Development Of Scale Research Articles

Perceived Halo Effect in Referee Evaluations in Sport: A Scale Development Study

This study was conducted to develop a scale that can measure the relationship between the Halo effect and the evaluations made by referees about athletes' performances, who should make subjective evaluations in sport competitions. The population of the study consisted of 247 referees who were on duty in various sports and in different classifications and who were registered for the year 2023. The items of the scale were produced by the researcher with the support of the literature and it was determined that the items provided content validity (CVI=0.925). After the pilot study, reliability analysis was performed and Alpha=0.970 was found. Exploratory factor analysis was applied to reveal the construct validity of the scale and Alpha=0.972 was found. The fit statistics calculated by confirmatory factor analysis were found to be compatible with the previously determined factor structure of the scale at an acceptable level. In the results of the analyses, it was determined that factor loadings were high, standard error values were low, t values were significant and the construct validity of the predetermined factor structure was confirmed. In addition, as a result of the item discrimination test, it was determined that the scale was able to make a sensitive discriminative measurement (p<0.05). It was found that the scale provided convergent and divergent validity (CR>AVE>0.5), ICC values related to the agreement between test-retest measurements were high, there was no difference between test-retest correlation values, and the scale made reliable measurements based on short time (p<0.05). As a result, it was concluded that the "Perceived Halo Effect Scale in Referee Evaluations in Sport" is a valid and reliable scale.

A scale to assess organizational resilience for the oil and gas industry: testing and future perspectives

PurposeAs part of the scale development process, this paper aims to test a scale to measure organizational resilience for the oil and gas industry. The objective is to provide stakeholders with a set of indicators to evaluate their organizations and prepare them to cope with the negative consequences of disruptions (e.g. Covid-19, shortage of resources, etc.).Design/methodology/approachThe paper conducts exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis to test the suitability, dimensionality and reliability of specific indicators and their items under examination. Therefore, the goal is not to validate hypotheses by testing an organizational resilience scale in the oil and gas industry.FindingsThe study tests and proposes a scale to effectively measure organizational resilience within the oil and gas industry. A comprehensive set of ten indicators and 40 items are identified through this process. The findings of this research provide stakeholders in this sector with a rigorous set of indicators to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of their organizations and better prepare them to handle disruptions.Originality/valueThis paper fills the gap in existing research by testing and proposing a scale to measure organizational resilience specifically for the oil and gas industry. It highlights the importance of organizational resilience for survival in a sector that is especially susceptible to disruptions.

Development and validation of STEM motivation scale for middle school students

Development and validation of STEM motivation scale for middle school students

Development and validation of the attitude scale for the clinical nutrition care process of hospitalized patients for physicians

Objective: Evaluating physicians’ attitudes towards malnutrition and clinical nutrition in hospitalized patients are crucial for the implementation of optimal nutritional care process and the prevent of hospital malnutrition. The aim of this study is to develop a scale that evaluates physicians’ attitudes towards malnutrition in hospitalized patients. Methods: Based on the existing literature on clinical nutrition and the clinical experience of experts in this field, a 5-point Likert-type attitude scale consisting of 12 items was developed. Analysis was carried out using Parallel Analysis to determine the number of factors in the Exploratory factor analysis based on the Polychoric correlation matrix and Unweighted Least Squares as the factor extraction method. Results: There are 8 items in the 1st factor (Physician duties) and 4 items in the 2nd factor (Non-Physician duties). The Cronbach Alpha and McDonald’s Omega coefficients of the scale were found to be 0.72 and 0.81 respectively, from the sub-dimensions 0.78 and 0.85 for the 1st Factor, and 0.66 and 0.75 for the 2nd Factor. Conclusion: Attitude scale for the clinical nutrition care process of hospitalized patients for physicians is an instrument with good psychometric properties that measures examination of physicians’ attitudes related to clinical nutrition care process.

The metaverse experience: A scale development study

AbstractUnderstanding the metaverse experience (MEX) is paramount to allow companies to exploit its potential and to align with consumers' expectations. Accordingly, this paper develops a scale to identify the main dimensions that define the MEX as well as investigate which constituent dimensions of the MEX are more suited to enhance consumers' attitude toward the metaverse, a key element to foster consumers' exploratory behavior. By drawing on a research design based on multiple stages including qualitative and quantitative data and analysis, this paper develops a measure of the MEX that includes six dimensions: sensory/affective, intellectual, behavioral, relational, interoperability, and safety. The dimensions of intellectual, behavioral, and relational experience were found non‐significant showing that the MEX is built on the experiential dimensions of sensory/emotional, interoperability, and safety. These dimensions were also found to directly affect consumers' attitude toward the metaverse. The paper contributes to current discussion of the metaverse by offering the first tested and reliable scale to measure the MEX.

