Developmental Processes Research Articles

The Moderating Influence of School Achievement on Intelligence: A Cross-National Comparison.

Education-related variables are positively associated with intelligence in both causal directions, but little is known about the associations' underlying genetically and environmentally intertwined processes and many 'third variables' are probably involved too. In this study, we investigated how school achievement, measured by grade point average (GPA), moderated intelligence test score variation in young adulthood in broadly representative samples from the U.S. state of Minnesota, Denmark, and Germany, attempting to improve both understanding of the importance of environmental contexts and the limitations of currently available modelling techniques to help remedy them. School achievement was positively associated with intelligence test scores in all three contexts, but it moderated variances differently, even within the two cohorts comprising the Minnesota sample. One Minnesota cohort and the German sample suggested that shared environmental variance was larger among individuals with extreme GPAs, while the Danish sample suggested that this was only true among individuals with low GPAs. In contrast to these observations, the other Minnesota cohort suggested that genetic and non-shared environmental variances were greater among individuals with high GPAs. These observations indicated that underlying individual developmental processes and population-level impacts differed. However, our statistical models did not capture these differences clearly. The ways in which they failed all suggested the model limitations involve an inability to address degrees to which environmental constraints restrain social movements that are confounded with individual variations in capacities to move within society.

Developing a core outcome set for Netherton syndrome: An international multi-stakeholder e-Delphi consensus study.

Netherton syndrome (NS; OMIM#256500) is a rare and severe disorder of epidermal maturation and keratinization caused by pathogenic variants in the serine protease inhibitor Kazal type 5 (SPINK5), leading to severe skin barrier impairment. Although effective treatment is crucial for NS patients, there is a lack of knowledge on what the best treatment options are for these patients. Large heterogeneity in reported outcomes and measurement instruments hinders accurate comparison of treatment results across studies and the development of a treatment guideline. Therefore, we aimed to develop a core outcome set (COS) for NS that can be used in clinical care and research. This study was performed in accordance with the recommendations of the Core Outcome Measures in Effectiveness Trials (COMET) initiative. After identification of outcomes through a literature search and classification based on the International Classification of Functioning and taxonomies published by the COMET initiative, discussion groups were organized at the 2nd International Netherton Congress 2022 to finalize the provisional outcome list. Through a 2-round e-Delphi, 41 stakeholders (patients and family members, professionals, and representatives of industry) from 14 countries rated the importance of the outcomes using a 9-point Likert scale. An online consensus meeting attended by 14 stakeholders finalized the COS. The core outcome set for NS comprised 21 outcomes in 10 domains. These included four 'skin' outcomes, two 'sensation' outcomes, two 'side-effects of treatment' outcomes, one 'vitality' outcome, one 'emotional functioning' outcome, two 'physical development' outcomes, two 'nutrition' outcomes, two 'infections' outcomes, two 'allergies' outcomes, and three 'assessment results' outcomes. In this study, consensus was reached on 21 outcomes to be included in the COS for NS. The selection of outcomes in the COS underlines that NS not only affects the skin, but is a disease requiring a broad multidisciplinary approach in clinical care and research. International implementation of this COS will lead to more uniform reporting, thereby enabling comparison of study results, which may facilitate future treatment guideline development. The next step is to further conceptually define the outcomes and reach consensus on how the measure these.

P2X7 expression patterns in the developing Fmr1-knockout mouse hippocampus.

