Development Process Research Articles

Analysis of the Validity of P2D Models for Solid-State Batteries in a Large Parameter Range

Abstract Simulation models are nowadays indispensable to efficiently assess or optimize novel battery cell concepts during the development process. Electro-chemo-mechano models are widely used to investigate solid-state batteries during cycling and allow the prediction of the dependence of design parameters like material properties, geometric properties, or operating conditions on output quantities like the state of charge. One possibility of classification of these physics-based models is their level of geometric resolution, including three-dimensionally resolved models and geometrically homogenized models, known as Doyle-Fuller-Newman or pseudo two-dimensional models. Within this study, the advantages and drawbacks of these two types of models are identified within a wide range of the design parameter values. Therefore, the sensitivity of an output quantity of the models on one or a combination of parameters is compared. In particular, the global sensitivity, i.e., the sensitivity in a wide range of parameter values, is computed by using the Sobol indices as a measure. Furthermore, the local sensitivity of the difference in the output quantities of both models is evaluated to identify regions of parameter values in which they contain significant deviations. Finally, remarks on the potential interplay between both models to obtain fast and reliable results are given.

The Impact of Exogenous Organic Matter on the Properties of Humus Compounds of Soils Developing on a Reclaimed Fly Ash Landfill

Fly ash does not contain organic matter to initiate soil-forming processes and the proper development of plant cover. Therefore, in the reclamation of fly ash landfills, an integrated approach is required, including the introduction of exogenous organic matter into the top layer of ash. This study assessed changes in the content and quality of organic matter in soils developing on a reclaimed fly ash landfill. This study included reclaimed areas without the introduction of EOM (RV_1—the direct introduction of plants) and with the introduction of EOM (RV_2—surface humus and RV_3—sewage sludge). In samples taken 15 years after reclamation, the contents of total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN), the fractional composition of organic matter, the susceptibility of organic matter to oxidation, and soil carbon management indices (carbon pool index (CPI), C lability (L), lability index (LI), and carbon management index (CMI)) were determined. The study results showed that the use of EOM in the reclamation of the ash dump significantly increased the content and improved the quality parameters of organic matter and thus influenced the initiation of the process of organic matter accumulation. In RV_1 soil, the accumulation of carbon resources was only found in the topsoil. An increase in carbon resources in the 15–40 cm layer was only noted in the variants in which EOM was introduced (RV_2 and RV_3). Carbon management indices showed that organic matter transformations covered only the top layers of these soils and were closely related to the EOM inflow. The interdependence of the CPI and L was most beneficial in the soil reclaimed with sewage sludge. In the soil of this reclaiming variant, the CMI had a value above 100, which indicates the initiation of the soil-forming process. Significant differences between the assessed reclamation variants were confirmed by means of PCA based on organic matter quality indicators. The organic matter content and quality indicators were the most favorable in the soil of variant RV_3. The obtained results confirmed that the introduction of EOM into the top layer of fly ash has a beneficial effect on the accumulation and quality indicators of organic matter and thus on the development of the soil-forming process in Technosols developing on a reclaimed fly ash landfill.

Exploring the impact of Nickel on ceria doped Cobalt catalysts for low-temperature catalytic combustion of methane

