Developments In Field Research Articles

Thrombospondins: Conserved mediators and modulators of metazoan extracellular matrix.

This review provides a personal overview of significant scientific developments in the thrombospondin field during the course of my career. Thrombospondins are multidomain, multimeric, calcium-binding extracellular glycoproteins with context-specific roles in tissue organisation. They act at cell surfaces and within ECM to regulate cell phenotype and signalling, differentiation and assembly of collagenous ECM, along with tissue-specific roles in cartilage, angiogenesis and synaptic function. More recently, intracellular, homeostatic roles have also been identified. Resolution of structures for the major domains of mammalian thrombospondins has facilitated major advances in understanding thrombospondin biology from molecule to tissue; for example, in illuminating molecular consequences of disease-causing coding mutations in human pseudoachrondroplasia. Although principally studied in vertebrates, thrombospondins are amongst the most ancient of animal ECM proteins, with many invertebrates encoding a single thrombospondin and the thrombospondin gene family of vertebrates originating through gene duplications. Moreover, thrombospondins form one branch of a thrombospondin superfamily that debuted at the origin of metazoans. The super-family includes additional sub-groups, present only in invertebrates, that differ in N-terminal domain organisation, share the distinctive TSP C-terminal region domain architecture and, to the limited extent studied to date, apparently contribute to tissue development and organisation. Finally, major lines of translational research are discussed, related to fibrosis; TSP1, TSP2 and inhibition of angiogenesis; and the alleviation of chronic cartilage tissue pathologies in pseudoachrondroplasia.

Deep learning in driverless: Research results, issues, challenges

As computing and communication technologies continue to evolve, leading technology companies are investing significant resources in self-driving car techniques. With the use of deep learning in driverless driving, driverless cars are enabling them to sense, make decisions and control in complex environments, leading to truly autonomous driving. Deep learning is used for environment perception, which enables driverless cars to understand their surroundings by recognizing information such as road surfaces, pedestrians and vehicles, and also used for decision formulation, by predicting the behavior of other vehicles, pedestrians and identifying the environment around the road conditions to control the driverless car to make the optimal driving decision. But in order to achieve fully autonomous driving, there are still some technical aspects. Therefore, we deep learning in the existing driverless technology is reviewed, mainly discussing the application in the direction of driverless implementation and safety inspection. Through reading a large amount of literature, we discuss the problems that hinder the development of the driverless field, and at the same time, how to solve the problems in the future to promote the breakthrough of the driverless field. The application of deep learning in driverless not only enhances the intelligence level of driverless cars, but also prepares for the commercial application of driverless cars in the future. It enables driverless cars to better identify and adapt to complex traffic environments. Finally, realizing truly autonomous driving.

Revolutionizing Cancer Treatments through Stem Cell-Derived CAR T Cells for Immunotherapy: Opening New Horizons for the Future of Oncology.

Recent advances in cellular therapies have paved the way for innovative treatments of various cancers and autoimmune disorders. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) represent a remarkable breakthrough, offering the potential to generate patient-specific cell types for personalized as well as allogeneic therapies. This review explores the application of iPSC-derived chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, a cutting-edge approach in allogeneic cancer immunotherapies. CAR T cells are genetically engineered immune cells designed to target specific tumor antigens, and their integration with iPSC technology holds immense promise for enhancing the efficacy, safety, and scalability of cellular therapies. This review begins by elucidating the principles behind iPSC generation and differentiation into T cells, highlighting the advantage of iPSCs in providing a uniform, inexhaustible source of CAR T cells. Additionally, we discuss the genetic modification of iPSC-derived T cells to express various CARs, emphasizing the precision and flexibility this affords in designing customized therapies for a diverse range of malignancies. Notably, iPSC-derived CAR T cells demonstrate a superior proliferative capacity, persistence, and anti-tumor activity compared to their conventionally derived counterparts, offering a potential solution to challenges associated with conventional CAR T cell therapies. In conclusion, iPSC-derived CAR T cells represent a groundbreaking advancement in cellular therapies, demonstrating unparalleled potential in revolutionizing the landscape of immunotherapies. As this technology continues to evolve, it holds the promise of providing safer, more effective, and widely accessible treatment options for patients battling cancer and other immune-related disorders. This review aims to shed light on the transformative potential of iPSC-derived CAR T cells and inspire further research and development in this dynamic field.

