Development Of Analytical Methods Research Articles

"Lala and Lulu" stories: developing android-based social media for autistic children to learn social interaction

Autistic children encounter a distinct difficulty, namely in social contact. As a result, children with autism may face difficulties when participating in social interactions in their society. Thus, it is crucial to implement strategies that might improve the social skills of children with autism. A practical approach entails the application of social storytelling. Furthermore, there is a noticeable rise in the complexity of technological innovations, exemplified by the prevalence of mobile phones. Cell phones, especially those operating on the Android platform, provide many benefits when combined with internet access and various supplementary features. This study aims to develop an Android-based social media platform that enhances social interaction skills for children diagnosed with autism. The study aims to evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of this platform. This study entails conducting research and engaging in development activities using the 4D development strategy, which encompasses design stages, definition, development, and dissemination. Questionnaires are utilized as a means of gathering data. The assessment components of material consist of material attributes, language attributes, and implementation attributes. The assessment aspect of media involves both the technical aspects of software engineering and the visual communication parts. The material expert's evaluation of social media platforms based on the Android operating system resulted in a satisfactory classification, with only minimal adjustments needed to ensure precise and reliable information. The media expert's assessment was accurately classified, with ample content requiring minimal modifications. Based on expert assessments, it is recommended to conduct limited testing on students until the shortcomings of Android-based social media have been resolved. The article will comprehensively discuss the analytical method and media development.

WATERFLOOD EFFICIENCY ASSESSMENT USING REGRESSION ANALYSIS

For quick waterflood efficiency assessment at oil fields, methods of visual analysis of the operating indicators of production and injection wells without calculating its quantitative characteristics are widely used. Thus, the development of analytical methods for calculating the effectiveness of measures taken on the injection wells is an urgent task.
 The aim of the work is to improve the quality of the waterflood management process by developing an algorithm for quick assessing the additional oil production from geological and technical activities at injection wells.
 To achieve this aim, regression analysis methods, genetic optimization methods, and methods of mathematical modeling of operating indicators using decline curves and displacement characteristics were used.
 The authors proposed an algorithm for quick assessing the effectiveness of injection sites, which allows, using Data Science methods, to quantify additional oil production after carrying out geological and technical measures at injection wells.

Wide-scope targeted analysis of bioactive lipids in human plasma by LC/MS/MS

Quantitative information on blood metabolites can be used in developing advanced medical strategies such as early detection and prevention of disease. Monitoring bioactive lipids such as steroids, bile acids, and PUFA metabolites could be a valuable indicator of health status. However, a method for simultaneously measuring these bioactive lipids has not yet been developed. Here, we report a LC/MS/MS method that can simultaneously measure 144 bioactive lipids, including steroids, bile acids, and PUFA metabolites, from human plasma, and a sample preparation method for these targets. Protein removal by methanol precipitation and purification of bioactive lipids by solid-phase extraction improved the recovery of the targeted compounds in human plasma samples, demonstrating the importance of sample preparation methods for a wide range of bioactive lipid analyses. Using the developed method, we studied the plasma from healthy human volunteers and confirmed the presence of bioactive lipid molecules associated with sex differences and circadian rhythms. The developed method of bioactive lipid analysis can be applied to health monitoring and disease biomarker discovery in precision medicine.

Brazilian sign language teaching and applied linguistics: a possible bridge

Applied Linguistics (AL) can be found in all teaching and learning processes. Its main characteristic is interdisciplinarity, which contributes to other disciplines with research that offers a better understanding of the linguistic problems to which we are exposed. Therefore, according to the social context and historical, political, economic, cultural and identity processes, AL can also take on a transdisciplinary character. In this study, we will address the application of LA to the teaching of Brazilian Sign Language (Libras) by briefly discussing the identity and culture as a guide in the teaching-learning process of Sign Language (SL). AL is growing in Brazil and its ramifications suggest exploring new ways as there is a wide range of methods that have emerged due to the need to develop analysis methods. This study will explore the analytical procedures developed by Systemic Functional linguistics, initially developed by Halliday, which explores the metafunctional character of the language. Nevertheless, initially, we will address methods that allow researchers to identify issues from the appraisal found in the construction of statements expressed by individuals working in Libras training.