Reducing methane emissions through complete catalytic oxidation at lower temperatures, using efficient and cost-effective catalysts, holds an importance in various industrial and environmental applications. In this study, we developed a series of bimetallic catalysts by incorporating nickel into ceria-doped cobalt oxide at varying loadings. These catalysts were thoroughly characterized to understand the impact of nickel incorporation on the catalytic performance, and subsequently tested for their efficiency in methane oxidation. To gain a comprehensive understanding of the catalysts' properties, a range of characterization techniques was employed, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), nitrogen adsorption-desorption (BET), Raman spectroscopy, hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction (H2-TPR), and oxygen temperature-programmed desorption (O2-TPD). These methods provided insights into the physicochemical properties of the catalysts and the influence of nickel on their catalytic activity. The catalysts' performance in complete methane oxidation was evaluated in the range of 200–600°C. Water vapour (1.5 vol%) was introduced into the feed stream to study the impact of water vapour on the catalytic performance. Among the catalysts tested, the 15Co15NiCe catalyst exhibited the highest activity, achieving a T50 value at 389°C. The characterization results revealed that the optimal incorporation of nickel led to an increase in active surface oxygen species, the creation of lattice defects, an enlarged surface area, and enhanced reducibility, all of which contributed to an improved catalytic performance. Kinetic analysis showed that the calculated activation energy aligned with the observed methane oxidation activity trends. Furthermore, the best-performing catalyst demonstrated an exceptional stability over extended reaction times, with stability tests conducted over 12 hours revealing minimal variation in conversion efficiency. Post-reaction characterization of the spent catalyst using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and temperature-programmed oxidation (TPO) provided insights into the slight variations observed during the stability tests. The findings from this study pave the way for the development of low-temperature catalytic processes pretinent to catalytic oxidation of methane.

Methanol Activation: Strategies for Utilization of Methanol as C1 Building Block in Sustainable Organic Synthesis.

The development of efficient and sustainable chemical processes which use greener reagents and solvents, currently play an important role in current research. Methanol, a cheap and readily available resource from chemical industry, could be activated by transition metal catalysts. This review focuses in covering the recent five-years literature and provides a systematic summary of strategies for methanol activation and the use in organic chemistry. Based on these strategies, many new synthetic methods have been developed for methanol utilization as the C1 building block in methylation, hydromethylation, aminomethylation, formylation reactions, as well as the syntheses of urea derivatives and heterocycles. The achievements, synthetic applications, limitations, some advanced approaches, and future perspectives of the methanol activation methodologies have been described in this review.

Development of a transverse-feeding vibration chiseling process for ultrafast and flexible texturing of metallic micropillars

Micropillar structures exhibit significant potential for various applications, including enhanced heat transfer to anti-icing, corrosion resistance, oil-water separation, and droplet manipulation. There is still a lack of high-efficiency and high-flexibility methods for the texturing of micropillars on metallic surfaces. Elliptical vibration chiseling has emerged as a novel process for fabricating high-aspect-ratio microstructures on metals. Nevertheless, the achievable structural shapes are primarily limited to microribs. This study proposes a transverse-feeding vibration chiseling (TFVC) process for the ultrafast and flexible fabrication of micropillars. In TFVC, an inclined 1D vibration trajectory is in the cutting plane, and a triangular-shaped tool moves perpendicularly to the cutting plane, which differs from conventional vibration cutting. As a result, a chip is generated but left on the surface in each vibration cycle, forming a micropillar structure. Due to the shear deformation in the chip, the grain of the micropillar structure material can be modified to present different contact properties from the substrate material. A finite element simulation is performed to explore the underlying mechanics and predict the surface generation of micropillar structures. Then, surface experiments are conducted on aluminum to verify the efficacy of the TFVC and explore its deterministic process parameters. The experimental results show a successful fabrication of micropillars by the TFVC. Finally, fish-scale-type microstructures and hierarchical grooves have been fabricated to demonstrate process flexibility. Furthermore, lotus leaf-inspired superhydrophobic surfaces and structurally colored surfaces with self-cleaning functions have been developed to illustrate the application potential of the TFVC.

UTILIZATION OF ALUMINA AND STEEL INDUSTRIAL WASTE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF CONTROLLED LOW STRENGTH MATERIALS

