Development Of Display Technology Research Articles

P‐216: The Status and Trend of Narrow‐bezel OLED Display

With the development of display technology, the terminal customer has put forward higher panel specification requirements. As a result, smart phone's panel size becomes bigger and bigger, as well as the screen ratio, which lead to sharp decrease in panel border size. While limited by the space and module structure, how to accomplish narrow bezel is always a hot topic in OLED field. During the past two years, panel makers used LIPO（Low injection pressure overmolding） technology to make border narrower, and this become standard configuration settings. However, LIPO accounts for little proportion in total panel and module border, it is the reduction for the space between the shell and module. In this paper, we analyze the trend of narrow bezel development, and introduce some new methods which may be used in future, hoping to provide some helpful reference to OLED panel narrow bezel design.

A comprehensive review of image retargeting

With the development of display technologies, image retargeting plays a significant role in computer vision and pattern recognition communities currently. Image retargeting aims to display an image on a series of appliances with different resolutions and target aspect ratios. During the last decade, representative algorithms for image retargeting have been presented in the literature and achieved state-of-the-art performance. In this survey, we provide a comprehensive review of image retargeting, covering a wide variety of pioneering works for 2D image retargeting and stereoscopic image retargeting. 2D image retargeting focuses on preserving interesting regions when modifying the original image with arbitrary resolutions appropriately. Different from 2D image retargeting, stereoscopic image retargeting needs to preserve both the shape structure of salient objects and the depth consistency of 3D scenes simultaneously. In this survey, we start the first attempt to analyze the trends of 2D image retargeting and then summarize different types of stereoscopic image retargeting. Secondly, image retargeting quality assessment metrics for 2D images and stereoscopic images are introduced to evaluate retargeted images. Thirdly, we also investigate the evaluation datasets, and give the comparison results and analysis between different representative methods. Finally, the promising future research is thoroughly discussed to further improve the performance of 2D and stereoscopic image retargeting.

A novel gamut expansion method based on combined global–local mapping for sRGB‐to‐ProPhoto conversion

AbstractWith the development of display technology, more displays can cover the wider gamut, but most of the content they show is based on a small gamut. It is significant to employ gamut expansion (GE) to expand the small gamut images to a wider target gamut. Most of the existing GE methods only use global or local operations to realize the mapping from small gamut to wide gamut. However, the utilization of both global information and local feature is important for GE. In this article, the authors propose a combined global‐local gamut expansion network (G‐LGENet) for mapping the input standard RGB (sRGB) images to wider ProPhoto RGB space. In G‐LGENet, the global colour mapping module first extracts and fuses the global colour priors and learns the mapping of colour information for the corresponding pixels. And then, the local enhancement (LE) is designed to extract the local colour information between the corresponding pixel and neighbourhood pixels. The experimental results on a sRGB‐to‐ProPhoto dataset have demonstrated that the proposed G‐LGENet outperforms the other excellent GE methods qualitatively and visually.

P‐6.4: Measurement for optical performance of flexible display based on imaging spectrometer

With the development of display technology, several new displays have attracted much attention such as OLED display, QLED display, Laser display and Mini/MicroLED display. Standard measurement methods for optical performance of flat display have been established. However, it's not easy for traditional luminance meter or colorimeter to deal with flexible display evaluation because of its viewing angle dependence which results in spectrum shift and color change. In this paper, we simulate color measurement accuracy by colorimeter and compare the results with spectrum measurement device. We analyze the influence of display's viewing angle and spectrum on the measurement accuracy. The measurement accuracy improves obviously with spectrum measurement device under different condition. In addition, we carry out spectrum and color measurement based on our imaging spectrometer which can measure multiple viewing angle at the same time. Compared with traditional spectrometer, the measurement efficiency is improved significantly without adjustment setting. The imaging spectrometer can be used for multiple viewing angle measurement and is suitable for optical performance measurement of flexible display.

40.2: Programmable topological waveguide via nematic liquid crystals

With the rapid development of display technology, liquid crystals have gained significant attention. The unique optical properties of liquid crystals, such as birefringent optical performance and adaptive stimulus-responsiveness, provide a soft material platform for optical communication, biosensing, spatial light modulation, and topological photons. In this paper, based on the tunable refractive index of nematic liquid crystal and the robust transmission characteristics of topological photonic crystals, a valley photonic crystal based on liquid crystal (LCs-VPC) is proposed. The LCs-VPC has graphene-like lattice structure, and the liquid crystal molecules with different refractive indexes are confined in cylinders and hopingly arranged at six vertices of the lattice to break the space inversion symmetry. The topological non-trivial state is generated by adjusting the LCs’ refractive index via bias voltages. Topological waveguides with valley-protected edge modes are designed by stacking different states of lattice cells in the plane. The programmability of the waveguide is achieved by applying an external voltage to encode the state of the LCs in each cylinder. Based on the programmable topological waveguide, a programmable beam splitter has been designed. Our proposed LCs-VPC devices are beneficial for the development of integrated topological photonic circuits.