Determination of iron in water by flame atomic absorption spectrometry with sorption preconcentration

Determination and monitoring of pollutants in the natural environment is an urgent task because of their impact on living organisms as a result of numerous anthropogenic impacts. For this reason, a large number of publications are devoted to the development, modification or optimization of analytical methods that can solve these problems. When determining trace elements present in various samples, such as natural and waste water, biological samples and alloy samples, direct determination by various instrumental methods is often impossible due to the matrix effect and rather low concentration of metal ions in the sample. The atomic absorption method is one of the methods widely used for the determination of iron ions, which has such advantages as simplified sample preparation, low probability of contamination and loss of elements, increased analytical productivity, the detection limit of components in the analyzed mixture reduced by several orders of magnitude, and the ability to determine trace amounts of elements in small samples. The aim of the study was to develop a technique for the preliminary concentration of Fe (III) ions in waters of various origins using a sorbent immobilized with sulfosalicylic acid and their further determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Sorbents obtained on the basis of polyacrylonitrile modified with polyethylene polyamine (PPF-1 and PPA-1) with sulfosalicylic acid immobilized on their surface were used for selective sorption of Fe (III) ions. Optimal conditions for the immobilization of sulfosalicylic acid on sorbents and the formation of complexes with Fe (III) ions were studied. The developed sorption-atomic absorption technique provided determination of low concentrations of Fe (III) ions in various waters. The use of PPF-1 as a sorbent with immobilized sulfosalicylic acid for pre-concentration of iron has a number of advantages compared to traditional atomic absorption procedure, i.e., the simplicity, high degree of iron extraction, high sensitivity and selectivity of iron determination, as well as a low cost. The detection limit of iron ions is 0.01 μg/L, Sr does not exceed 0.033.

The Development and Validation of Simultaneous Multi-Component Quantitative Analysis via HPLC–PDA Detection of 12 Secondary Metabolites Isolated from Drynariae Rhizoma

Drynariae Rhizoma (DR) is a functional food and traditional medicine that has been widely used for bone and joint disorders for thousands of years. In this study, 14 compounds were isolated from DR, and their structures were identified using UPLC/QTOF–MS, UPLC–ESI/LTQ–Orbitrap–HRMS, and 2D NMR and compared with those obtained in previous studies. An HPLC–PDA multi-component simultaneous quantitative determination method was developed for 12 of the 14 DR-derived compounds, excluding compounds with a content <1.5 mg. The developed HPLC method was validated based on linearity (r2 ≥ 0.999), limit of detection (0.01–0.65 μg/mL), limit of quantification (0.04–1.97 μg/mL), intra-day precision and accuracy ranges (0.06–2.85% and 95.03–104.75%, respectively), and inter-day precision and accuracy ranges (0.24–2.83% and 95.75–105.75%, respectively). The developed analysis method improved the resolution of compounds 4 and 5. In addition, this is the first quantitative analysis of compounds 7, 8, and 11 and the first simultaneous quantitative analysis of 12 compounds, including compounds 4, 7, 8, 10, 11, and 14. This study developed a rapid, accurate, and economical HPLC method for performing the simultaneous quantitative analysis of 12 secondary metabolites isolated from DR.

Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of glycyrrhizic acid and glabridin from Glycyrrhiza glabra L. using response surface methodology and development of a green analytical method

In this study, ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) were used to investigate the extraction of glycyrrhizic acid (GA) and glabridin (GD) simultaneously from Glycyrrhiza glabra L. and a green HPLC analytical approach for determining GA and GD was developed. Extraction pocess were optimizing by Response surface methodology (RSM) utilizing Box-Behnken design (BBD). According to the consequences, the ideal extraction situations were: 64% (v/v) ethanol concentration, 22 mL/g liquid-solid ratio, 51 °C and 31 min. Under these conditions, the yields of GA and GD were 2.806 ± 0.107% and 0.252 ± 0.026%, respectively, and the actual experimental extraction values were fundamentally the same as the anticipated values. Meanwhile, the effects of UAE, maceration (MAC) and heat-reflux extraction (HRE) on yeild were assessed, and the UAE possessed highest yields. A green HPLC approach was created to analyze GA and GD with combinations of ethanol and a 0.1% (v/v) trifluoroacetic acid mobile phase (following the gradient elution method). The method validated based on the guidelines of the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) and the result indicated the method was precise, stable, reliable and valuable, could be used to analyze GA and GD from Glycyrrhiza glabra L.

