Surface Tension Deviations Research Articles

Phase behavior of catalytic deactivated compounds and water with 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate [EMIM][OAc] ionic liquid at T = 298.15–323.15 K and p = 1 bar

Density, surface tension and refractive index of the binary mixture of catalytic deactivated compounds with 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate {[EMIM][OAc]} ionic liquid were measured at temperature of 298.15–323.15 K from which the derived thermodynamic properties including excess molar volume and deviation of surface tension and refractive index were calculated. The derived thermodynamic properties could be explained well by the interaction between similar and dissimilar aromatic structure of the molecules over the entire mole fraction of ILs. It was observed that all the catalytic deactivated compounds and water molecules have significant structural interaction with [EMIM][OAc] via CH⋯π bond interaction, π⋯π stacking and n⋯π interaction over the entire mole fraction of IL at T = 298.15 K. Further the composition of ionic liquid have significant influence on the interaction between dissimilar aromatic structure of molecules like pyridine, indoline and quinoline in liquid phase as compared to temperature. The surface tension increases in the order of: hiophene > pyridine > quinoline > pyrrole > indoline > water; while the refractive index increases in the order: pyridine < water < pyrrole < thiophene < indoline < quinoline. The deviation of surface tension was found to be inversely proportional to the deviation of refractive index at T = 298.15 K. From these results it was concluded that the structure of the ionic liquids is very important for extraction processes on catalytic deactivated compounds, especially for pyridine, indoline and quinoline as compared to water molecules.

Volumetric and surface properties of pure ionic liquid n-octyl-pyridinium nitrate and its binary mixture with alcohol

The density and surface tension for pure ionic liquid N-octyl-pyridinium nitrate were measured from (293.15 to 328.15) K. The coefficient of thermal expansion, molecular volume, standard entropies, and lattice energy were calculated from the experimental density values. The critical temperature, surface entropy, surface enthalpy, and enthalpy of vaporization were also studied from the experimental surface tension results. Density and surface tension were also determined for binary mixtures of (N-octyl-pyridinium nitrate + alcohol) (methanol, ethanol, and 1-butanol) systems over the whole composition range at 298.15 K and atmospheric pressure. Excess molar volumes and surface tension deviations for the binary systems have been calculated and were fitted to a Redlich–Kister equation to determine the fitting parameters and the root mean square deviations. The partial molar volume, excess partial molar volume, and apparent molar volume of the component IL and alcohol in the binary mixtures were also discussed.

Properties of n-butylpyridinium nitrate ionic liquid and its binary mixtures with water

The density and surface tension of the pure ionic liquid n-butylpyridinium nitrate ([BuPy]NO 3) were determined at temperature range from T = (293.15 to 338.15) K. The coefficient of thermal expansion, molecular volume and lattice energy of [BuPy]NO 3 were calculated from the experimental values of density. The surface entropy and enthalpy of [BuPy]NO 3 were investigated. The IL studied show much lower surface enthalpy and lattice energy in comparison with fused salts. The densities and surface tensions of binary mixtures of [BuPy]NO 3 with water have been measured within the whole composition range at T = 298.15 K and atmospheric pressure. Excess molar volumes V E and surface tension deviations δγ were then deduced from the experimental results as well as partial molar volumes and excess partial molar volumes. Excess molar volumes have a negative deviation from ideal behavior and the surface tension deviations are negative over the whole compositions range. V E and δγ were correlated with suitable equation respectively.

Thermophysical properties for (diethyl carbonate + p-xylene + octane) ternary system

The density and speed of sound of the ternary mixture (diethyl carbonate + p-xylene + octane) have been measured at atmospheric pressure and in the temperature range T = (288.15 to 308.15) K. Besides, surface tension has been also determined for the same mixture at T = 298.15 K. The experimental measurements have allowed the calculation of the corresponding derived properties: excess molar volumes, excess isentropic compressibilities, and surface tension deviations. Excess properties have been correlated using Nagata and Tamura equation and correlation for the surface tension deviation has been done with the Cibulka equation. Good accuracy has been obtained. Based on the variations of the derived properties values with composition, a qualitative discussion about the intermolecular interactions was drawn.