Fragile-X Syndrome (FXS)is the leading monogenetic cause of intellectual disability among children but remains without a cure. Using the Fmr1 KO mouse model of FXS, much work has been done to understand FXS hippocampus dysfunction. Purinergic signaling, where ATP and its metabolites are used as signaling molecules, participates in hippocampus development, but it is unknown if purinergic signaling is affected in the developing Fmr1 KO hippocampus. In our study, we characterized the purinergic receptor P2X7. We first found that P2X7 was reduced in Fmr1 KO whole hippocampus tissue at P14 and P21, corresponding to the periods of neurite outgrowth and synaptic refinement in the hippocampus. We then evaluated the cell-specific expression of P2X7 with immunofluorescenceand found differences between WT and Fmr1 KO mice in P2X7 colocalization with hippocampal microglia and neurons. P2X7 colocalized more with microglia at P14 and P21, but there was a sex-specific reduction in P2X7 colocalization with neurons. In contrast, male mice at P14 and P21 showed reduced neuronal P2X7 colocalization compared to females, but only females showed reduced absolute neuronal P2X7 expression across the dorsal hippocampal formation. Together, our results suggest that P2X7 expression is altered during Fmr1-KO hippocampal development, potentially influencing several developmental processes in the Fmr1-KO hippocampus formation.

Polyamines: pleiotropic molecules regulating plant development and enhancing crop yield and quality.

Polyamines (PAs) are pleiotropic bioorganic molecules. Cellular PA contents are determined by a balance between PA synthesis and degradation. PAs have been extensively demonstrated to play vital roles in the modulation of plant developmental processes and adaptation to various environmental stresses. In this review, the latest advances on the diverse roles of PAs in a range of developmental processes, such as morphogenesis, organogenesis, growth and development, and fruit ripening, are summarized and discussed. Besides, the crosstalk between PAs and phytohormones or other signalling molecules, including H2O2 and NO, involved in these processes is dwelled on. In addition, the attempts made to improve the yield and quality of grain and vegetable crops through altering the PA catabolism are enumerated. Finally, several other vital questions that remain unanswered are proposed and discussed. These include the mechanisms underlying the cooperative regulation of developmental processes by PAs and their interplaying partners like phytohormones, H2O2 and NO; PA transport for maintaining homeostasis; and utilization of PA anabolism/catabolism for generating high-yield and good-quality crops. This review aims to gain new insights into the pleiotropic role of PAs in the modulation of plant growth and development, which provides an alternative approach for manipulating and engineering valuable crop varieties that can be used in the future.

Middle Ear Malformations

Middle ear malformations (MEMs) represent a diverse group of congenital anomalies with significant implications for auditory function. These malformations, which occur in approximately 0.5 to 3% of conductive hearing loss cases, can arise from various genetic and environmental factors. They often manifest unilaterally and may occur in isolation or as part of a syndromic condition. MEMs are closely associated with abnormalities of the external ear and less frequently with inner ear anomalies.Embryologically, the middle ear develops from the first and second pharyngeal arches, with interactions between the ectoderm and endoderm contributing to the formation of essential structures such as the tympanic membrane, ossicles and Eustachian tube. Disruptions in these developmental processes can lead to a spectrum of MEMs, ranging from minor defects to severe malformations affecting multiple middle ear components.Clinical management of MEMs requires a multidisciplinary approach, involving otolaryngologists, pediatricians, and audiologists. Early intervention with appropriate hearing aids, including conventional hearing aids and bone conduction devices, is essential to mitigate the impact of conductive hearing loss on speech and language development, particularly in children.Surgical planning involves comprehensive preoperative assessment, including high-resolution computed tomography imaging to evaluate middle ear anatomy, the facial nerve course, and vascular anomalies. Traditional surgical approaches such as stapesplasty and tympanoplasty remain mainstays for correcting specific middle ear defects, while advances in technology have expanded the role of active middle ear implants in treating special cases.In conclusion, MEMs represent a heterogeneous group of congenital anomalies with diverse etiologies and clinical implications. A thorough understanding of their embryological basis, genetic underpinnings, and surgical management strategies is crucial for optimizing outcomes in affected individuals.

Longitudinal Relationships among Parenting, Prosocial Behaviors, and Emotional Problems: Examining Between- and Within-Person Associations in Adolescents.

