Meng, Nanotechnology, 2019, 30.E. Edison, S. Sreejith, C. T. Lim and S. Madhavi, Sustain Energ Fuels, 2018, 2.Y. Wen, K. He, Y. J. Zhu, F. D. Han, Y. H. Xu, I. Matsuda, Y. Ishii, J. Cumings and C. S. Wang, Nat Commun, 2014, 5.J. F. Mao, T. F. Zhou, Y. Zheng, H. Gao, H. K. Liu and Z. P. Guo, J Mater Chem A, 2018, 6, 3284-3303.R. Wang, S. Wang, Y. Zhang, D. Jin, X. Tao and L. Zhang, Nanoscale, 2018, 10, 11165-11175.W. H. Ryu, J. W. Jung, K. Park, S. J. Kim and I. D. Kim, Nanoscale, 2014, 6, 10975-10981.T. S. Sahu and S. Mitra, Sci Rep-Uk, 2015, 5.H. Hou, X. Qiu, W. Wei, Y. Zhang and X. Ji, Adv Energy Mater, 2017, 7, 1602898.

(Invited) Design Hybrid Nanocomposites As Electrode Materials for High Performance Na-Ion Batteries

Sodium-ion batteries are of major importance, especially for large-scale energy storage devices, due to low cost and abundant source of sodium. As for the anode side, commercial graphite shows a limited capacity for sodium storage. Compared to graphite based intercalation, the electrode materials based on conversion and alloy have been identified as promising anode candidates for sodium storage due to high theoretical capacity. However, poor kinetics and large volume change result in a low reversible capacity and fast capacity decay.In order to address the above problems, we have designed a series of carbon-based hybrid materials with hierarchical structures, such as carbon nanowire-encapsulated selenides, carbon nanosheet-supported sulfides, and mesoporous carbon-encapsulated phosphorus. These multi-scale and hierarchically organized structures construct a highly efficient and stable mixed conductive network around the nano-active components. At the same time, they can keep the electrode integrity on cycling. These lead to excellent electrochemical performance.

Low-Cost Titanium-Bromine Flow Battery with Ultrahigh Cycle Stability for Grid-Scale Energy Storage.

Flow batteries are one of the most promising large-scale energy-storage systems. However, the currently used flow batteries have low operation-cost-effectiveness and exhibit low energy density, which limits their commercialization. Herein, a titanium-bromine flow battery (TBFB) featuring very low operation cost and outstanding stability is reported. In this battery, a novel complexing agent, 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride, is employed to stabilize bromine/polybromides and suppress Br diffusion. The results reveal that the complexing agent effectively inhibits Br crossover and reduces Br-induced corrosivity, which in turn significantly improves the reliability of the TBFB system. The novel TBFB demonstrates 95% coulombic efficiency and 83% energy efficiency at 40mAcm-2 current density. Moreover, it can run smoothly for more than 1000 cycles without any capacity decay. Furthermore, an assembled 300 W TBFB stack can be continuously operated for more than 500 cycles, thereby confirming the practical applicability of the proposed TBFB. Because the TBFB utilizes an ultralow-cost electrolyte (41.29$kWh-1 ) and porous polyolefin membranes, it serves as a reliable and low-cost energy-storage device. Therefore, considering its ultrahigh stability and low cost, the TBFB can be used as a large-scale energy-storage device.

Electrolyte additives: Adding the stability of lithium metal anodes

AbstractLithium metal is regarded as the “holy grail” of anodes due to its highest theoretical specific capacity and lowest electrode potential, and hence is considered as a promising anode candidate to meet the growing demand for large scale energy storage devices. However, lithium metal anode is suffering the challenges in side reactions, volume change, and low Coulombic efficiency, and particularly the growth of lithium dendrites, which extremely limits its practical applications. To tackle these issues, many strategies have been developed. Among them, the addition of electrolyte additives is an effective and the simplest method. In this review, electrolyte additives for enhancing the stability of Li metal anodes are summarized, according to their different working mechanisms. The prospects of key challenges and future trends of such electrolyte additives are discussed.