Classification of dendritic spiking neurons’ shape through clustering and machine learning techniques

A synapse is a specialized region between two adjacent neurons that allows information to be transmitted from one cell to another. The formation of these connections and transfer of signals via electrical impulses is a critical characteristic of neuronal cells. The synapse is formed by the axonal bouton on the axon side and the dendritic spine, a specialized outgrowth of the dendritic membrane, on the dendrite side. Dendritic spines exhibit diverse shapes and sizes, differing significantly across brain regions, cell categories, and animal species. Changes in dendritic spine morphology occur in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative ailments while also responding to external stimuli. Although deemed to facilitate synaptic plasticity, further investigation is essential for establishing the correlation between spine construction and its function. To address the issue in modern neurobiology of characterizing synapse morphology on 3D neuron images, the development of effective analytical methods is necessary. Our team has produced an open-source software solution for precise dendritic spine segmentation using 3D dendrite images. This software calculates the 10 most widely used 3D-adapted morphological features [1, 2] and enables classification and clustering of dendritic spine data sets to determine their shape. In addition to numerical features for describing the shape of a dendritic spine, researchers proposed using a histogram of chord lengths, known as the chord length distribution histogram (CLDH). This involves generating a set of random chords within the dendritic spine’s volume, connecting its outer boundaries and forming a histogram. By setting n=30 000, the probabilistic fluctuations of the histogram become insignificant. The derived metrics were then used for clustering and classifying the dataset. Classification based on predetermined morphological groups is a frequently used approach for analyzing the morphology of dendritic spines. This method involves categorizing spines into established groups such as thin, mushroom, and stubby. Experimenters generally perform classification in a semi-automated manner, leading to considerable error. We have created a spine categorization tool using a machine learning algorithm. The tool classifies spines based on a consensus reached by eight experts who manually labeled the training dataset. The accuracy of this method surpasses 77% when using classical morphological features and is comparable to expert labeling. The implementation of this approach reduces classification bias and complexity. Recent studies, including those using live microscopy in vitro and in vivo, indicate that dendritic spine shapes exhibit a continuum rather than distinct categories [3]. Therefore, it is essential to establish a dependable methodology for evaluating and examining the morphology of dendritic spines. We have created a clustering tool that establishes both the number of groups and their content based on data, rather than the experimenter’s discretion. This tool leverages the k-means and DBSCAN algorithms for its representation. Three clustering methods are presented to determine the number of clusters: the silhouette method, the elbow method, and a novel method, developed by the authors, based on the max class divergence criteria. The authors assume that cluster quality improves as clusters differ significantly in the number of mushroom/thin/stubby spine classes, as marked by experts. The benefit of this approach is that it considers the particular data type for clustering. Without this knowledge, assessing the quality of clustering is challenging. The use of the CLDH metric for clustering yielded a consistent and stable number of clusters (n=5) across all three methods described. These clusters contain dendritic spines that share similar shapes and have been validated by experts. In contrast, using classical metrics resulted in a variable cluster count ranging from n=4 to n=14. These findings suggest that the CLDH metric, with its complexity, provides enough information about synapse shape to enable precise clustering.

