Communication Devices Research Articles

FR2/mmWave, N258 and N261 Bands, 5G Frequency‐Compatible Ultra‐Thin Metamaterial Absorber with Polarization Insensitivity for EMI shielding Applications

AbstractSince adopting 5G technology, a notable rise in the prevalence of electromagnetic (EM) waves in the environment has become a significant concern. To reduce EM interference, broadband metamaterial absorbers offer an alternative solution for protecting devices in defense, communication, and healthcare applications, unlike their narrowband counterparts. This article presents a numerical investigation of an ultra‐thin, polarization‐insensitive metamaterial absorber (MMA) that uses metasurfaces and provides electromagnetic interference (EMI) reduction, covering the FR2/mmWave licensed N258 and N261 bands with an oblique incidence angle of up to 15 degrees. Comprehensive simulations are performed within the CST Studio Suite S2 2023 to examine the absorber's performance. Under normal incidence, the proposed MMA exhibits a wideband absorbency response exceeding 90% within the frequency range of 24.30–28.12 GHz. Moreover, the physical absorption mechanism is explained with electric and magnetic field distributions, including surface current distributions. Confirmation of the lack of mutual interaction among neighboring unit cells is established through testing with 1 × 2 and 2 × 2 arrays. An equivalent circuit model is also developed to confirm the EM simulation findings. The notable features of the proposed MMA make it an exceptional candidate for EM shielding applications, providing EMI reduction and covering the N258 and N261 bands.

Analysis of methods of data flow management in mobile radio communication means

The article analyzes the existing methods of managing data flows in mobile radio communications. During the analysis, the peculiarities of the functioning and construction of these networks were considered. It has been established that such networks have features different from other networks, such as mobility, dynamic topology, independent organization, use of mobile means of communication, lack of fixed data transmission routes, etc. The task of providing routing in mobile radio communication devices, mobile radio networks, and the types of routing in communication networks are considered. The conditions for the implementation of the routing task and the features that characterize the routing process have been established. The levels of the OSI open systems model and the most well-known protocols that work at these levels and are used in data flow management are considered. Data flow management methods are classified by type and a list of requirements for the process of data flow transmission in mobile radio networks is defined, taking into account the peculiarities of the functioning of mobile radio communication means, which must be taken into account when building a mobile radio network management system. It has been established that at the current stage of information technology development, data flow management methods are mostly adapted for use in computer, wired or fixed networks and do not take into account the conditions of use in mobile radio communication devices. It has been established that the construction and operation of an effective data flow control subsystem in the control systems of mobile radio networks and mobile radio communication means requires the use of the latest technologies and modern approaches in the development of data flow control methods and methods that will ensure the functioning of the corresponding data flow control subsystem. When choosing protocols, methods, methods of managing data flows, it is proposed to focus on adaptation, modification of approaches or their combined use based on the target function, taking into account the peculiarities of the functioning of mobile radio networks and mobile radio communication means.

Differences in Smartphone Addiction between Male and Female Adolescents

The number of smartphone users has been rapidly increasing because smartphones are not only used as communication devices but also as means to seek entertainment and information. Data shows that 80% of smartphone users in Indonesia are teenagers. Unfortunately, excessive smartphone usage can lead to negative consequences, one of which is smartphone addiction. There are differences in emotional aspects between teenage boys and girls that can lead to differences in smartphone addiction between them. This research was conducted to determine whether there is a difference in smartphone addiction between male and female adolescents. The research used a non-experimental research strategy with a differential research design. A total of 100 teenagers (50 girls and 50 boys) who lived in South Jakarta, aged 10-24 years, and owning smartphones participated in the study. The results indicate that there is a difference in smartphone addiction between male and female adolescents, where female having a higher level of addiction.

