Surface Tension Deviations Research Articles

Experimental and theoretical surface tension deviations in the binary systems propyl propanoate + o-, m- and p-xylene at 298.15 K

This paper reports on the surface tension of the binary mixtures {propyl propanoate + o-xylene}, {propyl propanoate + m-xylene} and {propyl propanoate + p-xylene} at the temperature 298.15 K and atmospheric pressure, over the whole composition range. The surface tension deviations obtained were correlated with a Redlich–Kister type equation. These data were compared with five different theoretical approaches. Among them we apply the theories of Hildebrand and Scott for ideal solutions and their extension of Guggenheim's ideal solution equation, valid for systems containing molecules of significantly different size; the Brock and Bird theory, based only in the critical values of the pure compounds; the Sudgen's equation based in the parachor, which needs the knowledge of density for the whole composition in the mixture; and finally, the Prigogine's refined theory, which takes into account the critical values and the temperature dependence of surface tension. We will discuss results from those five theoretical models applied to the experimental data presented in this work, and also to other previously published data. Also, we will discuss the influence of the surface molar area parameter value on the models that need it.

Study of the Surface Tensions of Cyclohexane or Methylcyclohexane with Some Cyclic Ethers

Experimental surface tensions, measured with a drop volume tensiometer and the corresponding surface tension deviations for the binary mixtures of cyclohexane or methylcyclohexane with a cyclic ether (tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydropyran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran or 2,5-dimethyltetrahydrofuran) are given at 25 and 40 ∘C. The results have been discussed in terms of lyophobicity and molecular interactions using the extended Langmuir isotherm. The model proposed by Patterson and Rastogi has been used to calculate the surface tensions of the pure components and of their mixtures at 25∘C; these calculations have been compared with the experimental results.

Excess Molar Volumes and Surface Tensions of Trimethylbenzene with Tetrahydrofuran Tetrachloromethane and Dimethyl Sulfoxide at 298.15 K

Densities of binary mixtures of (tetrahydrofuran + 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, tetrahydrofuran + 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, tetrachloromethane + 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, tetrachloromethane + 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, dimethyl sulfoxide + 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, and dimethyl sulfoxide + 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene) have been determined over the entire concentration range at 298.15 K, and excess molar volumes have been derived. Surface tensions of these binary mixtures have been measured at 298.15 K by the pendant drop method, and the values of the surface tension deviation for these mixtures were also calculated.

Excess Molar Volumes and Surface Tensions of 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene and 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene with 1-Butanol, 2-Methyl-1-propanol, 2-Butanol, and 2-Methyl-2-propanol at 298.15 K

Densities for binary mixtures of (1,2,4-trimethylbenzene + 1-butanol, 2-methyl-1-propanol, 2-butanol, and 2-methyl-2-propanol and 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene + 1-butanol, 2-methyl-1-propanol, 2-butanol, and 2-methyl-2-propanol) have been determined over the entire concentration range at 298.15 K, and excess molar volumes have been derived. Surface tensions of these binary mixtures have been measured at 298.15 K by the pendant drop method, and the values of the surface tension deviation for these mixtures were also calculated.

Surface tensions for isomeric chlorobutanes with isomeric butanols

A drop volume tensiometer was employed to measure the surface tensions for the binary mixtures of each of the isomers of chlorobutane with each of the isomers of butanol at a temperature of 298.15 K. From these data the surface tension deviations were calculated. The results have been compared with the predictions obtained by the group contribution method proposed by Suarez.

Excess Molar Volumes and Surface Tensions of Xylene with Isopropyl Ether or Methyl tert-Butyl Ether at 298.15 K

Densities for binary mixtures of isopropyl ether + o-xylene, + m-xylene, and + p-xylene have been determined at 298.15 K, and excess molar volumes have been derived. Surface tensions for binary mixtures of (isopropyl ether + o-xylene, + m-xylene, and + p-xylene and methyl tert-butyl ether + o-xylene, + m-xylene, and + p-xylene) have been measured at 298.15 K by the pendant-drop method, and the values of the surface tension deviation for these mixtures were also calculated.

Surface tensions for isomeric chlorobutanes with isomeric butanols

A drop volume tensiometer was employed to measure the surface tensions for the binary mixtures of each of the isomers of chlorobutane with each of the isomers of butanol at a temperature of 298.15 K. From these data the surface tension deviations were calculated. The results have been compared with the predictions obtained by the group contribution method proposed by Suarez.