The study aimed at incorporating Red Mud, a byproduct of bauxite ore extraction, and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS), a byproduct of the steel industry, into Controlled Low Strength Materials (CLSM). These materials were combined with M Sand and cement to develop a sustainable and cost-effective construction material. Utilizing Red Mud and GGBS addresses waste disposal challenges while enhancing CLSM properties, making it a more environmentally friendly option. By converting industrial byproducts into valuable construction components, the research contributes to sustainable development and the circular economy. The research methodology involves creating five different dry mix combinations, varying the proportions of Red Mud, GGBS, M Sand, and cement. Each combination was tested with four different water contents to evaluate their engineering and dynamic properties. This methodical approach was focused to identify the optimal mix that balances strength and workability. By analyzing these properties, the study provided a valuable insight into the behavior of CLSM under various conditions, contributing to the advancement of more efficient construction materials. The systematic testing ensured that the developed CLSM mixes met the necessary performance criteria for practical applications. The primary objective of the study was to develop a phenomenological model based on the obtained strength and flow values. This model will serve as a predictive tool for future research, aiding in the design of CLSM mixtures with desired characteristics. By demonstrating the feasibility of using Red Mud in CLSM, the research underscores its potential to offer cost-effective and sustainable solutions for various engineering applications. This innovative approach not only promotes waste utilization but also opens new possibilities for improving construction practices. The developed model will help engineers and researchers predict the performance of new CLSM formulations, streamlining the development process for future projects.

Developing an achievement test on length measurement

In this study, it was aimed to explain the development process of the achievement test related to the subject of measuring length in the 2nd grade mathematics course. Within the scope of the study, in line with the 2018 Primary School Mathematics Curriculum, the list of achievements related to the subject of measuring length in the second-grade mathematics course was determined and a specification table was created according to the achievements. In line with this table, 25 multiple-choice trial items were created. The items were placed in the test in accordance with the level of difficulty and face validity of the test after receiving expert opinion. A period of 30 minutes was determined for the implementation of the test. The test was applied one-to-one with the think aloud technique to 5 students who had studied the subject of length measurement in the 3rd grade. According to the results obtained in the applications, necessary arrangements were made on the points that were not understood in the items. For the application of the test, 211 students studying in the central primary schools in Efeler district of Aydın province in the second semester of 2021-2022 academic year were determined by random sampling method. The results of the test were analyzed by TAP test analysis program and Tetrachoric Factor analysis. Twenty-two items with an item discrimination index of 0.40 and above were included in the test. However, as a result of the tetrachoric factor analysis, 2 more items were removed from the test due to the fact that the items' Measure of Sampling Adequacy (MSA): value and item loadings were below the expected value. Thus, a final test consisting of 20 multiple-choice items was created to be used in the study. As a result of the reliability analysis of the test, the KR 20 value was found to be 0.85. The answer time of the test was determined as 25 minutes. It was revealed that the test is a valid and reliable test that can determine the achievement of 2nd grade students on the subject of length measurement.

The measurement of (dis-)embedded identification

This article introduces and examines novel measures for generally applicable and insightful forms of collective identification, namely embedded identification and dis-embedded identification, which describe specific constellations of identification with a subordinate ingroup and the respective superordinate (in)group. The measure development process was guided by social identity theory and self-categorization theory, by items employed in previous research, and by empirical research addressing or containing measures of collective identification. In two samples, the young generation in Germany and Muslims in England, the measures showed no problematic characteristics, decent reliability, decent corrected item-total correlations, basic construct validity, as well as metric invariance across both samples. The presented findings hold implications for further research, as the measures provide a reliable and valid option to measure novel forms of collective identification of major interest and relevance for the comprehension of intergroup processes and conflicts in modern and plural societies. Detailed information is provided to enable replication, further use, and further development of the presented measures.

Asian adult sleep medicine fellowship training curriculum: one curriculum, many contexts.