Although bidirectional associations between parenting and adolescents' social and emotional outcomes have been investigated, how parental warmth and harsh parenting as two different parenting dimensions, adolescents' prosocial behaviors, and emotional problems were longitudinally and bidirectionally related at between- and within-person levels remains unclear. With a three-wave longitudinal design, the present study examined these associations by employing the random-intercept cross-lagged panel model. Data from 606 Chinese adolescents (Mage = 13.80 years, SD = 0.52, at T1; 45.7% girls) were collected at six-month intervals over one year, and participants completed questionnaires assessing their perception of parenting, prosocial behaviors, and emotional problems online. The results indicated that parental warmth and harsh parenting were significantly associated with adolescents' prosocial behaviors and emotional problems at the between-person level. At the within-person level, adolescents' more prosocial behaviors at T1 predicted later within-person decreases in their emotional problems at T2, which in turn predicted subsequent increased prosocial behaviors and more parental warmth at T3. Additionally, a higher level of harsh parenting at T2 unidirectionally predicted more adolescents' emotional problems at T3. These findings highlighted the developmental cascade processes among adolescents' prosocial behaviors, emotional problems, and parenting and the importance of fostering adolescents' prosocial behaviors in reducing their emotional problems and then promoting subsequent psychosocial adjustment and parent-child bonding.

Sporun Fiziksel Aktivite Boyutunun Psiko-Eğitimle Desteklenmesinin Sonuçlarının İncelenmesi

Today, especially after the pandemic, the importance of physical activity, in which individuals remember its value once again, stands out even more. During this period, it has become indisputable to what extent physical activity provides benefits to the social, emotional, physical and psychological development of individuals. So much so that physical activity applications have also found a place among the contents added to the distance education activities. Dec. However, the problem of overweight and obesity, which is rapidly becoming one of the most important health problems in the world, is also effective in spreading physical activity practices Decently. Considering the benefits of regular physical activity in general, it contributes to healthy growth and development, helps to protect against unwanted habits, prevents socialization and the formation of certain long-term diseases that may be encountered during adulthood, as well as treating and supporting the treatment of disorders that may occur, ensuring that they last an active old age, in other words, it can make important contributions to improving the quality of life throughout life. In this context, psycho-education as a complementary element of physical activity is also defined as empowering education aimed at promoting individual's awareness and entrepreneurship. Psycho-education is not only to inform the individual and his family about the problematic situation or to offer them solutions, but also the process of providing education and training about the factors that cause this situation. In this way, the person understands the situation better and develops a sense of control, so that the problem can gradually decrease. The human body, which was created in order to be able to do physical activity, can encounter various problems every day due to inactivity. Besides the well-known health benefits of physical activity, it should not be overlooked that along with its cognitive effects, it may also contribute to increasing academic achievement in the sense of its positive role on mental processes at different age levels depending on these effects, and ultimately as a result of these processes. At the same time, it is known in past and recent studies that physical activity has a direct or indirect effect on many topics, from the use of individuals experiencing mental or mental problems in treatment processes, to coping with stress, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder treatments, in addition to conditions such as self-confidence, self-esteem, and well-being. Key Words: Special Ability, Special Ability Students, Physical Activity

Single Parental Status: Effects on Learners’ Emotional Behaviour in Public Primary Schools in Kanduyi Sub County, Kenya