Excess Molar Volumes and Surface Tensions of Xylene with Acetone or 2-Butanone at 298.15 K

Densities for binary mixtures of (acetone + o-xylene, + m-xylene, and + p-xylene and 2-butanone + o-xylene, + m-xylene, and + p-xylene) have been determined at 298.15 K, and excess molar volumes have been derived. Surface tensions of these binary mixtures have been measured at 298.15 K by the pendant drop method, and the values of the surface tension deviation for these mixtures were also calculated.

Experimental Surface Tensions and Derived Surface Properties of Binary Mixtures of Water + Alkoxyethanols (C1Em, m = 1, 2, 3) and Water + Ethylene Glycol Dimethyl Ether (C1E1C1) at (298.15, 308.15, and 318.15) K

Surface tensions, σ, for binary mixtures of water and ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (2-methoxyethanol, C3H7O2; C1E1), diethylene glycol monomethyl ether (2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethanol, C5H12O3; C1E2), triethylene glycol monomethyl ether [2-{2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy}ethanol, C7H16O4; C1E3), and ethylene glycol dimethyl ether (1,2-dimethoxyethane, C4H10O2; C1E1C1) are measured over the whole composition range. Measurements were made under atmospheric pressure at (298.15, 308.15, and 318.15) K. The experimental data have been used to calculate the surface tension deviations, Δσ, as a function of mole fractions, and values obtained are fitted to the Redlich−Kister polynomial equation to obtain the binary coefficients and the standard errors. The temperature dependence of σ at fixed compositions of solution was used to estimate surface enthalpy, Hσ, and surface entropy, Sσ. Also, the molar surface energies, Eσ, have been deduced at 298.15 K using experimental surface tension data.

Densities, surface tensions and refractive indexes for propyl propanoate + hexane + ethylbenzene at 298.15 K

This paper reports experimental densities, surface tensions and refractive indexes of the ternary system (propyl propanoate+hexane+ethylbenzene) and of the corresponding binary mixtures (propyl propanoate+ethylbenzene) and (hexane+ethylbenzene) at the temperature 298.15 K and atmospheric pressure, over the whole composition range. Also, the excess molar volumes, surface tension deviations and changes in the refractive index on mixing have been calculated. The experimental values were compared with the results obtained by the empirical expressions Jacob and Fitzner, Kohler, Colinet, Knobeloch–Schwartz, Tsao and Smith, Toop, Scatchard et al., Hillert, and Mathieson–Tynne for estimating excess ternary properties from binary data.

Density, Surface Tension, and Refractive Index of Octane + 1-Alkanol Mixtures at T = 298.15 K

Surface tension and refractive index for binary mixtures of {octane + ethanol, + 1-propanol, + 1-butanol, + 1-pentanol, + 1-hexanol, + 1-heptanol, and + 1-octanol}, and density for {octane + ethanol} have been measured at T = 298.15 K for the whole composition range. From the experimental data we extract excess molar volumes, surface tension deviations, and changes of refractive index. All these experimental data are compared among them and with previous results of the binary mixtures hexane + 1-alkanol and dibutyl ether + 1-alkanol. Also we compare our present results with other published data when available.

Surface tensions, densities and refractive indexes of mixtures of dibutyl ether and 1-alkanol at T=298.15 K

The aim of our present work is to present measurements of the surface tension, density and refractive index for binary mixtures of dibutyl ether with eight 1-alcohols {C 4H 9OC 4H 9+C 3H 7OH,+C 4H 9OH,+C 5H 11OH,+C 6H 13OH,+C 7H 15OH,+C 8H 17OH,+C 9H 19OH and +C 10H 21OH} at the temperature of 298.15 K and atmospheric pressure. The experimental data are correlated by means of suitable empirical expressions, which relate the surface tension and refractive index of a mixture with its corresponding density. Also, calculated are the surface tension deviations and excess molar volumes from the measured data for all binary mixtures. The results of the study attending to the number of carbon atoms of the 1-alcohol are discussed.

Excess Molar Volumes and Surface Tensions of Xylene with 2-Propanol or 2-Methyl-2-propanol at 298.15 K

Densities for binary mixtures of (2-propanol + o-xylene, + m-xylene, + p-xylene, 2-methyl-2-propanol + o-xylene, + m-xylene, and + p-xylene) have been determined at 298.15 K, and excess molar volumes have been derived. Surface tension of these binary mixtures have been measured at 298.15 K by the pendant drop method, and the values of the surface tension deviation for these mixtures were also calculated.