To develop a comprehensive Asian adult sleep medicine fellowship training curriculum to address the significant disparities in sleep medicine training across Asia, guided by the principle of "One Curriculum, Many Contexts," providing a standardized yet adaptable framework for sleep medicine education across the diverse healthcare landscapes of Asian countries. The curriculum development process involved a gap analysis, comprehensive literature review, and expert consensus through a modified RAND appropriateness method (RAM)/Delphi survey. The curriculum offers two flexible tracks: a one-year program (Track A) and a two-year program (Track B), accommodating varied educational pathways and healthcare system structures across Asia. Key features of the curriculum include detailed learning outcomes, competency-based educational content, and recommendations for teaching and learning activities. The assessment strategy incorporates summative and formative methods, with standard setting and program evaluation guidelines. The curriculum also provides recommendations for program accreditation, fellow-faculty ratios, and funding considerations. The Asian adult sleep medicine fellowship training curriculum provides a standardized yet adaptable framework for sleep medicine education across diverse Asian healthcare landscapes. By emphasizing flexibility and customization while maintaining high training standards, the curriculum aims to bridge the gap in sleep medicine training across Asia, ultimately improving the quality of sleep healthcare and patient outcomes throughout the region.

Maqasid al-Shariah: Enhancing Well-being through Product Development Process in Islamic Banks of Pakistan

Maqasid al-Shariah: Enhancing Well-being through Product Development Process in Islamic Banks of Pakistan

Bio‐Inspired Graded and Uniform Cylindrical Lattices Fabricated by Material Extrusion 3D Printing: An Experimental and Numerical Investigation

ABSTRACTThe main requirements of the biomedical and aerospace industries are new and innovative lightweight materials. Bio‐inspired structures, which are inspired by various biological designs, have demonstrated notable advancements over traditional lightweight structures. In this study, bioinspired uniform and graded cylindrical triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) and strut‐based lattice structures were studied for their mechanical qualities and energy absorption capacities fabricated by material extrusion 3D printing using PLA material. It was found that the cylindrical TPMS diamond lattice achieved maximum stress of 78.5 MPa and absorbed 19.14 MJ/m3 of energy, outperforming strut‐based designs with a 48% higher energy absorption than cylindrical BCC lattice structure. Graded designs further improve energy absorption through a better stress distribution. The findings validated the Gibson–Ashby model, highlighting the enhanced load distribution and stress transfer in the strut‐based and TPMS diamond structures. The finite element (FE) model results closely matched the experimental data, confirming its predictive reliability with a maximum error of energy absorption of 7.7%, elastic modulus of 6.9%, and plateau stress of 4.7%. These insights underscore the superior energy absorption and mechanical stability of cylindrical TPMS diamond lattices, indicating their potential for satisfying stringent industrial and technical performance requirements. The novelty of these designs lies in their bioinspired structures and significant enhancements in mechanical performance and energy absorption. Future research should build on these results to design efficient materials tailored to specific needs using FE models to optimize development processes before experimental testing.

Superior degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride, rhodamine B, and methyl orange by platinum-modified Bi4Ti3O12/Ti3C2Tx photocatalyst: Synthesis, Catalytic performance, and Mechanism

Photocatalytic degradation of organic compounds and antibiotics in water by solar energy represents a promising approach for addressing environmental problems. The precious metal particles of platinum were connected through a facile ultraviolet light deposition technique based on Bi4Ti3O12 that was in situ hybridized with Ti3C2Tx. The potential development process was elucidated by investigating the breakdown of TC-HCl. The prepared Pt/Bi4Ti3O12/Ti3C2Tx material achieved complete removal of pollutants under light conditions, including tetracycline hydrochloride (10min), rhodamine B (30min), and methyl orange (10min), which benefited from the mutual enhancement between Ti3C2Tx and Bi4Ti3O12. Additionally, the increased specific surface area of Pt/Bi4Ti3O12/Ti3C2Tx may provide additional pathways for electron insertion/extraction. The platinum (Pt) rapidly absorbs photogenerated electrons, which facilitates photoinduced charge transfer and effectively suppresses carrier recombination. These collective effects significantly enhance catalytic activity and reduce photo-corrosion. This study paves the way for the development of photocatalytic materials based on Bi4Ti3O12/Ti3C2Tx, incorporating metal loads to enhance sunlight absorption capacity and antibiotic degradation capability.