Second Harmonic Generation of Twisted Vector Vortex Beams Using aβ-BaB2O4 Crystal

In this study, we demonstrate both theoretically and experimentally second harmonic generation (SHG) of a twisted vector vortex optical field (TVVOF) using a nonlinear type-II phase-matched β-BaB2O4 (BBO) crystal. Our study introduces a novel method to manipulate SHG by independently modulating the two orthogonal polarization components of a TVVOF. This flexibility in controlling SHG can be achieved through accurate experimental adjustments of the polarization components. Furthermore, we reveal that the SHG can be dynamically tuned by varying the angle between the polarization direction of the optical field and the principal axis of the BBO crystal via rotation. These findings provide a new approach for the flexible manipulation of SHG in structured vector optical fields, which have potential applications in optical communication, quantum optics, and photonic device engineering.

An adaptive MLP-based joint optimization of resource allocation and relay selection in device-to-device communication using hybrid meta-heuristic algorithm

Enhancement in both energy efficiency and spectral efficiency in cellular networks is made possible by means of an advanced technique called device-to device (D2D) communication. The enhancement of these efficiencies is done by utilizing the cellular user (CU) resources once again to make communication with nearby cellular devices in an effective manner by spectral means. As the D2D communication technology is capable of providing a direct communication link with nearby devices effectively with enhanced spectral efficacy, this approach is considered as an ideal solution for the futuristic cellular communication network. A flexible and reliable relay-assisted communication by means of D2D technology is required that acts as an intermediate relay when the attenuation between the channels across the D2D devices becomes high. The throughput of the system is increased by utilizing D2D communication technology as it uses direct data transmission within cellular devices. When the cellular user is far apart from one another, the data loss in the D2D communication system is minimized with the utilization of the relay. When the channels are good, then the relay nodes (RNs) serve the cellular user. However, it is noted that the D2D systems are affected by issues such as higher consumption of energy and spectral sharing. Also, the sum rate gets degraded as a result of mutual interference between resource-sharing cellular devices in the relay-assisted D2D communication system. The transmission of the data in a traditional relay-assisted D2D communication system is carried out between the D2D receiver (DR) and D2D transmitter (DT) only with the utilization of its own energy by the RN. The issues in relay selection and resource allocation in the conventional joint resource allocation schemes are tackled by executing a scheme for performing the task of optimal relay selection and joint resource allocation. The enhancement of the overall sum rate in the D2D communication is the main motive behind the implemented scheme. This goal is attained along with the minimization of the link rates in the cellular and D2D networks. The ideal selection of the relay and the execution of the joint resource allocation are done with the utilization of a new optimization scheme called the hybrid flow direction with the chameleon swarm algorithm (HFDCSA), in which the flow direction algorithm (FDA) is fused along with chameleon swarm algorithm. This optimal selection of the relays is assisted by considering constraints like the network’s sum rate and energy efficiency in the network to achieve high performance. The data obtained from distinct sources are given to the adaptive multi-layer perceptron (AMLP) in which optimal resource allocation and the relay selection are performed with the help of the suggested HFDCSA. The parameters in the MLP are tuned by the same HFDCSA. Finally, the performance validation is conducted in the stage to verify the working of the suggested approach.

Proactive patient safety: enhancing hospital readiness through simulation-based clinical systems testing and healthcare failure mode and effect analysis

BackgroundRecognizing and identifying latent safety threats (LSTs) before patient care commences is crucial, aiding leaders in ensuring hospital readiness and extending its impact beyond patient safety alone. This study evaluated the effectiveness of a combination of Simulation-based Clinical Systems Testing (SbCST) with Healthcare Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (HFMEA) with regard to mitigating LSTs within a newly constructed hospital.MethodsThree phases of the combined SbCST and HFMEA approach were implemented across all hospital settings. The scenarios tested system functionalities, team responses, and resource availability. The threats thus identified were categorized into system-related issues, human issues, and resource issues, after which they were prioritized and addressed using mitigation strategies. Reassessment confirmed the effectiveness of these strategies before hospital commissioning.ResultsMore than 76% of the LSTs were mitigated through the combined approach. System-related issues, such as nonfunctional communication devices and faulty elevators, were addressed by leadership. Human issues such as miscommunication and nonadherence to hospital policy led to improvements in interprofessional communication and teamwork. Resource issues, including missing equipment and risks of oxygen explosion, were addressed through procurement, maintenance, and staff training for equipment preparation.ConclusionThe SbCST and HFMEA were highly effective with regard to proactively identifying and mitigating LSTs across all aspects of hospital preparedness. This systematic and comprehensive approach offers a valuable tool for enhancing patient safety in new healthcare facilities, thereby potentially setting a new standard for proactive hazard identification and risk management in the context of healthcare construction and commissioning.