“Soft on rigid” nanohybrid as the self-supporting multifunctional cathode electrocatalyst for high-performance lithium-polysulfide batteries

Lithium-sulfur (Li–S) batteries have been deemed as next-generation large-scale energy storage devices. However, the severe shuttle effect and sluggish conversion kinetics of lithium polysulfides significantly impede the commercialization of Li–S batteries. Herein, a unique “soft on rigid” composite consist of oxygen-deficient and Co cluster-decorated TiO2 nanofibers with carbon nanofibers (CNF), embedding numerous Co nanoparticles (denoted as “Co–TiO2-x/CNF”) is developed as a high-performance self-supporting multifunctional cathode electrocatalyst. The Co–TiO2-x/CNF offers vast surface area and enlarged porosity to homogenize sulfur distribution and enhance sulfur immobilization. The oxygen deficient Co–TiO2-x fiber and CNF establish a three-dimensional conductive framework, which accelerates electron and ion transportation within the electrode. Meanwhile, the introduction of Co clusters significantly regulate the Ti d-band center and thereby improving the Li2S6 adsorbability. Benefiting from these synergistic features, the Li2S6/Co–TiO2-x/CNF electrode delivers outstanding cycling stability (capacity fading rate of 0.03% per cycle over 500 cycles) and an improved rate capability (743 mAh g−1 at 3.0C). This design strategy based on synergy engineering could also open up new possibilities for the practical application of high performance Li–S batteries and promote the material design in related energy storage fields.

Inhibition of Zinc Dendrites in Zinc-Based Flow Batteries.

Zinc-based flow batteries have gained widespread attention and are considered to be one of the most promising large-scale energy storage devices for increasing the utilization of intermittently sustainable energy. However, the formation of zinc dendrites at anodes has seriously depressed their cycling life, security, coulombic efficiency, and charging capacity. Inhibition of zinc dendrites is thus the bottleneck to further improving the performance of zinc-based flow batteries, but it remains a major challenge. Considering recent developments, this mini review analyzes the formation mechanism and growth process of zinc dendrites and presents and summarizes the strategies for preventing zinc dendrites by regulating the interfaces between anodes and electrolytes. Four typical strategies, namely electrolyte modification, anode engineering, electric field regulation, and ion transfer control, are comprehensively highlighted. Finally, remaining challenges and promising directions are outlined and anticipated for zinc dendrites in zinc-based flow batteries.

Self-assembled nano-silica-embedded polyethylene separator with outstanding physicochemical and thermal properties for advanced sodium ion batteries

Sodium ion batteries (NIBs) provide significant advantages for large-scale energy conversion and storage devices. NIBs are extensively investigated because of the global abundance of Na resources. The Na ion is similar to the Li ion; however, the conventional poly(ethylene) (PE) separator used in Li ion batteries is unsuitable for NIBs because of its extremely poor wettability by the Na+ electrolyte and its high thermal shrinkage. These properties can cause severe safety issues at elevated temperatures, as well as poor ionic conductivities. Therefore, the PE separator needs modification for use in high-performance NIBs. Here, we propose a unique nano-SiO2 impregnation method that preserves the thickness of the separator to ensure a high volumetric energy density. Silica matrices are incorporated into the PE separator through a simple chemical modification that includes embedding the hydroxyl group by benzoyl peroxide treatment, followed by Si–O condensation to introduce 3-(trimethyloxysilyl)propyl methacrylate auxiliaries. These steps allow the introduction of multiple Si–O functional groups onto the PE backbone through chemical reactions with tetraorthosilicate. The proposed separator exhibits high wettability and ionic conductivity while maintaining the initial separator thickness. The nano-SiO2-impregnated PE has significantly improved thermal stability and high dimensional stability even at an elevated temperature of 140℃. Na full-cell systems, consisting of Na0.9Li0.05Ni0.25Fe0.25Mn0.5O2 and hard carbon electrodes, exhibit considerably increased cycle lives and rate capabilities when fabricated with this nano-SiO2-impregnated PE separator.

Hybrid AC/DC Transmission Expansion Planning Considering HVAC to HVDC Conversion Under Renewable Penetration

In this paper, a dynamic (i.e., multi-year) hybrid model is presented for Transmission Expansion Planning (TEP) utilizing the High Voltage Alternating Current (HVAC) and multi terminal Voltage Sourced Converter (VSC)-based High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) alternatives. In addition to new HVAC and HVDC lines, the possibility of converting existing HVAC transmission lines to HVDC lines is considered in the proposed model. High shares of renewable resources are integrated into the proposed hybrid AC/DC TEP model. Due to the intermittency of renewable resources, the planning of large-scale Energy Storage (ES) devices is considered. In order to accurately estimate the total TEP costs and hence capturing the scenarios of load and renewable generation uncertainty, using a clustering approach, each year of the planning horizon is replaced with four representative days. The proposed model is formulated as a Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) problem. Using Benders Decomposition (BD) algorithm, the proposed model is decomposed into a Master investment problem to handle the decision variables, and Sub-problems to check the feasibility of master problem solution and optimize the operation and ES investment cost. Three test systems are used as case studies to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed hybrid AC/DC TEP model.