Study of the Surface Tensions of Binary Mixtures of Isomeric Chlorobutanes with Methyl tert-Butyl Ether

In the present work we report experimental surface tensions for binary mixtures of isomeric chlorobutanes with methyl tert-butyl ether from 283.15 to 303.15 K, measured with a drop volume tensiometer. From these experimental data the corresponding surface tension deviations were calculated and correlated using a Redlich-Kister type polynomial. Finally, we include the calculation of excess surface compositions for all of the mixtures from 288.15 K to 308.15 K.

Volumetric and Surface Properties of Aqueous Mixtures of Polyethers atT= (298.15, 308.15, and 318.15) K

Density and surface tension for binary mixtures of diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, triethylene glycol dimethyl ether, and tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether with water are measured over the whole concentration range at T = (298.15, 308.15, and 318.15) K and atmospheric pressure. The experimental densities and surface tensions have been used to calculate excess molar volumes (VE) and surface tension deviations (Δσ), respectively. While the excess molar volumes are compared with the existing literature data, surface tension measurements for these mixtures are reported for the first time. Molar surface energies and parachor have also been calculated from experimental surface tension data. Primary data on surface tension are fitted to a polynomial equation, whereas the VE and Δσ derived from densities and surface tensions are fitted to the Redlich−Kister type polynomial equation.

Effect of Temperature on the Physico-Chemical Properties of a Room Temperature Ionic Liquid (1-Methyl-3-pentylimidazolium Hexafluorophosphate) with Polyethylene Glycol Oligomer

A systematic study of the effect of composition on the thermo-physical properties of the binary mixtures of 1-methyl-3-pentyl imidazolium hexafluorophosphate [MPI][PF6] with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) [Mw = 400] is presented. The excess molar volume, refractive index deviation, viscosity deviation, and surface tension deviation values were calculated from these experimental density, ρ, refractive index, n, viscosity, η, and surface tension, γ, over the whole concentration range, respectively. The excess molar volumes are negative and continue to become increasingly negative with increasing temperature; whereas the viscosity and surface tension deviation are negative and become less negative with increasing temperature. The surface thermodynamic functions, such as surface entropy, enthalpy, as well as standard molar entropy, Parachor, and molar enthalpy of vaporization for pure ionic liquid, have been derived from the temperature dependence of the surface tension values.

Thermophysical properties of pure 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium methylsulphate and its binary mixtures with alcohols

The density and surface tension of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium methylsulphate, [EMIM][CH 3SO 4] ionic liquid have been measured from (283.15 to 333.15) K. The coefficient of thermal expansion was calculated from the experimental density results using an empirical correlation for T = (283.15–338.15) K. Molecular volume and standard entropies of [EMIM][CH 3SO 4] ionic liquid were obtained from the experimental density values. The surface properties, critical temperature and enthalpy of vaporization were also discussed. Density and surface tension have been measured over the whole composition range for [EMIM][CH 3SO 4] with alcohols (methanol, ethanol, 1-butanol) binary systems at 298.15 K and atmospheric pressure. Excess molar volumes and surface tension deviations for the binary systems have been calculated and were fitted to a Redlich–Kister equation to determine the fitting parameters and the root mean square deviations.

Density and surface tension of pure 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium l-lactate ionic liquid and its binary mixtures with water

The density and surface tension of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium l-lactate ([emim][ l-lactate]) ionic liquid were determined from T = (283.15 to 333.15) K. The coefficients of thermal expansion were calculated from the experimental density results using an empirical correlation for T = (283.15 to 333.15) K. Molecular volume and standard entropies of the IL were calculated from the experimental density values. The surface properties of IL were investigated. The critical temperature and enthalpy of vaporization were also discussed. Density and surface tension have been measured over the whole composition range for {[emim][ l-lactate] + water} binary systems at a temperature of 298.15 K and atmospheric pressure. Excess molar volumes V E and the surface tension deviations δ γ have been determined.

Phase Behaviour of 1‐Ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium Thiocyanate Ionic Liquid with Catalytic Deactivated Compounds and Water at Several Temperatures: Experiments and Theoretical Predictions

Density, surface tension and refractive index were determined for the binary mixture of catalytic deactivated compounds with 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium thiocyanate {[EMIM][SCN]} at temperature of (298.15 to 323.15) K. For all the compounds with ILs, the densities varied linearly in the entire mole fraction with increasing temperature. From the obtained data, the excess molar volume and deviation of surface tension and refractive index have been calculated. A strong interaction was found between similar (cation‐thiophene or cation‐pyrrole) compounds. The interaction of IL with dissimilar compounds such as indoline and quinoline and other multiple ring compounds was found to strongly depend on the composition of IL at any temperatures. For the mixtures, the surface tension decreases in the order of: thiophene &gt; quinoline &gt; pyridine &gt; indoline &gt; pyrrole &gt; water. In general from the excess volume studies, the IL‐sulphur/nitrogen mixture has stronger interaction as compared to IL‐IL, thiophene‐thiophene or pyrrole‐pyrrole interaction. The deviation of surface tension was found to be inversely proportional to deviation of refractive index. The quantum chemical based COSMO‐RS was used to predict the non‐ideal liquid phase activity coefficient for all mixtures. It indicated an inverse relation between activity coefficient and excess molar volumes.