A Careful Examination of the Security and Traffic Effects Associated with the Vehicle Ad-hoc Network (VANET)

During recent years, vehicular ad hoc networks, or VANETs, have emerged as one of the most exciting and difficult study fields. VANET is regarded as a subset of MANET, or mobile ad hoc network, which is primarily used on automobiles. With the use of traffic data, VANET hopes to supply an advanced Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) with a wealth of information. Mention how daily traffic data collection helps with transportation planning, particularly with regard to intra-city communication. Two of the main issues with the existing traffic system are jams in traffic and accidents. Around the world, numerous people lose their lives or suffer severe injuries in traffic accidents each year. Human lives on the road are directly impacted by these issues. VANET can help to avert these mishaps and facilitate the efficient operation of daily traffic. Furthermore, VANET offers a plethora of intriguing applications, including real-time traffic condition monitoring, dynamic route scheduling, blind crossing prevention, safety, and more. In addition, there are certain drawbacks in terms of traffic and security. The absence of a centralised infrastructure in VANET is one of the main security issues. One of the most difficult jobs in the resultant decentralised and self- organizing VANETs is the administration of the wireless channel to make an efficient use of its capacity because there is no centralised infrastructure in charge of synchronisation and coordination of transmissions. VANET is primarily used to lower the risk of accidents in urban areas with a high volume and complexity of vehicles. We introduce the VANET Security R&D Ecosystem and examine traffic in this article. The four main components of the R&D ecosystem are end customers, government agencies, automakers, and university research. Every facet of VANET is covered in detail. Our study primarily focuses on the security and traffic within VANETs, including how data is safeguarded from vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-roadside infrastructure communications devices (V2I), access points, and other sources.

A dynamic beam switching metasurface based on angular mode-hopping effect

Fast and versatile beam forming and steering technologies are now crucial for various emerging applications, including wireless optical communications and optical switches. However, these technologies often rely on expensive components, such as spatial light modulators (SLMs) and optical phase arrays (OPAs), which come with complex and power-consuming control systems. In response to this challenge, we propose a dynamic beam-switching method inspired by the mode-hopping effect of lasers. As a proof of concept, we introduce the dynamic beam switching metasurface (DBSM) design, featuring an in-plane mechanical actuation system. Our numerical analyses, based on the finite element method (FEM), demonstrate that the proposed DBSM exhibits versatile beam forming and steering functionalities. These include beam splitting and omnidirectional beam steering. Moreover, we anticipate that the tuning speed of the DBSM will reach the kilohertz (kHz) range or even higher when utilizing a microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) actuator, building upon pioneering research in this field. We envision it holds promising applications in areas such as light detection and ranging (LiDAR), optical wireless communication devices, and optical switches.

Advances in Piezoelectret Materials-Based Bidirectional Haptic Communication Devices.

Bidirectional haptic communication devices accelerate the revolution of virtual/augmented reality and flexible/wearable electronics. As an emerging kind of flexible piezoelectric materials, piezoelectret materials can effortlessly convert mechanical force into electrical signals and respond to electrical fields in a deformation manner, exhibiting enormous potential in the construction of bidirectional haptic communication devices. Existing reviews on piezoelectret materials primarily focus on flexible energy harvesters and sensors, and the recent development of piezoelectret-based bidirectional haptic communication devices has not been comprehensively reviewed. Herein, a comprehensive overview of the materials construction, along with the recent advances in bidirectional haptic communication devices, is provided. First, the development timeline, key characteristics, and various fabrication methods of piezoelectret materials are introduced. Subsequently, following the underlying mechanisms of bidirectional electromechanical signal conversion of piezoelectret, strategies to improve the d33 coefficients of materials are proposed. The principles of haptic perception and feedback are also highlighted, and representative works and progress in this area are summarized. Finally, the challenges and opportunities associated with improving the overall practicability of piezoelectret materials-based bidirectional haptic communication devices are discussed.