The family is the stimulus behind the growth and development of an individual. Children emerge from different parental status, this include intact and single parental status. However in schools, learners from single parenthood display different emotional behaviour compared to those from intact parenthood. The objective of the study was to establish the effects of single parental status on learners’ emotional behaviour. The study was guided by family systems theory and adopted comparative research design. The study targeted a total of 458 participants, including 440 standard eight learners (212 boys and 228 girls), 9 class teachers, and 9 guidance and counseling teachers from 9 public primary schools in Kanduyi Sub County, Bungoma County. The standard eight learners were selected due to their unique experiences and maturation, as well as their physical, mental, and emotional development, which enabled them to express themselves in a manner that was comparable to that of their peers in other classes. Stratified random sampling was used to obtain participants according to their gender; simple random sampling was used to give equal chance to all learners to participate in the study. Purposive sampling was employed to select class teachers and Guidance and Counselling teachers as key informants on matters concerning learners. Questionnaires and interviews were used to collect data. The study utilised content validity while reliability of the instruments was established by cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.697. Simple linear regression was used to analyse data. Data analysis revealed a statistically significant effect of single parenting on learners emotional behaviour F (1,198=4.731, p<0.05. The findings revealed that single parenting negatively affected learner emotional behaviour since the p-value<0.05 hence the null hypothesis rejected. The study recommended for effective guidance and counselling services for learners from single parental status to help them improve on their emotional behaviour such as low self-esteem, aggression and anxiety while in school.

Effects of Early Life Scarcity-Adversity on Maturational Milestones in Male and Female Rats.

Although many studies have shown a long-term negative impact of early life adversity (ELA) in rodents, literature regarding its effects on maturational milestones in rats is scarce. Available evidence suggests that ELA interferes with normal growth and development in rodents and that effects may be sex-dependent even at an early age. In accordance, we hypothesized that early life scarcity-adversity would impair physical and reflex development in male and female rats. To test this, we used an early life resource scarcity paradigm based on reducing home cage bedding during postnatal days (PND) 2-9 and assessed physical landmarks by measuring weight gain, incisor presence, fur development, and eye opening. We also evaluated the impact of early life scarcity-adversity on developmental reflexes by measuringsurface righting and grasp reflexes, negative geotaxis, cliff avoidance, bar holding, and auditory startle. Early life scarcity-adversity resulted in earlier complete lower incisor presence in males (PND 6), impaired surface righting(PND 6) and grasp reflexes (PND 8) in both sexes, and impaired cliff avoidance responses in females (PND 12). These results extend previous research examining the effects of ELA on developing male and female rodents by showing that it negatively impacts a subset of physical landmarks and developmental reflexes in a sex-dependent manner.

“The Age of Malice”: Estupro, Consent, and the Foundations of Victim Blaming in the Criminal Courts of Buenos Aires, 1853–1878

This article examines the judicial treatment of pubescent, female victims of sexual assault in Buenos Aires, Argentina, between 1853 and 1878, dates that span the decades between the national constitution and the adoption by Buenos Aires Province of new penal legislation. Centering the case of 13-year-old Irene Mestosini, it analyzes the prosecution of estupro cases through the paradigm of rape culture and victim blaming. It exposes how, by casting pubescent girls as malicious because of their physical and mental development, authorities blamed them for their assault while dismissing men's aggressive sexuality. By illustrating the ways in which physiological development worked alongside legal cultures, class expectations, and heteronormative gender norms to create a culture of impunity around sexual assault, this article suggests that modern notions of acceptable and unacceptable sexuality emerged in Buenos Aires earlier than in other parts of Latin America, where honor remained a central concern well into the twentieth century.

Approaching ethical issues in the developmental biology classroom

Approaching ethical issues in the developmental biology classroom

Central role of squid gene during oocyte development in the Hemiptera Rhodnius prolixus

Oocyte polarity establishment is a conserved and crucial phenomenon for embryonic development. It relies on the precise spatial localization of maternal factors deposited during oocyte development, which is essential for establishing and maintaining cell polarity and subsequently specifying embryonic axes. The heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) encoded by the squid (sqd) gene has been implicated in mRNA localization and embryonic axis establishment in Drosophila melanogaster. Comparative genomics allowed for the identification of a homologue in Rhodnius prolixus. In this study, we investigated the function of Rp-sqd during oogenesis and early embryonic development. We observed persistent expression of Rp-sqd during oocyte development, with localization in the cytoplasm of ovary germarium and growing oocytes in previtellogenic and vitellogenic stages. A Parental RNA interference (RNAi) experiment targeting Rp-sqd resulted in female sterility. The ovaries showed disrupted oocyte development, disarray of follicular epithelium, and affected nurse cells integrity. Immunostaining and microscopic techniques revealed microtubule disarray and a reduction in the presence of organelles in the trophic cords that connect the germarium with the oocytes. The Rp-sqd depletion impacted the transcript expression of maternal mRNAs involved in apoptosis, axis formation, oogenesis, and cytoskeleton maintenance, indicating a pleiotropic function of Rp-sqd during oogenesis. This study provides new insights into the genetic basis of R. prolixus oogenesis, highlighting the crucial role of Rp-sqd in oocyte development, fertility, and germarium integrity. These findings contribute to our understanding of insect developmental processes, provide a foundation for future investigations into reproduction, and reveal the regulatory mechanisms governing the process.