Densities, viscosities, refractive indices, and surface tensions for binary and ternary mixtures of 2-propanol, tetrahydropyran, and 2,2,4-trimethylpentane

Densities, viscosities, refractive indices, and surface tensions of the ternary system (2-propanol + tetrahydropyran + 2,2,4-trimethylpentane) at T = 303.15 K and its constituent binary systems (2-propanol + tetrahydropyran, 2-propanol + 2,2,4-trimethylpentane, and tetrahydropyran + 2,2,4-trimethylpentane) at T = (293.15, 303.15, 313.15, and 323.15) K were measured at atmospheric pressure. Densities were determined using a vibrating-tube densimeter. Viscosities were measured with an automatic microviscometer based on the rolling-ball principle. Refractive indexes were measured using a digital Abbe-type refractometer. Surface tensions were determined by the Wilhelmy-plate method. From these data, excess molar volumes, deviations in viscosity, deviations in refractive index, and deviations in surface tension were calculated. The results for the binary and ternary systems were fitted to the Redlich–Kister equation and the variable-degree polynomials in terms of compositions, respectively. The experimental and calculated quantities are used to study the nature of mixing behaviour between mixture components.

Surface Tensions of the Ternary Mixtures Containing an Isomeric Butanol + n-Hexane + 1-Chlorobutane at 298.15 K

Surface tensions of the ternary mixtures containing an isomer of butanol (1-butanol, 2-butanol, 2-methyl-1-propanol, or 2-methyl-2-propanol) + n-hexane + 1-chlorobutane have been measured at atmospheric pressure and 298.15 K. From these experimental data, surface tension deviations were calculated and fitted by the Cibulka’s equation. Experimental results have been compared to the predictions obtained by a group contribution method; furthermore, using this method, the excess surface molar compositions of n-hexane in the ternary mixtures have been also estimated.

Surface Tension Deviations and Excess Molar Volumes on the Ternary System Propyl Propanoate + Hexane + p-Xylene at 298.15 K

This paper reports experimental densities and surface tensions of the ternary system propyl propanoate + hexane + p-xylene at a temperature of 298.15 K and atmospheric pressure, over the whole composition range. We present here the experimental densities and surface tensions of the binary system hexane + p-xylene and the ternary system propyl propanoate + hexane + p-xylene. The excess molar volumes and the surface tension deviations of these mixtures have been calculated. Finally, we will compare the experimental data of the surface tension deviations with different theoretical and empirical approximations.

Surface tension and density of binary mixtures of monoalcohols, water and acetonitrile: equation of correlation of the surface tension

Measurements of the surface tension (σ) and density (ρ) of binary mixtures of monoalcohols, water and acetonitrile at 298.15 K and at atmospheric pressure, as a function of mole fraction (x) have been made. The experimental values of the deviation of surface tension and the excess of molar volume (Δσ, V E) have been correlated by the Redlich–Kister equation. An empirical correlation equation is presented for the study of the surface tension of these mixtures, and comparisons are made of the experimental values of surface tension versus those obtained with the correlation equation and with other models of correlation. Finally, with the purpose of corroborating the validity of the correlation equation, the latter is applied to other reference binary mixtures.