Development of a ReaxFF Reactive Force Field for Pt/Cl Systems with Application to Platinum Metal Etching with Chlorine and Hydrogen Chloride Gases.

In this study, we present the development of a ReaxFF Pt/Cl/H reactive force field designed to elucidate the etching process by Cl for Pt surfaces. The ReaxFF force field parameters were optimized based on a quantum mechanical training set, which included adsorption energies of Cl and dissociation of HCl on Pt(100) and Pt(111) surfaces, energy/volume relations of PtCl2 crystals, and Cl diffusion on Pt(100) and Pt(111) surfaces. The predictive capability of the force field was further established through molecular dynamics simulations, which investigated the interactions of Cl2 and HCl molecules with the (100) and (111) surfaces of c-Pt crystalline solid slabs. A comparative analysis revealed that the Pt (100) surface exhibited higher susceptibility to chlorination and etching, leading to a more dominant removal of surface Pt atoms, whereas the Pt (111) surface showed greater resistance to these processes. This resistance impeded the access of Cl atoms to the Pt surface, resulting in a slower formation of PtxCly molecules. The etching ratios between HCl and Cl2 were compared with experimental results, yielding satisfactory agreement. This indicates that the developed ReaxFF protocol serves as a valuable tool for studying atomistic-scale details of the etching process in platinum metal systems.

E-waste Management Using Blockchain Technology

Introduction; Bridging the digital divide requires the provision of affordable, fair and quality ICT. With nearly two-thirds of the world’s population still offline, there is a need to provide affordable web access for everyone. For developing countries, increasing the popularity of information and communication technology has become the most important factor in reducing poverty. The danger of electrical and electronic waste disposal contains hazardous substances, but most of the electrical and electronic equipment is still disposed of in an unhealthy environment in the field development area, affecting the level of contamination in Water, Air and Soil ultimately affecting people’s health. Eliminating E-waste responsibility and protecting the environment is a challenge for countries. Smart cities can solve environmental problems through proper waste management for improving human health, protecting water resources, and reducing pollution. Objective; In this paper, we explore how blockchain technology can help smart cities to manage E-waste by providing consistency, immutability, transparency, and accountability control in a distributed, reliable, and secure manner. We discussed the advantages of blockchain technology in various aspects of E-waste management, such as instant tracking and monitoring, E-waste disposal and E-waste management regulation compliance, proper disposal management, E-waste management, and material handling, etc. All examples of disposal services, but in our study we have found that there is no fool proof system to check the disposal of E-waste whether it has been disposed off Fully or Partially. We mainly focused on the tracking of E-waste management system for 100% safe and eco-friendly disposal from the originating point of E-waste to end disposal point of total disposal. Methods; For this, we have used machine-learning model to find the existing percentage of disposal of E-waste at the end-point which reveals that it is never 100%. And partial disposal of E-waste means we have still partial E-waste around us in different forms, which will be a threat for the society to be indulged in hazardous after effects of randomly dumping E-waste.Results; After this we have modelled a Disposal Tracking System(DTS) using blockchain technology to create an E-waste data storage as Decentralized Shareable Ledger (DSL) which records the quantity and state of E-waste data from its originating point to a different level of disposal unit and finally reflect the balance of E-waste data as NIL at the end of last disposal point.Conclusion; This system will helpful for safe and ecofriendly E-waste management and it provides complete transparency and traceability of E-waste during the life cycle of complete disposal. After implementation of this system any district or Block or Village authority can ensure to its citizens for E-waste hazards free environment and safety of natural resources

Multi-regional genomic and transcriptomic characterization of a melanoma-associated oral cavity cancer provide evidence for CASP8 alteration-mediated field cancerization