Формування фізичної готовності до школи у дітей старшого дошкільного віку засобом спортивних ігор

An analysis of studies on the problem of forming physical readiness for school in older preschool children has been conducted. It is emphasized that physical readiness is fundamental for a child's successful adaptation to the school environment. It includes the development of motor skills, coordination, endurance, and strength, which are crucial for a child’s ability to perform various school tasks, from writing letters to participating in active games during breaks. Insufficient physical preparedness can lead to difficulties in mastering the school curriculum, decreased attention span, quick fatigue, and even health problems. Therefore, it is essential to develop the necessary physical qualities in children before they start school. It has been established that sports games are an effective tool for ensuring the physical readiness of older preschoolers for school. Games help develop coordination, strength, endurance, and flexibility, which are important for comprehensive physical development. The aim of the study is to determine the impact of sports games on the formation of physical readiness for school in older preschool children. At the initial stage of the study, generalized results of the level of physical readiness for school revealed that only 20% of children in the experimental group (EG) and 16% in the control group (CG) showed a high level of readiness, 58% of children in the EG and 52% in the CG showed a medium level, and 22% of children in the EG and 31% in the CG showed a low level. It was noted that the initial level of physical readiness for school in children from both the experimental and control groups was approximately the same at the beginning of the formative stage of the study. During the research, a system was developed and tested, aimed at enhancing the level of physical readiness for school in older preschool children, with active use of sports games elements. The proposed system of work involved organizing activities with children through play and was implemented sequentially across three interrelated stages: introductory, active, and creative. By the end of the study, the results in the CG and EG were as follows: a high level of physical readiness was shown by 46% of children in the EG and 24% in the CG, a medium level by 42% in the EG and 52% in the CG, and a low level by 12% in the EG and 24% in the CG.

Biological Parameters and Feeding Potential of Micromus timidus Hagen (Neuroptera: Hemerobiidae) on Selected Aphid Species

In the present study, we investigated on the developmental biology, adult longevity and fecundity of Micromus timidus Hagen on Aphis craccivora (Koch), Aphis gossypii Glover, Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) and Uroleucon compositae (Theobald) at room temperature (28±20C) and relative humidity of 70%. The study design followed was completely randomized design (CRD). The study was conducted with three replications with 10 larvae in each replication for biology studies and for adult parameters 3 replications with 10 pairs in each replication used. Shortest incubation period, II instar and III instar duration, total larval period, pre-pupal period, and egg to adult period of M. timidus were recorded on A. craccivora, shortest I instar duration was recorded on U. compositae and least pupal period on A. gossypii. The developmental periods for all trait were extended when fed on R. maidis. The reproductive traits viz., oviposition period and adult longevity (male and female) were maximum when M. timidus adults fed on A. gossypii, and the highest fecundity was recorded when fed on A. craccivora. Feeding potential in M. timidus increases progressively across successive instars, with III instar larvae exhibiting the highest aphid predation rate, and first instar larvae displaying the lowest feeding activity. The maximum feeding potential of the larva was noted on A. craccivora (142.47 ± 31.66), while, the adult feeding potential increased when it was given with A. gossypii (1335.10 ± 192.74).