UV-Curable Polyurethane Acrylate Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives with High Optical Clarity for Full Lamination of TFT-LCD

Optically clear pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs) face the challenges presented by a range of electronic and touch screen applications. Although many efforts have been made to manipulate the optical and adhesion properties of ultraviolet (UV)-curable acrylate-based PSAs, further application and large-scale production are still limited owing to the intrinsically poor processability that stems from the large content of the high-vinyl-equivalent and low-viscosity acrylic monomers. Introducing a low-vinyl-equivalent and high-viscosity polyurethane acrylate (PUA) prepolymer into the formulation is a facile method to solve this issue without sacrificing the transparency. In this study, a series of PUA prepolymers are prepared to construct the model of PUA-co-2-ethylhexyl acrylate (2EHA), denoted as poly(PUA-2EHA). The influence of PUA prepolymer architectures (average functionality and molecular features) on the optical and adhesion properties is elaborately discussed. The chemical cross-linking-induced enhancement of the haze values of PUA-based PSAs is investigated for the first time. Moreover, an improved and uniform bright image display without blemish, which is usually called the Mura defect-free image display in the industrial field, is obtained by using poly(PUA-2EHA) as the optically clear adhesive for full lamination of the thin-film transistor liquid crystal display (TFT-LCD) module. The laminated TFT-LCD module could be disassembled easily without leaving the residue on the screen. These results provide clear design guidelines to regulate the properties of PUA-based PSAs, which are especially valuable for the large-scale industrial production of UV-cured PSAs and facilitate the development of display technologies.

Design of a Functional Eye Dressing for Treatment of the Vitreous Floater.

With the rapid development of display technology, related diseases of the human eye are also increasing day by day. Eye floaters are one of the diseases that affect humans. Herein, we present a functional ophthalmic dressing that can permeate the skin tissues of the eyes through oxygen and hydrogen to improve the symptoms of floaters. In clinical tests, the symptoms of sensory floaters improved in 28 patients, and the recovery rates of mild, moderate, and severe floaters were about 70%, 66.7%, and 83.3%, respectively.

13.2: Review of Subjective evaluation method of high‐quality TV images

Vision is the most direct and effective way for humans to obtain information from the outside world. More than 80% of the information is transmitted to the brain through eyes. With the development of display technology, the picture received by the eyes is brighter, more vivid and clear. For such high‐quality display images, the objective evaluation system is slightly insufficient. Merely describing the image quality with parameters such as brightness, color gamut, and contrast is not completely consistent with consumers' real feelings. Therefore, subjective evaluation based on human vision is necessary to add to the image quality evaluation system. This article focuses on the domestic and international standards of subjective assessment methods for image quality, and reviews it from the perspectives of viewing conditions, observers, test preparation, test methods, and result analysis. Based on the above research, a subjective evaluation method suitable for high‐quality display devices is summarized.

16.4: Bandwidth effect correction used for wide color gamut display measurement

With the development of display technology, several new displays have attracted much attention such as OLED display, QLED display, Laser display and Mini/MicroLED display. Displays with high brightness, wide color gamut, high efficiency and long lifetime are our ultimate goal. Defect inspections and color measurements are important for us to evaluate display quality. To obtain wide color gamut, we usually use narrow spectral bandwidth light source. However, it's not easy for traditional color camera or filter camera to measure narrow bandwidth light source because the accuracy is limited. In this paper, we simulate color measurement accuracy by color camera and filter camera. We analyze the influence of bandwidth effect on the color measurement and carry out bandwidth effect correction method. With the correction, the measurement accuracy improves obviously. In addition, different displays with different spectral bandwidth have been measured to validate the corrections. The results show significant improvement in color measurement accuracy. Our bandwidth effect correction can be used for wide color gamut display measurement.