New urbanization construction and city economic resilience-based on multi-period DID tests for 278 cities

As a key measure to realize Chinese-style modernization, the construction of new urbanization injects new vitality into China ‘s urban economic growth by building a modern industrial system, and it is also of great significance to improve urban economic resilience. This study examines data from 278 Chinese cities spanning the period 2006–2022, utilizing a multi-period Difference-in-Differences model and a moderating effect model to investigate the impact of new urbanization on cities' economic resilience. The findings indicate that the adoption of modern urbanization significantly enhances cities' economic resilience. Notably, when examined from the perspectives of geographical location, urban scale, urban agglomeration, and urban economic development level, the impact of new urbanization is particularly pronounced in the eastern region, small cities, non-urban agglomeration cities, and cities with lower levels of economic development. The mechanism test demonstrates that new urbanization affects cities’ economic resilience by fostering technological innovation and upgrading the industrial structure. Essentially, technological innovation and industrial restructuring serve as intermediaries in fortifying economic resilience through the implementation of new urbanization. As a result, recommendations are formulated to bolster the resilience of urban economies.

Development of scale to measure teachers curriculum assessment

Development of scale to measure teachers curriculum assessment

Development of a Measure of Anti-Rape Attitudes as a Potential Protective Factor Against Rape Perpetration.

The role of attitudes toward women and sexual violence in predicting men's perpetration of rape has been well documented in the literature. While research on rape perpetration has primarily focused on identifying risk factors, the limited understanding of protective factors has hindered the development of psychometric measures to assess attitudinal protective factors. However, comprehending these protective factors is essential for a comprehensive understanding of the risk of rape perpetration and the advancement of strength-based approaches. This research describes the development of a new scale designed to measure anti-rape attitudes (ARA) in young heterosexual men. To generate the initial item pool, relevant information was gathered from sexual violence support service websites and academic literature. This item pool underwent an external expert review for further item generation and cognitive interviews for content validation. This qualitative phase was followed by four quantitative studies for item reduction and scale validation. The resulting 19-item scale demonstrates good internal consistency (Cronbach's α = .84). The ARA scale exhibits strong negative correlations with rape myth acceptance (RMA) and hostile sexism, and strong positive correlations with positive consent attitudes (PCA), supporting the scale's construct validity. We further conducted hierarchical regression analyses to test the unique relationship of ARA with those constructs while controlling for RMA. These showed that ARA have significant, unique associations with PCA and ambivalent sexism. The development of this new scale enables a more comprehensive assessment of the risk of rape perpetration and opens up new avenues for research on protective factors against rape. Ultimately, this study constitutes an important step toward fostering strength-based approaches to combat sexual violence.

Comparing upward: How parental social comparisons shape children’s self-concept and mastery motivation in China

The prevalence of Chinese parents using upward social comparisons to influence their children’s behavior is well-documented. However, the lack of reliable tools for measuring parental social comparisons, combined with a limited understanding of their association with preschoolers’ mastery motivation, highlights a significant gap in research. To bridge this gap, we undertook a comprehensive investigation. Study 1 involved the development of the Parental Social Comparison Scale. Study 2 and Study 3 explored the association between parental social comparisons and children’s mastery motivation, considering perspectives from parents (N = 194; Mage = 33.72 years, SD = 4.97) and children (N = 102; Mage = 5.14 years, SD = 3.78). We found that parental social comparisons were positively associated with children’s mastery motivation according to parents’ perceptions but were negatively associated with mastery motivation through children’s self-concept from children’s perspectives.

The Food Media Content Gratifications Scale Conceptualization, Development, and Validation

The Food Media Content Gratifications Scale Conceptualization, Development, and Validation

Evaluation of End-User Participation in Artificial Intelligence Nursing Projects.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) projects in healthcare, particularly in nursing, currently gain relevance but encounter challenges in user acceptance. Active participation of end-users in the development and implementation of AI can enhance acceptance. This study proposes a scale to measure the degree of end-user participation in AI development and implementation for nursing on the project level, rated by project managers. It employs the qualitative-analytical COARSE method for scale development and evaluation. The instrument includes 11 items across two sub-scales: activities for active participation of end-users and empowerment activities. It highlights the importance of the measurement's purpose and consequences for interpreting the results of the evaluated degree of end-user participation. The study points to future research opportunities, underscored by the need for psychometric validation, such as reliability and validity.