Analytical QBD Approach to Redefine the Quality of Pharmaceuticals: A Review

As per the present scenario traditional techniques of quality by testing of finished pharmaceutical products have proved to be unsatisfactory, although focus on 'Total quality assurance can be attained only by in-process testing and analysis. The Quality by Design (QbD) idea has already been established and applied in all nations that adhere to the International Conference on Harmonization Guidelines. The proposed ICH Guidelines Q8 for pharmaceutical development, Q9 for quality risk management, and Q10 for pharmaceutical quality systems offer a foundation for incorporating quality into the product. Other components are being added and integrated into the analytical method development process, including as Quality Risk Management, the Pharmaceutical Quality System, and Process Analytical Technology (PAT) guidelines. The Quality by Design (QbD) idea has already been established and applied in all nations that adhere to the International Conference on Harmonization Guidelines. The proposed ICH Guidelines Q8 for pharmaceutical development, Q9 for quality risk management, and Q10 for pharmaceutical quality systems offer a foundation for incorporating quality into the product. Other components are being added and integrated into the analytical method development process, including as Quality Risk Management, the Pharmaceutical Quality System, and Process Analytical Technology (PAT) guidelines. They are widely acknowledged in the business as AQbD (Analytical Quality by Design) ideas. This paper attempts to summarize QbD achievements to date, regulatory perspectives on QbD, a comparative examination of conventional and analytical QbD techniques in method development, and issues about its fundamental application. Keywords Quality by Design, Design of Experiments, Analytical Quality, Critical Quality Attributes Analytical Target Profile, Process Control

An LC-MS/MS Method for the Simultaneous Analysis of 380 Pesticides in Soybeans, Kidney Beans, Black Soybeans, and Mung Beans: The Effect of Bean Grinding on Incurred Residues and Partitioning.

The significance of sample grinding is frequently disregarded during the development of analytical methods, which are often validated with spiked samples that may not accurately reflect incurred residues. This study investigated the particle size of ground beans as a key factor in optimizing extraction efficiency in order to develop a simple quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS)-based modified method for identifying 380 pesticides in beans using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The efficacy of pesticide extraction was found to be significantly affected by particle size. With small particle sizes (>40 mesh), no supernatant was recovered after QuEChERS partitioning. Therefore, a simple modification was performed before partitioning. The modified method was validated for selective extraction of pesticides, limits of quantification, linearity, accuracy, and precision. This method is simple to implement and, therefore, useful for the analysis of pesticide residues in beans.

Using Analytical Quality by Design to improve analytical method development in vaccines quality control: Application to an optimized quantitative high-performance anion-exchange chromatographic method

Analytical quality by design (AQbD) is an enhanced approach for the development of analytical methods. AQbD has received much industrial interest, being the subject of several recently published draft guidelines. This article demonstrates the application of AQbD to determine the quantity of non-adsorbed polysaccharide polyribosyl ribitol phosphate (PRP) and percentage of depolymerized PRP in a commercial hexavalent liquid vaccine, and establishment of an analytical control strategy (ACS). The quantification method developed is high-performance anion-exchange chromatography (HPAEC) with pulsed amperometric detection, preceded by ultracentrifugation (sample preparation) for separation of the depolymerized polysaccharide from the native adsorbed polysaccharide. The first step was to develop the analytical target profile (ATP) which defines the purpose of the analytical measurement as well as the development scope. As a second step, risk assessment tools were used for identification and ranking of the critical method variables (CMVs) which have a potential impact on method performance if not controlled.Based on a multivariate Design of Experiments (DoE) approach, a proposed method operational design region (MODR) was determined for seven CMVs. Finally, the ACS was established from the understanding of the analytical method and the robustness study. This article focuses on robust and operational ranges of critical parameters linked to the ultracentrifugation and chromatographic steps for depolymerized polysaccharide content control. The design space proposed for CMVs corresponds to the ranges that ensure a product that complies with the previously established precision criteria (±2% equivalent to ± 10 % around the product criterion, which is 20 % for depolymerized polysaccharide control limit).The following design space was established from the DoE statistical modeling for ultracentrifugation critical parameters: [483,000–520,000] g for speed, [11–19]°C for temperature, [29–34] minutes for duration, and from extemporaneous to 8 min for holding time before supernatant recuperation after the ultracentrifugation. For chromatographic critical parameters, the MODR is [2–6] psi for mobile phase helium pressure, [0–7] days for mobile phase storage time, and [0–3] days for samples storage time in the autosampler at 5 °C.Methods optimized using the AQbD approach provide strong justifications during regulatory filing for the selection of analytical CMVs, and for the ACS to be applied during the lifecycle management of the method.