ZNF143-mediated upregulation of MEX3C promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression

BackgroundMicrovascular invasion is strongly associated with aggressive tumor behavior and recurrence in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. Zinc finger protein 143(ZNF143) is a transcription factor involved in a wide variety of physiological and developmental processes. This study primarily focuses on the exact biological role and mechanism of ZNF143 in HCC migration and invasion. MethodsThe expression and prognosis of ZNF143 in HCC patients were analyzed. The levels of ZNF143, mex-3 RNA binding family member C (MEX3C) were quantified by western blot and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Cell migration ability was detected by wound- healing assay. Matrigel transwell assay was conducted to evaluate the invasion of HCC cells. The differential expression genes of ZNF143 overexpression and knockdown were screened by mRNA profiling analysis. Dual luciferase assay was performed to determine the promoter activity of MEX3C. The enrichment of ZNF143 at MEX3C promoter was determined by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP). ResultsZNF143 is overexpressed in HCC tissues and that its overexpression is correlated with poorer prognosis, especially in HCC patients with higher tumor grades and microvascular invasion. Gain- and loss-of function experiments showed that ZNF143 promotes migration and invasion in HCC cells. mRNA profiling showed that ZNF143 significantly upregulates MEX3C. ZNF143 was positively correlated with MEX3C expression in HCC tissue. ZNF143 activates MEX3C transcription by directly binding to its promoter. MEX3C knockdown inhibited migration and invasion induced by ZNF143 overexpression in HCC cells. ConclusionZNF143 promotes HCC cell migration and invasion by binding to MEX3C promoter and activating its expression.

Bridging the Gap Between Policy and Practice: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Local Wisdom Integration in Pasuruan City's Urban Planning Regulations

The Pasuruan City Government, rich in historical and cultural heritage, aims to integrate local wisdom into spatial planning through Regional Regulation Number 4 of 2021 (Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Daerah or RPJMD 2021-2026) and Regional Regulation Number 1 of 2022 (Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah or RTRW 2021-2041). However, these policies often prioritize colonial heritage over local traditional culture. This study uses Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) to examine the formulation, implementation, and community impact of these policies. CDA reveals the power dynamics, ideologies, and specific interests within policy discourse. The research analyzes the government's policy direction and sensitivity towards local wisdom, focusing on the discourse content and structure in the RPJMD and RTRW documents, as well as their intertextuality. Findings indicate a greater emphasis on preserving colonial-era buildings rather than local traditional culture. Recommendations include developing inclusive policies that balance physical infrastructure development with the preservation and promotion of local culture.

Policy, intervention, and management in addressing stunting in children: A systematic review

Stunting is a chronic malnutrition problem caused by a lack of nutrients over a long period. This leads to problems later in life, resulting in difficulty in achieving optimal physical and cognitive development. This study analyzes policies, interventions, and addresses of child stunting in Asian, African, and American countries through a systematic review. The design used is a systematic review, articles are collected using electronic databases such as ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, ProQuest, PubMed, and SAGE from 2019-2023 using the keywords policy, management, and stunting. As the results of the literature review to reduce stunting rates, stunting policies and programs focus on food security, decentralization of the health system, availability of health services and access to health services, maternal education, access to water, hygiene, sanitation, maternal nutrition, and poverty alleviation—appropriate policy implementation results of holistic and comprehensive policy formulation. Stunting prevention requires cross-program and cross-sector collaboration and is carried out comprehensively.