Automatic Search Dense Connection Module for Super-Resolution

The development of display technology has continuously increased the requirements for image resolution. However, the imaging systems of many cameras are limited by their physical conditions, and the image resolution is often restrictive. Recently, several models based on deep convolutional neural network (CNN) have gained significant performance for image super-resolution (SR), while extensive memory consumption and computation overhead hinder practical applications. For this purpose, we present a lightweight network that automatically searches dense connection (ASDCN) for image super-resolution (SR), which effectively reduces redundancy in dense connection and focuses on more valuable features. We employ neural architecture search (NAS) to model the searching of dense connections. Qualitative and quantitative experiments on five public datasets show that our derived model achieves superior performance over the state-of-the-art models.

Applications and Future Developments of Flexible Organic Light-emitting Diode

With the rapid development of display technology, human beings have more and more stringent requirements for display products, e.g., their light weight, thinness, flexible performances, and versatility. Contemporarily, the flexible organic light-emitting diode (OLED) technology and its derived multi-layer structure tend to be wearable, light, and responsive in a short time. Although flexible OLED technology is popular, there are still many problems that needs to be addressed, e.g., new raw materials, rough flexible substrate, and low efficiency in workmanship, resulting in poor luminescence, rough and inflexible products. In this paper, a new type of flexible fiber display system is proposed by combining OLED with conductive optical fiber. This paper comprehensively introduces the mechanism, manufacturing technology and structure of this new type of flexible OLED. It covers various scopes like Internet information communication, real-time positioning, and medical assistance, etc. Despite some challenges and limitations, this product possesses a variety of advantages in terms of its convenience and flexibility, which makes the exploitation of a large range of applications probable. Therefore, it is highly expected that these promising prospects of development will stimulate the further progress in display fabrication, which helps to facilitate people’s lives in the future. These results shed light on the significance of developments of flexible OLED technology.

Methods to improve colour mismatch between displays

With the rapid development of display technology, the colour mismatch of the colours having same tristimulus values between devices is an urgent problem to be solved. This is related to the wellknown problem of observer metamerism, caused by the spectral power distribution (SPD) of primaries and the difference between individual observers' and the standard CIE colour matching functions. An experiment was carried out for 20 observers to perform colour matching of colour stimuli with a field-of-view of 4° between 5 displays, including two LCD and two OLED, against a reference LCD display. The results were used to derive a matrixbased colour correction method. The method was derived from colorimetric visually matched colorimetric data. Furthermore, different colour matching functions were evaluated to predict the degree of observer metamerism. The results showed that the correction method gave satisfactory results. Finally, it was found that the use of 2006 2° colour matching function outperformed 1931 2° CMFs with a large margin, most marked between an OLED and an LCD display.

Biomimicry: Recent Updates on Nanotechnology Innovations Inspired by Nature Creations

Nature mimicry rather, biomimicry is one such field being considered for the backbone of the most astounding inventions in recent science and technology. Biomimicry combined with nanotechnology developed many sustainable solutions to satisfy problems existing in daily life. In this article, we explore the individual concepts of biomimicry and nano-technology and then the combination of the both. The current review mainly focusses on nano innovations inspired by lotus leaf, gecko feet, butterfly wings, shark skin and peacock spider. We then look at the biological structures (more in nano-dimensions) from the entrenched interference patterns found on the butterfly wings inspiring in the development of display technologies to the self-cleaning properties of lotus that has resulted in the synthesis of nano materials having self-cleaning properties. In addition, insects like spiders which have inspired the most important inventions like optical devices, sensors, are also investigated. The challenges faced while implementing the biomimetic approach into technology are explained. We have also tried to shed light on the solutions which can tackle these challenges and issues.

4.5: A Low Power Consumption Display Solution Based on The Charge Sharing Technology

With the development of display technology, low power consumption of display device is popular. To drive the display panel in the unit, each sub‐pixel in the panel needs to be charged. The more amount of charge for each sub‐pixel, the greater power consumption is needed for the display panel to display images. This paper provides a method to drive the display panel, which can reduce each sub‐pixel's total charge amount in the display panel. In this way, it can reduce the power consumption needed for driving the panel to display images.