Test Cell for Membrane Electrode Assembly of the Vanadium Redox Flow Battery

The vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) is the most promising type of rechargeable power sources for medium- and large-scale energy storage devices for modern power systems. The intensive research and development activity of leading world centers aimed at optimizing the key element of the VRFB—the membrane electrode assembly (MEA)—necessarily includes testing new electrode materials, catalytic layers, electrolytes, and membranes, as well as their combination in the test cell. Here, an original design of an MEA test cell is proposed that significantly simplifies the assemblage procedure and makes it possible to increase the flow field variability by replacing massive graphite or graphite/polymer plates with sheets of extruded thermally expanded graphite. The current–voltage and power density characteristics have been measured and charge–discharge cycle tests of the MEA operation have been performed for an acidified vanadium electrolyte. The peak power density, charge–discharge cycle energy efficiency, and capacity utilization are comparable with those reported by leading research teams.

Synergistic combination of nanostructured sodium metal anode and capacitive cathode for advanced non-aqueous hybrid capacitors

Sodium metal hybrid capacitors (SMHCs) are a new type of energy storage device (ESD) composed of metal anodes and capacitive cathodes. In this study, an SMHC consisting of a nanostructure-engineered pyropolymer electrode pair is fabricated, which exhibits significantly high specific power and energy and exceptionally long lifetime. The critical obstacles of metal anodes such as the low Coulombic efficiencies (CEs) and safety problems originating from the dendritic metal growth are overcome using a stereoscopic pyropolymer thin layer including multitudinous sodiophilic sites, which can function as both electrolyte-intimate spot and nucleation catalyst. The well-designed metal anode exhibits a remarkably high average CE of ~99.95%, high rate capabilities up to 4 mA cm−2, and stable cycling over 1000 cycles. In addition, the nanopore-controlled pyropolymer containing nanopores with diameters mainly of ~2 nm exhibits outstanding rate capabilities with a capacity retention of ~60% of the initial capacity at a high current rate of ~50 A g−1 in a cathodic voltage region of 1.0–4.2 V in a diglyme-based electrolyte. The nanostructure-engineered pyropolymer-based electrodes are assembled as a pair of Faradic and non-Faradic electrodes in an SMHC, which exhibits the highest specific power of ~85,300 W kg−1 at 143.3 W h kg−1 and specific energy of ~347.7 W h kg−1 at 1241.8 W kg−1 among those of the reported sodium-based ESDs. Considering the simple chemistry, cheap components, and mass-producible process, the high-performance SMHC is a very promising device for use as a power source in electric vehicles and large-scale ESDs.

Carbon alternative pseudocapacitive V2O5 nanobricks and δ-MnO2 nanoflakes @ α‐MnO2 nanowires hetero-phase for high-energy pseudocapacitor

The limited energy density of the carbon-based asymmetric supercapacitor forces us to find carbon alternative electrode materials to simultaneous boost the energy and power density for supercapacitor cell. The pseudocapacitive materials hold great promise to provide a high energy at high charge-discharge rate. In present work, we have engineered the pseudocapacitive δ‐MnO2 Nanoflakes @ α-MnO2 Nanowires (δ‐MnO2 NFs@ α-MnO2 NWs) hetero-phase core-shell and V2O5 Nanobricks (NBs) on flexible carbon cloth for all-pseudocapacitive asymmetric supercapacitor. The resulting pseudocapacitive δ‐MnO2 NFs@ α-MnO2 NWs and V2O5 NBs reveal excellent electrochemical features in positive and negative potential with the capacitance of 310 F g−1 (0.06 F cm−2) and 167 F g−1 (0.029 F cm−2), respectively. With advantages of positive and negative potentials of δ‐MnO2 NFs@ α-MnO2 NWs and V2O5 NBs electrodes, all-pseudocapacitive asymmetric supercapacitor are assembled and stably operated in 1.5 V exhibits a specific capacitance of 204 F g−1 (12.2 F cm−3). The fabricated supercapacitor cell exhibits high specific energy of 63 Wh kg−1 at 2600 W kg−1 (3.82 Wh cm−3 at 15.8 W cm−3) with smaller relaxation time constant of 0.78 s, and showed remarkably excellent cyclic stability with ~100% and ~95% columbic efficiency of the original performance over 5000 cycles. In addition, these types of materials provide a major incentive for large-scale and high-performance energy storage devices.