Development and validation of analytical method by micro-solid-phase extraction followed by ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry analysis for the quantification of Phomopsin A in lupin samples

Phomopsin A (PHO-A), a potent mycotoxin produced by the pathogenic fungus Diaporthe toxica, is a growing international concern due to the high toxicity and prevalence in lupin plants, a vital source of food and feed. This hexapeptide mycotoxin has raised health concerns for both animals and humans, prompting regulatory bodies to set maximum allowable levels in lupin products.Different analytical methods have been developed for PHO-A detection, including Enzyme-Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay (ELISA) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with different detectors; they often lack sensitivity and selectivity required to meet maximum regulatory limits (MRL). In this work, we present a robust and sensitive method for PHO-A quantification and determination, developed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS).This method incorporates a selective clean-up step using Micro Solid Phase Extraction (µ-SPE) to efficiently purify samples, ensuring a rapid, efficient, and selective recovery of PHO-A from the complex lupin matrix. The clean-up step not only helps in achieving lower detection limits but also minimizes matrix effects and contamination. The proposed method was validated following international guidelines, demonstrating reliable recovery, matrix effects, linearity, accuracy, and precision.Additionally, this method was successfully applied to artificially contaminated Lupinus albus L. samples, confirming the suitability for assessing PHO-A contamination. This analytical approach fills a critical gap in the literature by providing a specific, sensitive, and selective method for PHO-A analysis, contributing to the safety of lupin products and field monitoring.

Analytical method development and validation of cinnarizine and piracetam: An overview

Analytical method development and validation of cinnarizine and piracetam: An overview

Development of Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Analytical Methods for the Study of Whole-Body, Head, and Trunk Uptake and Elimination of Methamphetamine in 5-Day Postfertilization Zebrafish Larvae Using the Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe Technique.

Synthetic cathinones are drugs of abuse substituted for amphetamine-like stimulant drugs such as methamphetamine. In this study, methamphetamine was studied as a prototypical amphetamine-like drug as a first step toward establishing methods to study this entire drug class. The internal concentration of methamphetamine in zebrafish larvae was determined using matrix-matched calibration along with extraction and purification of samples using the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe technique in liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Whole-body and head/trunk uptake and elimination in 5-day postfertilization zebrafish larvae were determined. A gradient method was developed using 5 mM ammonium formate with 0.1% formic acid and methanol with 0.1% formic acid as mobile phases, 10 min of total run time, and a 0.3 mL/min flow rate. The limit of quantification was 60 ng/mL, linearity with r2 = 0.9991, and recovery values from 92% to 120%. The internal concentration of methamphetamine was quantifiable in whole-body homogenates within 15 min of uptake analysis. The internal concentration increased with time, whereas a biphasic elimination pattern was shown. With increasing length of exposure, a higher accumulation of drugs was found in the head than in the trunk.

A review of analytical method development and validation of ferrous ascorbate and folic acid as nutritional supplements

A review of analytical method development and validation of ferrous ascorbate and folic acid as nutritional supplements

Fit-for-purpose analytical method development to support the characterization and testing of cell therapy products

Fit-for-purpose analytical method development to support the characterization and testing of cell therapy products

Qualitative characterization of oxygen-containing compounds in fuel extracts by using (-) electrospray ionization coupled to a linear quadrupole ion trap/orbitrap mass spectrometer

Qualitative characterization of oxygen-containing compounds (OCCs) in fuels is imperative, as these compounds detrimentally influence fuel stability. Hence, development of analytical methods that enable thorough qualitative information will likely enhance correlations between composition and fuel failures. In this work, (-) electrospray ionization (ESI)coupled to a linear quadrupole ion trap/orbitrap mass spectrometer provided detailed qualitative analysis of OCCs in jet fuels, marine gas oil (MGO)and diesel. The high resolving power and mass accuracy of the orbitrap and soft ionization of ESI advanced the current OCC qualitative knowledge of fuels as the number of OCCs classes identified exceeded previous works. Up to nine, twenty and nine different homologue ion series (i.e.,ions with the same empirical formula (e.g.,CnH2n-7O) but differ by 14 Da (m/z 149, 163, 177, etc.)) were detected in the jet fuels, diesel and MGO, respectively. Additional detailed qualitative information included the average ring and double equivalent values, carbon numbers and molecular weights for the detected OCCs in each fuel. With limited fragmentation of ions, Kendrick Mass Defectplots were made that enabled straightforward comparison of the OCC compositions offuels. Clear qualitative differences were noted among the different types of fuels (i.e.,jet fuels compared to diesel) and when the threejet fuels were compared to each other. As the method demonstrated proficiency at providing detailed compositional information, it may be employed for future storage and thermal stress testing of fuels to monitor and evaluate compositional changes. Overall, the method demonstrated qualitative proficiency and may be used to establish important links between composition and fuel stability; this is a critical prerequisite for improving fuel quality.