Physicochemical quality of dry noodles from maize flour and fish protein hydrolyzate (Mizepi) as a potential emergency food

Mizepi is a product that can be consumed during emergencies and certain conditions for vulnerable groups such as children. Mizepi provides benefits in supporting children’s growth and development process because of its high protein content to prevent stunting and noodle snacks that children like especially in formula F4. Mizepi is a ready-to-eat noodle product from maize flour and FPH to be used as food during natural disasters. Currently, many emergency food products still have low nutritional content, so Mizepi is here with the innovation of maize flour and FPH which are rich in protein and have good physicochemical quality and are liked by consumers. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the nutritional value, protein digestibility, color, and texture of Mizepi. The methods are water content using gravimetry, ash with dry ashing, fat by Soxhlet, protein by Kjeldahl, protein digestibility was carried out in vitro. A total of seven formulations of Mizepi with maize flour and FPH ratio were compared in grams, 1:1 (F1), 4:7 (F2), 4:11 (F3), 7:4. (F4), 7:11 (F5), 11:4 (F6), 11:7 (F7). FPH has the effect of a higher level of product protein content. Mizepi has a protein digestibility content of 43.6–75.3%, which is a very good value. The color of Mizepi products based on 0hue is yellow red and has a good crunchy texture because it is made from maize flour. In conclusion, F4 was the best formulation that has nutrient content appropriate to the quality requirements of emergency food products.Graphical

Analysis of Software Development and Operation Measures from the Perspective of Security Technology

Security technology is crucial in software development and operation in the digital age. Secure software can protect user privacy and data security, prevent hacker attacks and data breaches, ensure legitimate business operations, and protect core assets. However, the development process often faces threats such as injection attacks, Cross-Site Scripting (XSS), and Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF), mainly due to code vulnerabilities, configuration errors, and risks from third-party components. To meet these challenges, this paper discusses the application of security technology in development and operation, emphasizing security requirements analysis, design principles, coding practices, and testing during the development phase. Along with focusing on environmental configuration, continuous monitoring, emergency response, disaster recovery, and regular auditing and updating during the operation phase. These measures can significantly enhance the security of software systems and protect user and corporate data.

Cell line development and bioreactor process optimization for an atezolizumab biosimilar.

Checkpoint inhibitors are widely recognized immunotherapeutic drugs, known for their effectiveness in treating various cancers. Atezolizumab, targeting the immune checkpoint programmed death-ligand 1, is successfully used to treat several types of cancers. Atezolizumab is a potential biosimilar candidate due to its huge success in the clinic but there is no literature on its production process in mammalian cells. In this study, we generated a monoclonal cell line derived from recombinant Chinese hamster ovary DG44 cells to produce atezolizumab. The selected single clone was employed for media screening and process development. Following production in a 7-L bioreactor, atezolizumab was purified using a three-step chromatographic method. Finally, the purified atezolizumab was characterized and compared with commercial atezolizumab (Tecentriq) through several chromatographic and kinetics analyses.

Regional Development Of Municipalities With A Population Of 10 To 30 Thousand In The North-Eastern And South-Eastern Planning Regions Of Bulgaria

This article is devoted to assessing and analyzing the development of municipalities from 10 to 30 thousand people in the Bulgarian Northeast and Southeast regions on level 2. At the beginning, a characterization of the ongoing processes and the importance of the regionalization process for the spatial development of individual territories is presented, the purpose of the article is formed, and the leading task is to make a statistical analysis of leading socio-ideographic indicators that bring to the fore the characteristics of these territorial units and present to our attention their state. It is important to be able, based on the assessment of the situation and the reference to expert assessment, to take the appropriate measures and sets of actions to promote the regional economic development of these municipalities. Comparing municipalities in these two regions, the southwest and south-central areas of the country emerge as the richest and most developed regions regarding household income, techno-social equipment, and endowed and economic potential. The analyses revealed several detailed aspects of the typology of problems specific to the various municipalities, which can be examined in more detail in another study. The conclusion draws relevant recommendations for improving regional development in these territories.