BackgroundPrecancerous and malignant tumours arise within the oral cavity from a predisposed “field” of epithelial cells upon exposure to carcinogenic stimulus. This phenomenon is known as “Field Cancerization”. The molecular genomic and transcriptomic alterations that lead to field cancerization and tumour progression is unknown in Indian Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients.MethodsWe have performed whole exome sequencing, copy-number variation array and whole transcriptome sequencing from five tumours and dysplastic lesions (sampled from distinct anatomical subsites - one each from buccal anterior and posterior alveolus, dorsum of tongue–mucosal melanoma, lip and left buccal mucosa) and blood from a rare OSCC patient with field cancerization.ResultsA missense CASP8 gene mutation (p.S375F) was observed to be the initiating event in oral tumour field development. APOBEC mutation signatures, arm-level copy number alterations, depletion of CD8 + T cells and activated NK cells and enrichment of pro-inflammatory mast cells were features of early-originating tumours. Pharmacological inhibition of CASP8 protein in a CASP8-wild type OSCC cell line showed enhanced levels of cellular migration and viability.ConclusionCASP8 alterations are the earliest driving events in oral field carcinogenesis, whereas additional somatic mutational, copy number and transcriptomic alterations ultimately lead to OSCC tumour formation and progression.

Prediction of oil production based on multivariate analysis and self-attention mechanism integrated with long short-term memory

The accurate oil prediction of wells is essential for making informed decisions regarding the extension of the well lifespan and the enhancement of oil recovery rates. However, the prediction of oil well production is highly challenging due to the complex, nonlinear, and non-stationary data influenced by reservoir geological characteristics and operational adjustments. To address this, a novel prediction method for oil well production is proposed in this study. Firstly, the data-cleaning approach designed in this study is utilized to eliminate outliers from the raw dataset and impute missing values. Subsequently, relevant features are identified through analysis to form a usable dataset. The proposed deep learning neural network, namely the self-attention mechanism integrated with long short-term memory, is trained and learned on this dataset. Finally, the predictive performance of the model is validated using a set of actual oil production data. Through data experiments, the proposed model effectively predicts oil well production with superior accuracy compared to baseline models, achieving an R-squared of 0.872. This method provides reliable decision support for optimizing oil field development and management.

A Qualitative Study on the Relationship between Faculty Mobility and Scientific Impact: Toward the Sustainable Development of Higher Education

Faculty mobility is one of the most important research issues in the field of higher education. Reasonable faculty mobility can actively promote the fair, coordinated, balanced, healthy, and sustainable development of higher education. Scientific impact is the best proof of faculty members’ research abilities and is often represented by the quality of their articles. In particular, the gradual increase in citations of high-quality papers is undoubtedly an important reflection of healthy development in the academic field. This paper aims to explore the influence of faculty mobility on scientific impact, while comparative analysis is used to investigate whether there are disciplinary differences in the relationship between faculty mobility and scientific impact. Four major disciplines—sociology, mathematics, mechanical engineering, and philosophy—are selected as the scope of this study. Articles in these four major disciplines from 2000 to 2020 are obtained from the Web of Science, and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test are used to analyze the collected data. The results indicate the following: (1) faculty mobility has increased, with differences across disciplines; (2) mobility leads to a decrease in the number of citations, which decreases significantly with increased mobility frequency; and (3) the impact of mobility has disciplinary differences, with a relatively obvious decrease in mechanical engineering.

Photosynthetic light requirement near the theoretical minimum detected in Arctic microalgae

Photosynthesis is one of the most important biological processes on Earth, providing the main source of bioavailable energy, carbon, and oxygen via the use of sunlight. Despite this importance, the minimum light level sustaining photosynthesis and net growth of primary producers in the global ocean is still unknown. Here, we present measurements from the MOSAiC field campaign in the central Arctic Ocean that reveal the resumption of photosynthetic growth and algal biomass buildup under the ice pack at a daily average irradiance of not more than 0.04 ± 0.02 µmol photons m−2 s−1 in late March. This is at least one order of magnitude lower than previous estimates (0.3–5 µmol photons m−2 s−1) and near the theoretical minimum light requirement of photosynthesis (0.01 µmol photons m−2 s−1). Our findings are based on measurements of the temporal development of the under-ice light field and concurrent measurements of both chlorophyll a concentrations and potential net primary production underneath the sea ice at 86 °N. Such low light requirements suggest that euphotic zones where photosynthesis can occur in the world’s oceans may extend further in depth and time, with major implications for global productivity estimates.