Multi-Gram Scale Synthesis and Characterization of Mometasone Furoate EP Impurity C

Mometasone furoate is a synthetic corticosteroid used in the treatment of skin inflammatory conditions, hay fever and asthma. The industrial manufacturing routes to mometasone furoate are generally accompanied by the formation of numerous process impurities that need to be detected and quantified, as requested by regulatory authorities. The ready availability of such impurities in the required quantity and purity is therefore essential for toxicological studies, analytical method development and process validation. Herein, we report the multi-gram scale preparation of 21′-chloro-(16′α-methyl-3′,11′,20′-trioxo-pregna-1′,4′-dien-17′-yl)-furan-2-carboxylate (mometasone furoate EP impurity C), one of the known impurities of mometasone furoate. This study also includes the systematic investigation of the final acylation step, as well as the characterization of the difuroate enol ether intermediate and its conversion to the target impurity C.

Analytical Method Development, Validation, and Applications of the HPTLC Densitometric Approach for Simultaneous Quantification of Azelnidipine and Chlorthalidone

For the simultaneous quantification of Azelnidipine and Chlorthalidone in synthetic combination, a high performance thin layer chromatographic method was devised that is quick, accurate, selective, and exact. The mobile phase used in the chromatographic analysis was in the ratio of 5: 4.7: 0.3: 0.1 v/v/v/v, and the stationary phase utilised was silica gel 60 F254 as the precoated stationary phase on aluminium plates. A 10 x 20 cm TLC chamber with a 15-minute saturation period was utilised. Azelnidipine and chlorthalidone were found to have retardation factors (RF) of 0.43 0.03 and 0.30 0.02, respectively. At 242 nm, densitometric analysis was performed. Following the ICH Q2 (R1) standard, a validation study was conducted. The calibration plots' regression data revealed a strong linear association with R2 = 0.999 for the concentration ranges of azelnidipine and chlorthalidone, 400–1200 ng band-1 and 600–1800 ng band-1, respectively. The method's precision, accuracy, and robustness were all validated. For azelnidipine and chlorthalidone, the minimum detectable levels were determined to be 26.71 ng band-1 and 38.39 ng band-1, respectively, and the limits of quantitation were found to be 80.94 ng band-1 and 116.033 ng band-1. Azelnidipine and chlorthalidone can be estimated simultaneously for routine analysis, in drug formulations, and in biological matrices, in short, using the proven analytical approach.

Adaptive polarity of graphene oxide anchored silica doped with C18 for effective enrichment of aflatoxins from foodstuff

Selecting adsorbent with appropriate polarity is a practicable way to improve the enrichment efficiency for aflatoxins (AFs) during the solid phase extraction in sample pretreatment. In this study, graphene oxide anchored silica was prepared and applied to dop with C18 with suitable polarity for effective pre-concentration and purification of AFs from foodstuff. With systematic optimizing, GO anchored silica/C18 (1/1, w/w) exhibited excellent extraction performance for AFs. As the medium, a facile and efficient pipette-tip solid-phase extraction (PT-SPE) technique was developed for enrichment of AFs. Coupling with high-performance liquid chromatography fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD), the developed analysis method illustrated the lower limits of detection of 0.075 ng/g and 0.17 ng/g for AFG2, AFB2 and AFG1, AFB1 (R2 > 0.99). The recoveries were calculated as 71.27 ∼ 94.52 % for the spiking level of 1, 5, and 20 ng/g with the intra-day and inter-day precision of 1.30 to 4.01 and 3.56 to 5.78, respectively. Hence, the developed PT-SPE-HPLC-FLD determination method was sensitive, accurate, and convenient for quantitative analysis of AFs at trace contents in foodstuff.