Novel Charging-Optimized Cathode for a Fast and High-Capacity Zinc-Ion Battery

Rechargeable aqueous zinc-ion battery (ZIB) is one of attractive candidates for large-scale energy storage. Its further application relies on the exploitation of high-capacity cathode and the understanding of intrinsic energy storage mechanism. Herein, we report a novel layered K2V3O8 cathode material for ZIB, adopting a strategy of charging firstly to extract part of K-ions from vanadate in initial few cycles, which creates more electrochemical active sites and lowers charge transfer resistance of ZIB system. As results, a considerable specific capacity of 302.8 mAh g-1 at 0.1 A g-1 is achieved, as well as remarkable cycling stability (92.3% capacity retention at 4 A g-1 for 2000 cycles) and good rate capability. Besides, the energy storage mechanism was studied by in-situ X-ray diffraction, in-situ Raman spectra, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma. An irreversible K-ions deintercalation in the first charge process is proved. It is believed that this novel ZIB's cathode material and the optimizing strategy will shine lights on developing next-generation large-scale energy storage devices.

Coordination compounds in lithium storage and lithium-ion transport.

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have enabled wireless revolution of portable digital products. However, for high-performance applications such as large-scale energy storage and next-generation portable devices, the energy and power densities as well as the cycle life of LIBs still need to be further enhanced. This can be realized by improving the electrochemical performance of the three main components of LIBs: cathode, anode, and electrolyte. In addition to LIBs, lithium-metal batteries (LMBs) have also attracted considerable attention owing to their ultra-high energy density arising from the lithium-metal anode. However, LMB performance is currently limited by dendrite formation and poor interfacial contact between electrode and electrolyte. Herein we highlight the applications of coordination chemistry in LIBs and LMBs, especially for realization of promising next-generation electrode and electrolyte materials based on coordination compounds with well-defined molecular structures. We start by introducing the development of coordination chemistry from discrete coordination compounds to coordination polymers and metal-organic frameworks. Then, we present the design strategies of coordination compounds for lithium storage and lithium-ion transport. Approaches to enhance the electrochemical properties, working potential, capacity, cycling stability, and rate capability of coordination compound-based electrodes are discussed in detail. The reticular chemistry endowing metal-organic frameworks with desired structures and pore metrics as electrolytes for lithium-ion transmission is also summarized. Finally, the current challenges and promising research directions of coordination chemistry for LIBs and LMBs are presented.

Recent progress on metallic Sn- and Sb-based anodes for sodium-ion batteries

Sodium-ion batteries with metallic Sn- and Sb-based anodes have great potential for application in large-scale green energy storage devices.

S, N co-doped pitch-based composite carbon nanofibers with enlarged interlayer distance as a superior potassium ion batteries anode

Potassium ion batteries (PIBs), an alternative to traditional lithium ion batteries to large-scale energy storage device, have attracted tremendous attention, due to abundant reserves of potassium resources and low cost. However, it still remains challenge to fabricate suitable anode materials with high K storage capabilities. In this work, facile S/N co-doped pitch based composite carbon nanofibers has been fabricated by electrospinning of coal tar pitch and polyacrylonitrile, and followed by carbonization under H2S/Ar atmosphere. The formation of -C-S-Cbond effectively increased S utilization, and enlarged carbon interlayer distance to some degree. As anode for PIBs, the S/N co-doped carbon displayed enhancement of capacity, rate capability and cycle stability. This work would shed a light on the fabrication of S/N co-doped materials for both battery, supercapacitor and electrocatalytic electrodes.

The molten chlorides for aluminum-graphite rechargeable batteries

A low-cost, high-capacity Al-graphite rechargeable aluminum-ion battery is confirmed to be able to work stably in a quaternary AlCl3-NaCl-LiCl-KCl inorganic molten salt as electrolyte with the lowest eutectic temperature of less than 75 °C. The battery shows a stable specific capacity of 114.9 mAh g−1 at 200 mA g−1 over 1500 cycles at 90 °C. Moreover, the capacity can remain at ∼85 mAh g−1 with a higher current density of 800 mA g−1 over 2600 cycles at 90 °C. Importantly, even cycled at 80 °C and 100 °C, almost 100% capacity retention can be achieved after 5800 cycles when the temperature is back to 90 °C, verifying the superior long-term cycling stability under various temperatures. The inherent low-cost and high capacity, as well as outstanding long-term cycling stability, makes it particularly favorable for large-scale energy storage devices.