Three-dimensional reservoir modeling of the pliocene reservoir based on seismic data advances for new prospect assessment

This study presents a comprehensive characterization of the Pliocene reservoir formation in the Temsah gas field, located 65 km NNW of Port Said in the northeastern Nile Delta Basin. The research integrates seismic data with well log analysis to enhance reservoir characterization. The Temsah gas field is distinguished by its intricate geological structure, featuring numerous normal faults oriented along northeast-southwest and northwest-southeast trends. The field’s stratigraphy is predominantly composed of sandstone and shale facies, which are considered highly prospective for hydrocarbon accumulation. A full geological field analysis was conducted to identify key prospects for enhancing productivity. To accurately delineate seismic features, data from four wells and twenty-nine 2D seismic lines were interpreted. Depth maps of the reservoir layers were constructed, highlighting critical transitions between sandstone and shale facies, which are pivotal for future exploration efforts. A detailed 3D static model was developed to illustrate the impact of lithological composition on reservoir characteristics, with a specific focus on the Upper Sand of Kafr El-Sheikh Formation. Petrophysical properties, including effective porosity (13–23%), shale content (7–31%), and water saturation (30–45%), were meticulously evaluated to inform the creation of a robust 3D property model. This model provides a detailed spatial distribution of rock facies and petrophysical parameters within the Temsah gas field. The integration of these studies identified two promising areas, with estimated original gas in place (OGIP) ranging from 2.86 to 4.04 stock cubic feet (SCF), indicating significant potential for field development and enhancement.

Frenkel and Charge‐Transfer Excitonic Couplings Strengthened by Thiophene‐Type Solvent Enables Binary Organic Solar Cells with 19.8 % Efficiency

AbstractOvercoming the trade‐off between short‐circuited current (Jsc) and open‐circuited voltage (Voc) is important to achieving high‐efficiency organic solar cells (OSCs). Previous works modulated the energy gap between Frenkel local exciton (LE) and charge‐transfer (CT) exciton, which served as the driving force of exciton splitting. Differently, our current work focuses on the modulation of LE‐CT excitonic coupling (tLE‐CT) via a simple but effective strategy that the 2‐chlorothiophene (2Cl−Th) solvent utilizes in the treatment of OSC active‐layer films. The results of our experimental measurements and theoretical simulations demonstrated that 2Cl−Th solvent initiates tighter intermolecular interactions with non‐fullerene acceptor in comparison with that of traditional chlorobenzene solvent, thus suppressing the acceptor's over‐aggregation and retarding the acceptor crystallization with reduced trap. Critically, the resulting shorter distances between donor and acceptor molecules in the 2Cl−Th treated blend efficiently strengthen tLE‐CT, which not only promotes exciton splitting but also reduces non‐radiative recombination. The champion efficiencies of 19.8 % (small‐area) with superior operational reliability (T80: 586 hours) and 17.0 % (large‐area) were yielded in 2Cl−Th treated cells. This work provided a new insight into modulating the exciton dynamics to overcome the trade‐off between Jsc and Voc, which can productively promote the development of the OSC field.

EVALUATION OF EFFICIENCY OF OIL DISPLACEMENT BY WATER AND GAS AT VARIOUS MODES

The purpose of the work is to analyze in detail the efficiency of oil displacement by various agents, such as water and gas, at different modes. During the study, various methods and technologies aimed at increasing oil recovery were considered, and the effect of various parameters on the efficiency of the process was studied.Particular attention was paid to the method of water-gas impact (HBV) using pump-ejector systems (PES), which provides a triple impact on oil formations by simultaneous or alternate injection of water and gas.Theoretical and experimental methods were used to conduct the study. The beginning of the work was the study and analysis of scientific sources on the issue of assessing the effectiveness of oil displacement. Further, laboratory tests were carried out to assess the effectiveness of oil displacement by various agents. Experimental studies were carried out on a two-phase and three-phase filtration unit. The main parameter measured was the coefficient of oil displacement by water and separation gas. The effectiveness of the impact of various modes of water and gas exposure was studied: alternating (cyclic) injection of water and gas with different cyclicity, simultaneous injection of water and gas, as well as injection of a fine water and gas mixture.Based on the results of the work, it was concluded that the degree of influence of wetting processes on the final displacement result is a critical factor. The following main points can be distinguished:- final value of oil displacement coefficient depends on selection of displacement agent;- in case of water and gas impact, the sequence of water and gas injection is of great importance;- the efficiency of oil displacement is highly dependent on the absolute permeability of the reservoir, as well as on the injection mode (sequential, simultaneous, cyclic).The results of the experiments can be useful for predicting the development of oil fields and choosing optimal methods for increasing oil recovery.The uniqueness of this article lies in the study of the possibilities of using multithreaded ejectors to increase the efficiency of hydrocarbon production.