Unlocking Osseointegration: Surface Engineering Strategies for Enhanced Dental Implant Integration.

Tooth loss is a prevalent problem faced by individuals of all ages across the globe. Various biomaterials, such as metals, bioceramics, polymers, composites of ceramics and polymers, etc., have been used for the manufacturing of dental implants. The success of a dental implant primarily depends on its osseointegration rate. The current surface modification techniques fail to imbibe the basics of tooth development, which can impart better mineralization and osseointegration. This can be improved by developing an understanding of the developmental pathways of dental tissue. Stimulating the correct signaling pathways through inductive material systems can bring about a paradigm shift in dental implant materials. The current review focuses on the developmental pathway and mineralization process that happen during tooth formation and how surface modifications can help in biomimetic mineralization, thereby enhancing osseointegration. We further describe the effect of dental implant surface modifications on mineralization, osteoinduction, and osseointegration; both in vitro and in vivo. The review will help us to understand the natural process of teeth development and mineralization and how the surface properties of dental implants can be further improved to mimic teeth development, in turn increasing osseointegration.

City of Traders: Urbanization, Social Change, and Territorial Control in Medieval Fardowsa (Central Somaliland)

Abstract This paper presents the results of the research conducted at the site of Fardowsa, a medieval town located in a strategic trade route in Central Somaliland. The excavations and surveys conducted at the site have confirmed the role of Fardowsa as a trading center between the 14th and 16th centuries, and have revealed the existence of privileged households within the site, with differential access to imports and livestock. The combination of data collected in Fardowsa makes this site the best-studied town in Somaliland for this period, and provides key information to help understand the process of emergence, development and abandonment of permanent settlements in this region of the Horn of Africa.

Varied chromosome distribution behaviours during meiosis in triploid Chinese chives contribute to the formation of viable pollen.

Triploids play an important role in the polyploidization process and are considered a bridge between diploids and polyploids. To inform plant polyploidization research and polyploid breeding, it is important to explore chromosome behaviour during triploid pollen development, pollen fertility problems in triploids and the potential value of utilizing triploids. In this study, acetocarmine, carbol fuchsin and fluorescence staining methods were used to observe microsporogenesis and microspore development in fertile triploid Chinese chives. The results revealed that some of the pollen mother cells were able to undergo equal chromosome distributions (approximately 36%), whereas other pollen mother cells formed lagging chromosomes, chromosome bridges, micronuclei and early cytoplasmic divisions during microsporogenesis, resulting in microspores of different sizes. Regardless of whether an equal tetrad or an abnormal polyad was formed, microspores were released from callose in a normal manner and contained nuclei. During the process of microspore development, most of the microspore nuclei disappeared gradually and ultimately formed empty pollen cells that lacked nuclei. During the meiosis of pollen mother cells in triploid Chinese chives, a variety of chromosome distribution behaviours contribute to the formation of some viable pollen.

Recurrence of acne after treatment with systemic isotretinoin: causes and methods of prevention

Isotretinoin is an effective method of treating patients with severe forms of acne, which has been proven in a large number of studies and is enshrined in the clinical recommendations of dermatological communities in various countries. Despite this, the multifactorial etiology and complex pathophysiological processes of acne development determine the risk of relapse of the disease. Determining prognostic factors for exacerbation of acne after isotretinoin therapy is a significant problem that has been actively discussed in scientific publications in recent years.The article focuses on the fact that the effectiveness of isotretinoin in patients with acne depends both on a competent treatment strategy and on the characteristics of the course of the disease (genetic burden, comorbid pathology), which are individual for each patient. An analysis of our own clinical observations of patients with acne, in whom relapses of the disease were the result of either an incorrect dosage regimen of the drug, or the lack of correction of concomitant pathology, or an early onset and initially severe course of dermatosis, is provided. It is noted that a personalized approach to the management of such patients and the prevention of factors that provoke relapse allow the doctor and patient to form realistic expectations from isotretinoin therapy, increase its effectiveness and reduce the likelihood of disease progression.