55.6: Research on the Bonding Technology of SUS And Panel for Curling Screen

In recent years, with the rapid development of display technology, flexible folding screen technology has become a must for major smart phone manufacturers to introduce new ones. With the continuous subversion of the industrial design concept of mobile phones, and the continuous optimization of product design and user experience, a new wave of mobile phone design has arrived‐curling screens. The curling screen is a new type of rollable and stretchable screen derived from the folding screen. The shrinkage and expansion of the screen is achieved through the Rolling component. The realization of the rollable screen relies on its rollable SUS as a support, and its curling characteristics directly lead to The difficulty of SUS fitting has increased dramatically.This article will study the technology of the SUS and Panel bonding (M‐Lami) of the curled screen, aiming to improve the bonding effect of the M‐Lami process and solve the difficult problems of the process: Peeling, tearing film reverse release, curved edge GDS. Through the tearing point of the tear film (right‐angle apex, right‐angle point up, right‐angle point down), curved edge roller bonding pressure (0.20MPa, 0.25MPa, 0.3MPa, 0.4MPa), roller diameter (11mm, 13mm, 15mm), 15mm), roller hardness (30IRHD, 40IRHD, 50IRHD) and other conditions are comprehensively researched and analyzed, and it is concluded that the tearing point of the film is 3mm above the right angle point, the curved edge roller bonding pressure is 0.3MPa, the roller diameter is 13mm, the roller Under the condition of hardness of 50IRHD, it can solve the problems of M‐Lami process Peeling, tearing film reverse release and curved edge GDS to the greatest extent, and improve the yield of curled screen products.

Spread characteristics of OCR lamination for flexible OLED display process with flat and curved substrates

Recent years have seen the development of display technology with the transformation from flat to flexible displays. This has led to changes in the typical shape of such displays, and curved displays with constant curvature have been developed recently. As the shape of the display changes, the sophistication of the lamination process for joining a flat and curved window cover glass with a panel substrate also increases, and continuous research and development is required. In this paper, we report the results of our study on the characteristics of resin spreading on flat and curved substrates using optical clear resin. We confirmed the consistency by comparing the results obtained from the theoretical analysis and experiments. These results are expected to be widely used in the lamination and manufacturing technologies for next-generation displays that will evolve in the future.

Construction of Interpretation and Presentation System of Cultural Heritage Site: An Analysis of the Old City, Zuoying

Interpretation and presentation is an essential component of the whole heritage conservation process. In response to the new opportunities and challenges arising from the changing perspectives on heritage conservation, the development of display technologies and the rise of cultural tourism, it becomes a challenging task for cultural heritage institutions to construct a systematic interpretation and presentation system of a cultural heritage site that can effectively communicate heritage significance and value to the public and provide visitors with positive and valuable experience. From four main aspects (site, technology, public, and education and research), this research provides a comprehensive overview of the implementation details of the interpretation and presentation system of Old Zuoying City, which is considered an unprecedented large-scale cultural heritage preservation plan in Taiwan, through participative site investigation and in-depth interviews, thereby providing a reference for the construction, implementation, and management of interpretation and presentation system at cultural heritage sites.

34.4: Applications of Electron Beam Review System for AMOLED Patterning Process Control

As the development of display technologies, much smaller critical dimension design is an inevitable trend and much tighter statistical process control is needed and necessary. Electron Beam Review System can provide much more precise critical dimension measurement without glass to be broken compared with traditional optical metrology tools. Besides, taper CD or taper angle is a critical parameter for display product quality control and Electron Beam Review System is the only tool in display Fabs that can provide such information.

Directly addressable GaN-based nano-LED arrays: fabrication and electro-optical characterization

The rapid development of display technologies has raised interest in arrays of self-emitting, individually controlled light sources atthe microscale. Gallium nitride (GaN) micro-light-emitting diode (LED) technology meets this demand. However, the current technology is not suitable for the fabrication of arrays of submicron light sources that can be controlled individually. Our approach is based on nanoLED arrays that can directly address each array element and a self-pitch with dimensions below the wavelength of light. The design and fabrication processes are explained in detail and possess two geometries: a 6 × 6 array with 400 nm LEDs and a 2 × 32 line array with 200 nm LEDs. These nanoLEDs are developed as core elements of a novel on-chip super-resolution microscope. GaN technology, based on its physical properties, is an ideal platform for such nanoLEDs.

Diffusion of new technologies in medical research: the case of virtual reality

Recent developments in display technology and computation have strongly increased the operability of virtual reality applications, and both academic and commercial interest in the subject is on the increase. This paper studies publication patterns of VR in medicine and various medical subfields by analysing 9830 documents from 1991 to 2018 to put the rising publication numbers into context. The focus rests on identifying those areas that show exceptional growth. While scholars in surgery were the first to publish extensively on VR, psychology and psychiatry are now the only fields that show a relative increase in publication growth.