Tracking Detectors in Low-Energy Nuclear Physics: An Overview

Advances in accelerator technology have enabled the use of exotic and intense radioactive ion beams. Enhancements to tracking detectors are necessary to accommodate increased particle rates. Recent advancements in digital electronics have led to the construction or planning of next-generation detectors. To conduct kinematically complete measurements, it is essential to track and detect all particles produced as a result of the reaction. Furthermore, the need for high-precision physics experiments has led to significant developments in the detector field. In recent years, highly efficient and highly granular tracking detectors have been developed. These detectors significantly enhance the physics programme at dedicated facilities. An overview of charged-particle tracking detectors in low-energy nuclear physics will be given.

Frenkel and Charge-Transfer Excitonic Couplings Strengthened by Thiophene-Type Solvent Enables Binary Organic Solar Cells with 19.8 % Efficiency.

Overcoming the trade-off between short-circuited current (Jsc) and open-circuited voltage (Voc) is important to achieving high-efficiency organic solar cells (OSCs). Previous works modulated the energy gap between Frenkel local exciton (LE) and charge-transfer (CT) exciton, which served as the driving force of exciton splitting. Differently, our current work focuses on the modulation of LE-CT excitonic coupling (tLE-CT) via a simple but effective strategy that the 2-chlorothiophene (2Cl-Th) solvent utilizes in the treatment of OSC active-layer films. The results of our experimental measurements and theoretical simulations demonstrated that 2Cl-Th solvent initiates tighter intermolecular interactions with non-fullerene acceptor in comparison with that of traditional chlorobenzene solvent, thus suppressing the acceptor's over-aggregation and retarding the acceptor crystallization with reduced trap. Critically, the resulting shorter distances between donor and acceptor molecules in the 2Cl-Th treated blend efficiently strengthen tLE-CT, which not only promotes exciton splitting but also reduces non-radiative recombination. The champion efficiencies of 19.8 % (small-area) with superior operational reliability (T80: 586 hours) and 17.0 % (large-area) were yielded in 2Cl-Th treated cells. This work provided a new insight into modulating the exciton dynamics to overcome the trade-off between Jsc and Voc, which can productively promote the development of the OSC field.

WELL STRING LEAK DETECTION USING MACHINE LEARNING MODELS

Currently, the issue of correct and timely assessment of the technical condition of wells is quite acute due to the development of fields at a late stage, high water cut of the well product, as well as the aging well stock. Traditionally, geophysical surveys are used to determine the technical condition of the production string, which make it possible to determine the presence of a disturbance, as well as its interval. However, due to the heavy workload of field technicians, it is not always possible to send a geophysical batch in a timely manner to check the technical condition of the well string. This fact entails oil shortages, an increase in the percentage of water cut, a negative impact on the environment, an increase in unproductive injection, as well as a decrease in target economic indicators. It is also worth noting the high risk of "idle" travel, when it is not possible to detect the presence of violations in the production casing.As a solution to these problems, the authors proposed a new technique for assessing the technical condition of the column based on a machine learning model. Chemical analysis of the water, the age of the well, the number of repairs carried out on the well, the dynamics of well operation, as well as its structure are the main features for which well leakage is predicted. The obtained signs are processed, loaded into a machine learning model, and then a specialist is given a real-time conclusion about the presence of a well leak. As a result of the experiments, it was determined that the CatBoost model on the sample, taking into account the class balance, showed the best quality according to the F1-measure metric. The authors interpreted the obtained results of model prediction based on the effect of individual features on the probability of leakage of the production casing of the well both in the whole well stock and for each case separately. The following features have the greatest impact on the condition of the string: well age, sulfate content, specific gravity of water, as well as primary salts.This approach can significantly reduce decision-making time, increase the efficiency of detecting leaks in wells, and increase economic targets.The result of this work is a methodology for detecting leakage of the production casing, as well as an indirect method for diagnosing and predicting the degree of fatigue of the production casing and a certain share of the risk of leakage.