Cooperative Perception System for Aiding Connected and Automated Vehicle Navigation and Improving Safety

Cooperative perception that integrates sensing capabilities from both infrastructure and vehicle perception sensors can greatly benefit the transportation system with respect to safety and data acquisition. In this study, we conduct a preliminary evaluation of such a system by integrating a portable lidar-based infrastructure detection system (namely, Traffic Scanner [TScan]) with a Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) Level 4 connected and automated vehicle (CAV). Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication devices are installed on both the TScan and the CAV to enable real-time message transmission of detection results in the form of SAE J2735 basic safety messages. We validate the concept using a case study, which aims at improving CAV situation awareness and protecting vulnerable road user (VRU) safety. Field testing results demonstrate the safety benefits of cooperative perception from infrastructure sensors in detecting occluded VRUs and helping CAVs to plan safer (i.e., higher post-encroachment time) and smoother (i.e., lower deceleration rates) trajectories.

Potential of communication devices for estimating the fishing effort of purse seine fleets

Fishing impacts the marine environment significantly, and quantifying this impact requires precise fishing effort data. This study explores the challenges associated with accurately estimating fishing effort by purse seiners and proposes a solution using records collected from real-time communication devices on fishing fleets. The estimation of fishing effort based on high-frequency GPS data can be verified with the onboard visual records. Additionally, by linking vessels within a fleet, the method utilizes information from carriers (vessels that transport fish) to enhance the estimation. Through the use of generalized additive models, this study effectively estimates the fishing effort of Japanese purse seiners, demonstrating their accuracy. Furthermore, by incorporating carrier information, models based on matched records prove to have superior predictive performance compared to those based on fishing vessel or carrier records alone. These findings lay the foundation for the potential of this approach to provide precise and cost-effective information for sustainable fishery management. The affordability of GPS devices and the common requirement of communication devices across various fleets further support the feasibility of implementing this approach.

Blockchain‐based federated learning approaches in internet of things applications

AbstractThe Internet of Things (IoT) is a new well‐structured emerging technology with communication of smart devices using the 5G technology, infrastructures of roads, vehicles, smart cities, traffic systems and user applications. The IoT applications facilitate providing prompt emergency responses, and improved quality of vehicles, and road services, with cost‐effective activities in the intelligent transportation systems. Federated Learning (FL) enhances privacy and security in intelligent transportation systems and the Internet of Vehicles (IoV), using advanced prediction methods. Integrating blockchain with IoT, particularly in FL for transportation systems and IoV, bolsters security and data integrity. This approach keeps data local while only sharing model updates, enhancing privacy. Blockchain's transparency aids in efficient IoT collaboration, crucial for accountability. Its consensus algorithms further ensure network integrity, validating transactions and updates across devices, protecting against attacks, and fostering a transparent, collaborative environment. This comprehensive review paper delves into the innovative integration of blockchain technology with federated learning and the dynamic domain of IoV. It extensively analyzes the primary concepts, methodologies, and challenges associated with the deployment of FL in IoVs. This review presents a novel categorization examining three main types of blockchain‐based FL approaches vertical, horizontal, and decentralized each tailored to specific IoV communication scenarios like Vehicle‐to‐Vehicle (V2V), Vehicle‐to‐Infrastructure (V2I), and Vehicle‐to‐Cloud (V2C). It highlights FL applications in cyber‐attack detection, data sharing, traffic prediction, and privacy, considering Quality of Service factors. Finally, some main challenges and new open issues are discussed and assessed for federated machine learning approaches in the IoV.

Practice recommendations regarding parental presence in NICUs during pandemics caused by respiratory pathogens like COVID-19.