Influence of social media on young adults’ food consumption behavior: scale development

Influence of social media on young adults’ food consumption behavior: scale development

Development of a scale for measuring psychosocial vulnerability in disaster-prone areas

IntroductionDisaster vulnerability is a complex concept influenced by both natural forces and societal factors, including psychosocial aspects that shape an individual's resilience to natural hazards. Despite technological advancements, assessing psychosocial vulnerability remains challenging, necessitating specialized scales. This study attempted to develop a psychosocial vulnerability assessment scale, recognizing the intricate interplay of physical, psychological, and social factors. MethodsThe study was conducted in two disaster-prone wards in Cuttack, India, susceptible to cyclones, earthquakes, and floods. The scale development process involved two stages: instrument design and judgmental evidence. During the instrument design phase, qualitative data on psychosocial vulnerabilities were gathered through Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs). These insights led to the generation of 44 items, which were subsequently refined to 35 items through expert consultation. The judgmental evidence phase included content validity assessment, internal consistency analysis, and test-retest reliability estimation. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) identified the instrument's factor structure, with items retaining factor loadings exceeding 0.4. Data collection involved 400 individuals selected through multistage sampling, with strict adherence to ethical considerations. ResultData collected in the initial instrument design stage revealed key psychosocial vulnerability themes. These themes informed the creation of a 35-item scale categorized into three domains: Physical, social, and psychological vulnerability. The instrument underwent rigorous validation processes, demonstrating strong content validity agreement among experts. Internal consistency analysis revealed good reliability, as indicated by the Kuder-Richardson coefficient (KR20 = 0.904). Test-retest reliability further established the stability of responses over time, with an ICC of 0.82. EFA confirmed the scale's three-factor structure, explaining 60 % of the variance. After removing three items with low factor loadings, the scale proved reliable and valid, effectively categorizing vulnerabilities into these distinct domains. ConclusionThe scale developed in this study offers a comprehensive tool for understanding the unique challenges people living in disaster-prone areas face. It addresses the often-overlooked psychosocial components of vulnerability, filling a critical gap in existing research and measurement scales. Its application helps in planning psychosocial interventions and improving disaster risk reduction strategies.

Expanding the boundaries of digital orientation research: Scale development and validation

Firms keep struggling to realize the benefits of digital transformation processes. Research, therefore, proposes implementing a firm-wide organizational configuration with a digital orientation (DO) fostering digital innovation and transformation initiatives. However, exploration of DO remains somewhat constrained as existing measurement approaches are limited to secondary data. In this study, we develop a new scale to measure DO, specifically in survey-based research. Leveraging survey data from 1,488 top executives of German companies and drawing on the resource-based view, we empirically validate that our scale captures the performance-enhancing effects of DO.

Development, validity and reliability of the healthy lifestyle behavior scale

BackgroundHealthy lifestyle behaviors encompass activities aimed at promoting, maintaining, or reclaiming health. Evaluating these behaviors accurately requires comprehensive, valid, and reliable tools.AimsThis study aimed to develop the Healthy Lifestyle Behavior Scale and evaluate its psychometric properties in the Turkish population.MethodsFor this methodological research, a cross-sectional online-based survey was conducted between 21 March 2023 and 31 March 2023 among 330 participants who were recruited via convenience sampling. The initial item pool included 90 items across seven domains (exercise, health responsibility, preventive health actions, sleep, stress and social support, nutrition, smoking, and alcohol). The content validity of the scale was verified by taking expert opinions. Construct validity and reliability were assessed using principal component analysis (PCA) and Cronbach's alpha.ResultsA total of 330 people were recruited for the study (65.2% female, mean age 34.2 ± 9.4 years). The final scale comprised 34 items: 5 on exercise, 4 on health responsibility, 4 on preventive health actions, 2 on sleep, 5 on social support, 3 on stress management, 5 on nutrition, 4 on smoking and 2 on alcohol. The construct validity analysis revealed a 9-factor structure explaining 62.35% of the variance (Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin value = 0.807). Internal consistency was confirmed with Cronbach's alpha (α = 0.863 for the scale, > 0.7 for subscales) and high item-total correlation.ConclusionsOur newly developed Healthy Lifestyle Behavior Scale demonstrated good validity and reliability. It outperformed existing scales, boasting higher alpha values for subfactors and explained variance. This scale is a robust tool for assessing healthy lifestyle behaviors in adults.