ON FEASIBILITY OF AZEOTROPIC SYSTEM USING TO IMPROVE DIETHYLENE GLYCOL REGENERATION QUALITY

The main technological scheme for dry natural gas treatment is absorption drying with diethylene glycol (DEG) vacuum regeneration. The final stage of field development is characterized by low flow rates and high moisture content of the gas, leading to load increase on gas drying devices and the DEG regeneration unit, resulting in deterioration in the quality of the regenerated DEG. This is due to DEG contamination with mechanical impurities, organic salts, products of its resinification and decomposition.In conditions of declining gas production at the fields of the Cenomanian deposits of theFar North, one of the possible variants of DEG regeneration processes efficiency increasing is the transfer of glycol regeneration units to operate according to the azeotropic distillation scheme.The objects of the study are water-saturated glycol regeneration units used in absorption units of gas fields. The issues of technological efficiency of water-saturated glycol regeneration unit operation according to existing schemes are considered and feasibility of their transfer to the use of azeotropic distillation is given.

ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF WELL GRID DENSITY ON OIL RECOVERY UNDER CONDITIONS OF UNCERTAINTY

The density of the well grid is one of the most important parameters that has a significant impact on the rate and amount of oil reserves extraction. As practice shows, existing approaches to the reliable assessment and identification of the degree of influence of this indicator on oil recovery do not allow us to adequately form an idea of the dynamics of reservoir processes and their role in making managerial decisions in conditions of uncertainty. Taking into account the decrease in the number of hydrodynamic and geophysical studies conducted in relation to the total number of wells in operation at fields that are being developed for a long time or just being put into development, the issue of predicting the oil recovery coefficient according to the list of geological and field parameters remains open and requires an urgent solution, including those related to the use of unique complex algorithms. The purpose of the work is to determine the relationship between the density of the well grid and the final coefficient of oil recovery in the development of fields in natural conditions using computer modeling systems. The research methodology consists of the use of existing scientific and methodological approaches to the processing of geological and commercial information in conditions of different densities in combination with the use of various advanced systems for identifying hidden patterns. Geological and statistical models have been defined for the oil deposits of the Famensk tier of the South Tatar arch of the Volga-Ural oil and gas province, allowing for the forecasting procedure for groups of objects identified during differentiation, subject to the dynamic density of geological and field information and various technical and economic indicators of field development. A comprehensive interpretation of the nature and degree of influence of geological and technological parameters on the amount of oil reserves production has been carried out. The need for preliminary differentiation of deposits based on identification with the subsequent use of the presented geological and statistical models to reduce the risks of making erroneous decisions during activities aimed at optimizing the development of analog facilities and rational extraction of residual oil reserves is reliably substantiated.