To co-create parental presence practice recommendations across Canadian NICUs during pandemics caused by respiratory pathogens such as COVID-19. Recommendations were developed through evidence, context, Delphi and Values and Preferences methods. For Delphi 1 and 2, participants rated 50 items and 20 items respectively on a scale from 1 (very low importance) to 5 (very high). To determine consensus, evidence and context of benefits and harms were presented and discussed within the Values and Preference framework for the top-ranked items. An agreement of 80% or more was deemed consensus. After two Delphi rounds (n = 59 participants), 13 recommendations with the highest rated importance were identified. Consensus recommendations included 6 strong recommendations (parents as essential caregivers, providing skin-to-skin contact, direct or mothers' own expressed milk feeding, attending medical rounds, mental health and psychosocial services access, and inclusion of parent partners in pandemic response planning) and 7 conditional recommendations (providing hands-on care tasks, providing touch, two parents present at the same time, food and drink access, use of communication devices, and in-person access to medical rounds and mental health and psychosocial services). These recommendations can guide institutions in developing strategies for parental presence during pandemics caused by respiratory pathogens like COVID-19.

Effect of TiC addition on microstructure and properties of network structured TiC–ZrO2 composite conductive ceramics

Zirconia (ZrO2) ceramics have excellent mechanical properties and high-temperature conductivities. However, ZrO2 ceramics do not possess room-temperature conductivity, which significantly limits their application as functional components in smart communication devices and wearable smart products. To achieve room-temperature conductivity in ZrO2 ceramics, this study prepared a network-structured TiC–ZrO2 composite conductive ceramic with a low titanium carbide (TiC) addition using pressureless sintering. The influence of the TiC addition on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and electrical properties of the TiC–ZrO2 composite material was investigated. The results showed that the composite material consists of cubic zirconia (c-ZrO2), tetragonal zirconia (t-ZrO2), and titanium carbide (TiC) phases. When the TiC content was 11 vol %, the relative density, open porosity, flexural strength, and fracture toughness of the sample were 98.6 ± 0.1 %, 0.16 ± 0.06 %, 383 ± 38 MPa, and 4.66 ± 0.26 MPa m1/2, respectively. The electrical percolation threshold of the TiC–ZrO2 composite was between 8.0 and 11.0 vol %. When the TiC content is 18.8 vol %, the sample exhibited the lowest room-temperature resistivity of 3.00 × 10−5 Ω m. The electrical resistance of the TiC–ZrO2 composite material is mainly attributed to the grain boundary effect. With increasing TiC content, the resistivity of the composite material decreased, exhibiting linear conductivity and achieving conductive percolation characteristics.

Comparing and contrasting barriers in augmentative alternative communication use in nonspeaking autism and complex communication needs: multi-stakeholder perspectives.

Augmentative alternative communication (AAC) devices or systems are often prescribed to minimally verbal or nonspeaking autistic individuals and other individuals with complex communication needs to facilitate communication or as an alternative to spoken language. AAC use can result in communication gains and improved quality of life for minimally verbal or nonspeaking individuals. Despite this, AAC abandonment is high, limiting societal participation of the individual on the autism spectrum with complex communication needs. Our study is a novel exploration of the barriers of AAC use from a multi-stakeholder perspective, and a qualitative analysis of similarities and differences between stakeholders. We conducted semi-structured interviews and focus groups with 30 parent-carers, educators and clinicians currently supporting AAC users in Western Australia and analysed the data using reflexive thematic analysis. Barriers from each stakeholder group were coded, resulting in 17 subthemes forming five main themes common to all stakeholders: Stakeholder Knowledge, Stakeholder Attitudes and Stigma, Resources, AAC User Engagement, and Device Fit. Contrasting perspectives included actual and perceived stigma associated with AAC use (parent-carers vs clinicians); different struggles with resources and knowledge (parent-carers vs clinicians and educators); and a lack of clinician communication in the processes that determined AAC-fit for school environments (educators only). Findings are discussed in the context of improving inter-stakeholder collaboration and capacity building in Australian health service and practice to better support minimally verbal or nonspeaking autistic individuals and individuals with complex communication needs. Suggestions are also offered for communication partner training.

Underwater Wireless Optical Communication for IOT using Coding MIMO Diversity

The present study examined and simulated the coding or no coding performance for different configurations of multi-input, multioutput underwater wireless optical communication systems. MIMO diversity and channel coding were used to reduce the power transmitter, assuming lognormal distribution random for weak ocean turbulence. The simulation tested for a link range of 30 m in low ocean turbulence and 500 Mbps on–off-keying was also presented using Monte-Carlo. The results showed improvement in power transmitted (gain) for 2x5 compared to Uncoded SISO, which was about 33.60db using the concatenated code. So that the underwater wireless optical communications (UWOC) even now will also be significantly impacted by the Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT) and ultimate mobile technologies five generation communication systems because of their extraordinarily high demand for data safety, bit rate, energy consumption, so it is used in combined data transfer between underwater communication devices. The UWOC system based on coded MIMO may successfully be used in IoUT due to its high robustness and power qualification.