Synergistic governance and innovation: the positive effect of cross-holding partners

ABSTRACT Innovation within enterprises stands as a crucial component of effective enterprise management, serving as the primary determinant influencing the company's developmental trajectory, scale, and pace. The primary objective of this study is to analyze the effects of cross-holding partnerships on firms’ innovation performance, as well as the interplay between internal cross-holdings and innovation results. By examining data from 2011 to 2021 of A-share listed companies, this paper empirically analyzes the impact of cross-holding shareholders on firm innovation performance. According to the study, cross-holding shareholders positively impact enterprise innovation performance, indicating a synergistic governance effect. Besides, the study finds that both information transparency and internal control play significant mediating roles in enhancing the relationship between cross-holding shareholders and enterprise innovation performance. The study's novelty lies in its in-depth exploration of cross-holding intricacies and their specific influence on innovation. By dissecting various cross-holding scenarios, the research contributes valuable insights that refine the understanding of how shareholder dynamics can shape innovation within enterprises. Based on the findings suggestions for practitioners include a nuanced approach to cross-holding arrangements, emphasizing the need for strategic alignment between shareholders and innovation goals. Additionally, developing transparency and communication among cross-holding entities may mitigate potential negative effects on innovation.

Broadening influence: scale development for subjective norms across extended social groups in green purchasing

Broadening influence: scale development for subjective norms across extended social groups in green purchasing

Conspicuous compensatory consumption: scale development and initial validation

PurposeThis study aims to develop and validate a measure for conspicuous compensatory consumption. Compensatory consumption phenomenon is gaining increased significance in consumer behavior literature. In a symbolic-rich culture, the use of possessions creates a perfect venue for self-construction and self-repairing to make up for one’s psychological deficiencies and inadequacies.Design/methodology/approachA mixed research design of qualitative and quantitative methodologies is adopted by using elicitation techniques, interviews and survey data. Extensive development and validation procedures are used. A series of studies, encompassing a total sample of 1,782, are reported.FindingsThe current study offers a valid and reliable measure for conspicuous compensatory consumption by chronologically following the stages of the scale development process. Compensatory consumption had a negative influence on subjective happiness and a positive influence on negative affect and satisfaction with life. Respondents with high materialism scores had significantly higher compensatory tendencies than the low materialism group. The low self-compassionate group had significantly higher compensatory tendencies than the high self-compassionate group.Originality/valueThe current study provides theoretical contributions to consumer behavior research by providing a valid and reliable measure for conspicuous compensatory consumption. Contrary to past scales that followed a mood-alleviation perspective where therapeutic shopping is used to regulate negative emotions, this scale is novel in adopting a self-completion approach where products are pursued for a tactical effort to offset threatened self-concepts.

Development and validation of pedagogical leadership scale

PurposePedagogical leadership (PL) has been regarded as the best leadership style in the education sector. Thus, the aim of this study was to develop and validate a pedagogical leadership scale (PLS).Design/methodology/approachTwo distinct approaches (inductive and deductive) were utilized. First, a review of the literature was conducted, and then qualitative data were collected through interviews, and their responses were categorized into 40 items. These items were thematized using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) by involving 300 participants. To examine the fitness of the scale, the researchers conducted a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with 470 participants.FindingsEFA discovered a total variance of 64.766% for four factors. In CFA, RMSEA, NFI, RFI, NNFI, CFI, GFI and AGFI values were accepted. The highest correlation was found among constructs of PL. Path analysis revealed PL affected social, professional, intellectual and academic capitals. The correlations between the PLS and psychological empowerment demonstrated the theoretically predicted relationships with these variables. Thus, with the initial evidence of a valid and reliable PLS, a pool of 32 items under 4 factors (social, academic, professional and intellectual capital) were developed.Originality/valueDespite the management of childhood education requiring the practice of PL, it is underexplored in childhood schools, particularly to our knowledge, no studies have been conducted to develop and confirm the PLS in Ethiopia.

Development and evaluation of a low-literacy scale for estimating insulin correction dose for hyperglycemia among children with type 1 diabetes

Development and evaluation of a low-literacy scale for estimating insulin correction dose for hyperglycemia among children with type 1 diabetes