Density and surface tension in binary mixtures of CnMIM-BF 4 ionic liquids with water and ethanol

We present new experimental data of the surface tension and density in binary mixtures of the ionic liquid (IL) family 1-alkyl-3-methyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate with water and ethanol. Measurements were performed at 25.0 °C and atmospheric pressure, covering all range of possible concentrations. From these data we calculate the surface tension deviations and, from density data, the molar volumes. We observe that all sets of mixtures are ideal because the corresponding excess molar volumes are very small, similar to our experimental uncertainties. Density data for some of the aqueous mixtures studied here have been recently published, but discrepancies among authors are great. In contrast the number of published papers for ethanol mixtures is very scarce. It also happens for surface tension measurements in both studied systems. Data analysis indicates that the IL mixtures with water and with ethanol are similar in the bulk of the samples, but at surface level the behaviour is completely different. Thus, for water mixtures surface seems to be composed mainly by IL ions down to high diluted ones, and so the IL acts like a surfactant. Surface for ethanol mixtures is equally composed by IL ions and ethanol molecules. In addition for molar fractions of ethanol higher than equimolar, the alkyl chain length of the IL does not play any role in the surface tension of the mixture, being its value common for the three IL + ethanol mixtures studied.

Surface and bulk behavior of (dialkylsulfoxides + carbon tetrachloride) mixtures

Surface tensions, surface tension deviations, densities, and excess molar volumes of binary mixtures of carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4) with dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), diethylsulfoxide (DESO), dipropylsulfoxide (DPSO), and dibutylsulfoxide (DBSO) have been determined over the entire composition range at (298.15 and 313.15) K. The results were fitted by the Redlich–Kister polynomial equation and the corresponding binary coefficients have been derived. The obtained excess quantities show that both charge-transfer complex formation between CCl 4 and dialkylsulfoxides (DASO) molecules and on the other hand sulfoxides’ chain length are crucial factors conditioning the excess thermodynamic properties of (CCl 4 + DASO) binary mixtures.

Excess thermodynamic functions derived from densities and surface tensions of ( p- or o-xylene + ethylene glycol dimethyl ether) between the temperatures (298.15 and 308.15) K

Densities ( ρ) for binary systems of ( p-xylene or o-xylene + ethylene glycol dimethyl ether) were measured over the full mole fraction range at the temperatures of (298.15, 303.15 and 308.15) K along with the densities of the pure components. The excess molar volumes ( V E) calculated from the density data show that the deviations from ideal behaviour in the two binary systems are negative, and they become more negative with the temperature increasing. Surface tensions ( σ) of these binary systems were determined at the same temperatures (298.15, 303.15 and 308.15) K by the pendant drop method. The surface tension deviations ( δσ) for p-xylene system are negative over the whole composition range, and become less negative with the temperature increasing, but for the o-xylene system, δσ are negative at high o-xylene concentration, and change to positive with the o-xylene concentration decreasing. The V E and δσ were fitted to the Redlich–Kister polynomial equation. Surface tensions were also used to estimate surface entropy ( S σ ) and surface enthalpy ( H σ ).

Analysis of Surface Tension, Density, and Speed of Sound for the Ternary Mixture Dimethyl Carbonate + p-Xylene + n-Octane

Surface tension at T = 298.15 K and atmospheric pressure has been measured for the ternary mixture dimethyl carbonate + p-xylene + n-octane. In addition, density and speed of sound at T = (288.15 to 308.15) K have also been measured for the same mixture. Excess molar volumes, excess isentropic compressibilities, and surface tension deviations were computed from experimental data and correlated with the Cibulka equation. The excess molar volumes were compared with predictions from the Nitta et al. model.

Surface tension, density, and speed of sound for the ternary mixture {diethyl carbonate + p-xylene + decane}

This paper reports the results of a new experimental study of thermophysical properties for the ternary mixture of {diethyl carbonate + p-xylene + decane}. Surface tension has been measured at 298.15 K and, density and speed of sound have been measured in the temperature range T = (288.15 to 308.15) K. Excess molar volumes, excess isentropic compressibilities, and surface tension deviations, have been calculated from experimental data. Surface tension deviations have been correlated with Cibulka equation and Nagata and Tamura equation was used for the other excess properties. Good accuracy has been obtained. These excess magnitudes are discussed qualitatively in terms of the nature and type of intermolecular interactions of the components involved.

Temperature dependence of surface tension of 2-methyl-1-propanol and 2-methyl-2-propanol+n-hexane mixtures

Surface tensions of binary mixtures of 2-methyl-1-propanol or 2-methyl-2-propanol with n-hexane have been measured in the temperature range 283.15 K–313.15 K for mixtures containing 2-methyl-1-propanol and from 298.15 K to 313.15 K for mixtures formed by 2-methyl-2-propanol, with a drop volume tensiometer. The corresponding surface tension deviations have been calculated and correlated. Using the temperature dependence of surface tensions, the entropy and enthalpy of surface formation per unit area were evaluated at the studied temperatures.