The evidential dimension of implicitly conveyed disagreement in political debates

Abstract The idea that manipulation relies more heavily on implicit than on explicit communication has been the plank of several earlier and recent debates on argumentation and speaker roles in interactions. The present contribution will inquire into the selective nature of the use of implicit communication in political discourse; notably, analyzing the distribution of presuppositions and implicatures in two political debates, it will be argued that the use of these two implicit communicative devices – and, particularly, that of presupposition – is likely to correlate with the expression of disagreement, notably through aggressive and blasting contents, more often than with other content types. This tendency will be accounted for by considering the evidential meaning presuppositions and implicatures add to an utterance, which contributes to modulating both speaker’s commitment to truth and source identification on the part of the receiver. Data also show that, when face-threatening contents are exchanged, presuppositions epitomize by far the most preferred strategy in both debates.

Electromechanically Reconfigurable Terahertz Stereo Metasurfaces.

Dynamic terahertz devices are vital for the next generation of wireless communication, sensing, and non-destructive imaging technologies. Metasurfaces have emerged as a paradigm-shifting platform, offering varied functionalities, miniaturization, and simplified fabrication compared to their 3D counterparts. However, the presence of in-plane mirror symmetry and reduced degree of freedom impose fundamental limitations on achieving advanced chiral response, beamforming, and reconfiguration capabilities. In this work, a platform composed of electrically actuated resonators that can be colossally reconfigured between planar and 3D geometries is demonstrated. To illustrate the platform, metadevices with 3D Split Ring Resonators are fabricated, wherein two counteracting driving forces are combined: i) folding induced by stress mismatch, which enables non-volatile state design and ii) unfolding triggered by the strain associated with insulator-to-metal transition in VO2, which facilitates volatile structural reconfiguration. This large structural reconfiguration space allows for resonance mode switching, widely tunable magnetic and electric polarizabilities, and increased frequency agility. Moreover, the unique properties of VO2, such as the hysteretic nature of its phase transition is harnessed to demonstrate a multi-state memory. Therefore, these VO2 integrated metadevices are highly attractive for the realization of 6G communication devices such as reconfigurable intelligent surfaces, holographic beam formers, and spatial light modulators.

Structural Morphology of Organic Waste-derived Fiber in X–band Frequency

Sawdust is a by-product or waste product of woodworking such as cutting, sanding, machining, planning, and routing. Saw dust consists of small woodcutting intending to study the structural morphology of organic waste fiber derived in an X-band frequency and synthesis of the rice dust and sawdust. The solid-state method was employed to mix the husk, to obtain the fine power, and the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscope was used to determine the sample absorption rate. The FTIR results show that the best samples are 6.5 g and 6.5 g rice bark and sawdust, with an absorbance rate of 86% and 14% transmission, which will be used for the manufacture of electronic and communication devices.

Linewidth Measurement of a Narrow-Linewidth Laser: Principles, Methods, and Systems.

Narrow-linewidth lasers mainly depend on the development of advanced laser linewidth measurement methods for related technological progress as key devices in satellite laser communications, precision measurements, ultra-high-speed optical communications, and other fields. This manuscript provides a theoretical analysis of linewidth characterization methods based on the beat frequency power spectrum and laser phase noise calculations, and elaborates on existing research of measurement technologies. In addition, to address the technical challenges of complex measurement systems that commonly rely on long optical fibers and significant phase noise jitter in the existing research, a short-delay self-heterodyne method based on coherent envelope spectrum demodulation was discussed in depth to reduce the phase jitter caused by 1/f noise. We assessed the performance parameters and testing conditions of different lasers, as well as the corresponding linewidth characterization methods, and analyzed the measurement accuracy and error sources of various methods.