A Nitrogen-Doped Manganese Oxide Nanoparticles/Porous Carbon Nanosheets Hybrid Material: A High-Performance Anode for Lithium Ion Batteries.

A nitrogen-doped MnO nanoparticles/ porous carbon nanosheets (N-MnO/PCS) composite was synthesized by the room-temperature redox reaction between KMnO4 and PCS followed by a facile carbothermal reduction, and a subsequent coating process of urea onto MnO/PCS and heat treatment. N-MnO nanoparticles with a grain size of about 30 nm are homogenously embedded on the surface of the N-PCS, corresponding to a high loading of 50.09 wt.% in the resulting composite. Benefiting from the enhanced reaction kinetics as well as electrical conductivity and continuous transport pathways of Li+ /electron resulting from the N-doping and hybridization of the cross-linked porous carbon substrate, the as-synthesized N-MnO/PCS-1 electrode delivers a large reversible specific capacity (1497.2 mA h g-1 at 100 mA g-1 after 160 cycles), outstanding rate capacities (710.6 mA h g-1 at 1 A g-1 and 640.1 mA h g-1 at 2 A g-1 ) and long-term cycling stability with specific capacity (976 mA h g-1 at 0.5 A g-1 after cycling 300 cycles). The simple and green synthesis and electronic properties of this composite mean that it has great potential as a high-capacity anode material for practical application in large-scale energy storage devices.

Numerical simulation of rolling pad instability in cuboid liquid metal batteries

The rolling pad instability is caused by electromagnetic interactions in systems of horizontal layers with strongly different electric conductivities. We analyze the instability for a simplified model of a liquid metal battery, a promising device for large-scale stationary energy storage. Numerical simulations of the flow and the dynamics of electromagnetically coupled interfacial waves are performed using OpenFOAM. This work confirms the earlier conclusions that the instability is a significant factor affecting the battery’s operation. The critical role played by the ratio between the density differences across the two interfaces is elucidated. It is found that the ratio determines the stability characteristics and the type (symmetrically or antisymmetrically coupled) of dominant interfacial waves.

Substantial doping engineering in Na3V2-xFex(PO4)3 (0≤x≤0.15) as high-rate cathode for sodium-ion battery

Due to its high theoretical capacity and stable structure, Na3V2(PO4)3 has gained much attention as a potential cathode for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) in large-scale energy storage applications. However, poor electronic conductivity usually results in the low rate capacity and poor cyclability, limiting its application. Herein, we successfully introduce Fe3+ to substitute V3+ through doping engineering. Compared with Na3V2(PO4)3/C, an excellent initial high-rate capacity of 91.2 mAhg−1 (77.5% of the theoretical capacity) at 20 C (2.35 A g−1) has been achieved in Na3V1.9Fe0.1(PO4)3/C + rGO due to the improved electronic conductivity introduced by Fe doping and rGO modification, and a stable cyclability with 88.7% capacity retention after 100 charge/discharge cycles, implying the perfect structural stability of the composite. It is expected that the results obtained will grasp new insights into designing the optimal cathode and realizing the commercial synthesis for the large-scale rechargeable sodium energy storage devices.

Design of meso/macro porous 2D Mn-vanadate as potential novel anode materials for sodium-ion storage

Abstract In this study, flake-like sheets (S-MVO) and flowers-like MnV2O6 (F-MVO) anode materials are synthesized by a facile hydrothermal technique for the first time applied to Na-ion storage. In order to better understand the behavior of Na atoms in the structure of MnV2O6, ab-initio methods predict for convenient migration paths. Additionally, first-principle calculations are used to determine the electronic and optical properties. The steady reversible discharge capacity exhibits 348 mAh g−1 for S-MVO electrode and 231 mAh g−1 for F-MVO electrode at a current density of 100 mA/g over the 50 cycles. The stable reversible capacity ascribed from conversion with combination of intercalation/deintercalation reaction. The S-MVO sample demonstrates significant electrochemical performance without any hybridizing of carbonaceous materials. The mesoporous thin morphology provides enhanced kinetics activity, which suggests facilitating the electronic/ionic transfer. Thus, the simple manner of Na+ migration path prediction, cost-effective route of bi-metal mixed novel materials may open a way for the design of potential electrodes for commercial and future large-scale high-performance Na-ion energy storage devices.