Excess volume, changes of refractive index and surface tension of binary 1,2-ethanediol + 1-propanol or 1-butanol mixtures at several temperatures

Excess molar volume, changes of refractive index, and surface tension deviations of binary mixtures of 1,2-ethanediol+1-propanol or 1-butanol have been determined at 293.15, 298.15, 303.15, and 308.15 K. The experimental data of refractive indices and surface tensions were compared with those predicted by different empirical expressions.

Surface Tensions, Refractive Indexes and Excess Molar Volumes of Hexane + 1-Alkanol Mixtures at 298.15 K

Surface tensions and refractive indexes for binary mixtures of {hexane + ethanol, + 1-propanol, + 1-butanol, + 1-pentanol, + 1-hexanol, + 1-heptanol, and + 1-octanol} have been measured at 298.15 K. Surface tension deviations and changes of refractive index have been also calculated. Excess molar volumes of {hexane + ethanol, + 1-pentanol, and + 1-hexanol} mixtures have been determined at 298.15 K from density data and compared with literature.

Refractive Indices and Surface Tensions of Binary Mixtures of 1,4-Dioxane + n-Alkanes at 298.15 K

Refractive indices (n) for {1,4-dioxane + 1-hexanol, 1-heptanol, 1-octanol, 1-nonanol, or 1-decanol} and surface tensions (σ) for {1,4-dioxane + 1-hexanol, 1-heptanol, 1-octanol, or 1-decanol} at the temperature 298.15 K and normal atmospheric pressure have been determined as a function of mole fractions. The experimental data have been used to calculate refractive index and surface tension deviations (Δn, Δσ), over the entire composition range. The results obtained have been discussed and interpreted in terms of the type and nature of the specific intermolecular interactions between the components.

Viscosity, Surface Tension, and Refractive Index Measurements of Mixtures of Isomeric Butanediols with Water

Solution properties of aqueous mixtures of isomeric butanediols have been investigated employing viscosity, surface tension, and index of refraction measurements as functions of temperature. The deviation of viscosity, surface tension, and molar refraction from ideal solution behavior is evaluated from the experimental data. The deviation from ideality is discussed in terms of molecular interactions between the components. Surface activity of the diols is evident from the surface tension measurements. It is found that the degree of hydrophobicity of the diols varies in the order 1,2 > 2,3 > 1,3 > 1,4. The strength of interaction of diols with the water varies in the order 2,3 > 1,4 ≃ 1,3 > 1,2.

THE INFLUENCE of SOLID SURFACE ENERGETICS ON MACROMOLECULAR ADSORPTION FROM MILK

Four materials characterized by their differing values of solid surface tension were implanted into different locations within the tube wall of a shell and tube heat exchanger. the implants were subjected to milk flowing at temperatures from the ambient to the ultra-high temperature (UHT) range (150°C) for contact times varying from 1 to 30 min. After contact the implanted materials were removed for surface film analysis by ellipsometry and internal reflectance infrared spectroscopy. Deposition rates of the molecular subfractions first adsorbed appear to be strongly dependent upon physical properties of the bare surface. Macromolecular deposition rates were described with Arrhenius kinetic expressions in which Ea, the apparent activiation energy required for the transformation, is dependent on the surface temperature and the deviation of the solid surface tension from some value evoking minimal biological adhesion.

The effect of enamel bonding agents on in vitro composite bond strengths : RIDER M., KENNY B. and TANNER A.N.J. Dent.5 (1977) 295–302

Densities, viscosities, refractive indices, and surface tensions of the ternary system (2-propanol + tetrahydropyran + 2,2,4-trimethylpentane) at T = 303.15 K and its constituent binary systems (2-propanol + tetrahydropyran, 2-propanol + 2,2,4-trimethylpentane, and tetrahydropyran + 2,2,4-trimethylpentane) at T = (293.15, 303.15, 313.15, and 323.15) K were measured at atmospheric pressure. Densities were determined using a vibrating-tube densimeter. Viscosities were measured with an automatic microviscometer based on the rolling-ball principle. Refractive indexes were measured using a digital Abbe-type refractometer. Surface tensions were determined by the Wilhelmy-plate method. From these data, excess molar volumes, deviations in viscosity, deviations in refractive index, and deviations in surface tension were calculated. The results for the binary and ternary systems were fitted to the Redlich–Kister equation and the variable-degree polynomials in terms of compositions, respectively. The experimental and calculated quantities are used to study the nature of mixing behaviour between mixture components.