KH.M.'S Educational Concept Hasyim Asy'ari's Perspective on the Jihad of Ibn Qoyyim Al Jauziyyah

This study explores the educational evaluations of KH. Hasyim Asy'ari in the context of jihad, as conceptualized by Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah. The research focuses on four key aspects of evaluation: spiritual, intellectual, physical, and social, examining how these align with the broader concept of jihad. KH. Hasyim Asy'ari's holistic approach to education emphasizes the integration of spiritual, intellectual, physical, and social development to produce balanced individuals who can contribute to society and practice Islamic principles. Spiritual evaluation focuses on self-purification and closeness to Allah, intellectual evaluation emphasizes mastery of knowledge, physical evaluation highlights the importance of fitness and readiness, and social evaluation promotes contributions to the welfare of society. By aligning these educational goals with the concept of jihad, the study reveals how education serves as a powerful tool for character development, fostering a balance between spiritual growth and worldly responsibilities. The findings suggest that KH. Hasyim Asy'ari's educational model, deeply rooted in Islamic teachings, provides a comprehensive framework for preparing individuals to contribute both to their faith and society, encouraging continuous self-improvement and reflection.

Moment-to-moment cascades: Infants' real-time locomotor posture structures opportunities for joint object play with caregivers.

Developmental cascades-the view that development in one domain can induce change in another-provide unique flexibility for researchers to examine relations among multiple behaviors. Research using this theoretical framework has demonstrated that changes in infant locomotor development are met with concomitant changes in infants' interactions with objects and caregivers. However, little is known about how infants' real-time locomotor actions organize these larger associations across developmental time. This study mapped the progression of one potential moment-to-moment cascade pathway linking changes in infant locomotion, access to objects and caregivers, and joint object play. We observed 30 infant-caregiver dyads during three monthly sessions across the transition to walking (Minfant age = 11.98 months, range = 8.74-14.86) and examined whether and how infants' real-time locomotor actions shaped the unfolding of the cascade. Infants moved more frequently in supported upright postures (i.e., cruising, supported walking) compared to crawling at the prewalking session and compared to walking at walk onset. However, infants preferred to walk after spending 1 month as walkers. Regardless of how they moved, infants regularly encountered objects and caregivers during everyday exploration. But there was an effect of locomotor posture on joint object play. Specifically, dyads were most likely to engage in object play after supported upright bouts at the prewalking and walk onset sessions, but at the final walking session, they were most likely to do so after walking bouts. Taken together, this in-depth examination of moment-to-moment cascades highlights the contributions of the many timescales that drive developmental processes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Relationship between anthropometric indicators and respiratory muscle strength in chronic heart failure

Objective. To determine, according to anthropometry, caliperometry, and dynamometry, the parameters determining individual physical development and somatotypes, as well as to identify their relationship with the strength of the respiratory muscles (RM) in the initial and clinically pronounced stages of chronic heart failure (CHF) with a preserved left ventricular ejection fraction. Materials and methods. 58 patients of both sexes aged 45 to 72 years were examined. The patients were divided into two groups: the main group (patients with CHF) and the comparison group (patients without CHF). All patients underwent anthropometric measurements, caliperometry, and dynamometry. The strength of RM was determined. Statistical processing was carried out using nonparametric methods. The indicators were considered reliable at p < 0.05. Results. When determining somatotypes, a high incidence of endomorphic type was revealed in patients with CHF with a preserved left ventricular ejection fraction. The indices of RM strength did not significantly differ in both groups. The analysis of anthropometry parameters revealed high values in patients with weakness of inspiratory and expiratory muscles in CHF with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction. Conclusion. (1) Endomorphic somatotype was more common in patients with clinically pronounced CHF with preserved ejection fraction. (2) In the patients with CHF and RM weakness, the level of the N-terminal fragment of natriuretic cerebral propeptide was higher compared to the patients with CHF with a preserved fraction of the left ventricle with preserved RM strength (p = 0.05). (3) With an increase in the functional class of CHF, the tendency to decrease the strength of inspiratory muscles increases (F = 3,3; p = 0,027). (4) In all examined patients, a positive correlation was found between the strength of RM and the results of carpal dynamometry. In the CHF patients with preserved left ventricular fraction, anthropometry parameters correlated only with the maximum expiratory pressure (MEP), while those in patients without CHF correlated both with maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP) and MEP.