SOME FEATURES OF CONSTRUCTING DISPLACEMENT CHARACTERISTICS AND WATERING DYNAMICS

The term «displacement characteristic» (DCh) was first proposed by D. A. Efros in 1959 to indicate the dependence of the accumulated oil withdrawal on the accumulated liquid withdrawal. Subsequently, DChfound wide application in the analysis of oil field development. Many authors proposed various modifications of the DCh coordinates, but directactual measurements of development parameters were always used - annual, accumulated measurements of oil, liquid, water production, water cut, liquid, oil, and water flow rates. Characteristics of oil displacement are called graphical dependences of accumulated oil production on accumulated or current values of liquid or water production, constructed based on actual data. With the help of cold water, three tasks were solved: assessment of recoverable oil reserves, calculation of the technological effect of geological and technical measures, and calculation of technological development indicators. But the main condition for application was the immutability of the development system.Recently, dependences that use parameters such as selection from geological or recoverable oil reserves have come to be classified as chemical dependencies. These dependencies have nothing to do with DCh. Justification of geological and recoverable oil reserves is an independent task; moreover, with the help of chemical recovery, recoverable reserves are found under the existing development system. Against the background of such a confusion of concepts, the definition of the concept of «standard» chemicals is introduced, which has no real meaning for an oil development facility.The dynamics of water cut refers to the change in water cut over time, for example, depending on the time of development of reserves, geological or recoverable. The dynamics of watering in this case has nothing to do with the cold water.The dry period is of great importance when developing an oil field. With the same finaloil recovery, the longer the water-free period, the better the economic indicators.Using the Buckley-Leverett function todetermine water cut is only possible when the flow is two-phase, oil and water. It is impossible to determine the anhydrous period using the Buckley-Leverett function, since it does not exist, therefore, constructing the dynamics of water supply only based on this function is incorrect.When conducting laboratory experiments on core material, in which the heterogeneity compared to the formation is minimal and can be identified with a one-dimensional flow, the anhydrous period is significant and reaches from 0.74 to 0.94 units. of the total volume of displaced oil.For a single-layer field, where there is only one homogeneous layer, the heterogeneity is greater than for the core, but less than for a heterogeneous development object. We can talk about an analogue of a two-dimensional flow with some degree of convention.Considering that these are not laboratory studies, where measurements are carried out more accurately, but production ones, the low-water-cut period (up to 10 %) is 0.4 of the total oil production from wells with simultaneous commissioning of wells. If the wells were commissioned at different periods of time, as is always the case in fields, then the dynamics of water supply are completely different, and water supply begins earlier than when all wells are commissioned simultaneously.

Data-driven multiscale geomechanical modeling of unconventional shale gas reservoirs: a case study of Duvernay Formation, Alberta, West Canadian Basin

The Duvernay Formation in Canada is one of the major oil and gas source formations in the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin, located at its deepest point. While it demonstrates promising development potential, challenges arise in the urgent need for integration of geology and engineering models, as well as in optimizing sweet spots, particularly as infill wells and pads become central operational objectives for the shale gas field. A lack of the geomechanical understanding of shale gas reservoirs presents a significant obstacle in addressing these challenges. To overcome this, we implemented data acquisition and prepared historical models and profiles, resulting in an extended high-resolution geological and reservoir property model with a fine grid system. Subsequently, a 3D full-field multi-scale geomechanical model was constructed for the main district by integrating seismic data (100 m), geological structures (km), routine logs (m), core data (cm), and borehole imaging (0.25 m), following a well-designed workflow. The predicted fracturability index (brittleness) ranges from 0.6 to 0.78, and a lower horizontal stress difference (STDIFF) is anticipated in the target formation, Upper Duvernay_D, making it a favorable candidate for hydraulic fracturing treatment. Post-analysis of the multi-disciplinary models and various data types provides guidelines for establishing a specific big database, which serves as the foundation for production performance analysis and aggregate sweet spot analysis. Fourteen geological and geomechanical candidate parameters are selected for the subsequent sweet spot analysis. This study highlights the effectiveness of multi-scale geomechanical modeling as a tool for the integration of multi-disciplinary data sources, providing a bridge between geological understanding and future field development decisions. The workflows also offer a data-driven framework for selecting parameters for sweet spot analysis and production dynamic analysis.

Effect of fluid flow behavior on sustainability and exergy efficiency of solar heat collectors having multiple V‐ribs with gaps

AbstractIn the current numerical study, the viability and sustainability of a solar heat collector (SHC) have been rigorously analyzed through the lens of exergy analysis. The SHC with roughness in the form of symmetrical V‐rib gaps has been selected for detailed numerical investigation. The study focuses on deriving the dominant parameters affecting the performance of the SHC, including the relative gap width (), number of gaps () in the limbs of ribs, and fluid flow Reynolds number, which varied from 4000 to 18,000. The absorber plate with roughness was thoroughly examined to evaluate the losses and irreversibility that persist in the thermal system. The results of the numerical analysis revealed the maximum exergy efficiency to be 3.87%. Furthermore, the study examined the long‐term feasibility of the system, evaluating its sustainability index at a remarkable 1.0319 value, while the magnitude of the waste–energy ratio fetched an impressive score of 0.991. Additionally, the study found that the system has a significant improvement potential of 10.04. Overall, these findings provide critical insights into the performance and sustainability of SHCs, paving the way for future research and development in this crucial field.