Development Of Technical Systems Research Articles

Time factor in critical modes of radio electronic system functioning

Introduction. At the present stage of the development of technical systems, it is important to predict their development, quality, and process characteristics. This also applies to radio electronic systems. Sufficiently unfavorable situations for the functioning of radio electronic systems arise in the context of information conflicts, when it becomes necessary to predict the consequences of information loss or the effect of deliberate interference on the capabilities of radio electronic systems. In critical situations the time factor plays a significant role. On the one hand, information that comes with a delay and loses its relevance. From another point of view, it is necessary to carry out the assigned task within the prescribed time. Thus, the task of determining time indicators of the functioning of radio electronic systems in critical regimes remains urgent and requires further research. Problem statement. Take into account that the effectiveness of the radio electronic systems functioning can be estimated by the performing the task probability. In the process of information flow this probability increases and asymptotically come close to one. In critical modes of operation due to the uncertainty and unpredictability of emerging situations the processing time of information increases. Thus the available information which is perceived by the system is different from the information that is provided by the regular mode. It is necessary to find out the influence of time on processing information on the regularity of the change in the probability of accomplishing the task. It is necessary to estimate the radio electronic operation time, which is necessary to perform the task. It is necessary to set restrictions on the processing time of information and to clarify the requirements for the main parameters that characterize the operation of radio electronic systems in critical modes. From a practical point of view it is necessary to compare real and potential indicators of radio electronic systems and to provide for the possibility of predicting the consequences of their functioning critical modes. Results. On the basis of the informational approach to the analysis of processes in radio electronic systems, the main relations regarding the necessary time of their work and the restrictions on the information delay time are established. Typical situations of critical operating modes of radio electronic systems and the effect of false or lost information on their qualitative characteristics are analyzed. Indicators of a systems operation stable mode are defined. System information analysis of processes using typical forecasting models and the method of analogies is carried out. The effectiveness of the radio electronic systems depends on the amount and value of information that comes to them in the process of functioning. Taking into account the peculiarities of the work of the radio electronic systems In critical operating modes, we will consider useful information and misleading or lost information. Analysis of the work of systems with feedback in the conditions of information delay, allowed to set limits on the permissible delay time, determine the efficiency and the required operating time of the systems. For systems with information losses in the information conflict context in conditions of information capacities increasing and delaying the reaction of one of the parties to the conflict the following indicators are established: real and potential systems efficiency; limitations on the possible efficiency of systems; admissible delay time of reaction by one of the parties to the conflict; necessary time for the performance of the assigned functional task. Conclusions. The obtained results show that in critical modes of the functioning of radio electronic systems, the factor influences both the radio electronic systems performance indicators and their potential capabilities. For information systems that extract information, it became possible to take into account the time that is necessary for processing information, use a typical predictive model for the regularity of increasing the information amount and determine the efficiency and necessary time of the system operating. These results can be used in the process of the radio electronic systems modernization and at the initial stage of radio electronic systems designing.

From multi-utility to cross-utilities: The challenges of cross-sectoral entrepreneurial strategies in a German city

In the water and energy sectors, projects geared towards new forms of cross-sectoral functioning have boomed in most European countries over the past decade, and have deeply transformed the ecology of urban services. These projects are often considered as an answer to a rising challenge affecting numerous traditional utilities: the unforeseen urban change relating to shifting (i.e. declining) demand patterns that are undermining traditional models of infrastructure management. The development of cross-sectoral strategies is considered a way both to tackle the attrition of traditional sources of revenue and to develop greener infrastructure systems by enhancing their efficiency level, often in line with low-carbon programmes implemented by national or local governments. The appeal lies in a fairly static perception of infrastructure management and technological change. Based on a detailed analysis of a traditional German local multi-utility and informed by a six-month internship within the company, the article deciphers the rationale of multi-sectoral practices, in particular the company’s transformation into a cross-utility that devised a common strategy for all its infrastructure networks and its ambiguities. Various facets of such ‘boundary work’ are analysed, focusing on organisational and financial aspects to reveal the new sites of tensions and negotiations between sectors, but also on the material component of these cross-sectoral projects through the case of one such nexus programme, a waste-to-energy programme. This programme embodies the potential contradictions between the call for reduced use of resources (i.e. the production of less waste) and the development of new urban technical systems relying primarily on those same resources.

The impact of human capital management factors and conservation culture on the energy efficiency of industrial interprises

In recent years, there has been a noticeable increase in implementation of business models based on the principles of sustainable development in order to provide harmonious joint development of human resources, organizational culture and technical production systems. In this paper we analyze the impact of human resource management practices, the energy saving culture and employee knowledge in the field of energy efficiency on the ability of Russian industrial enterprises to achieve energy management goals. The methods used include factor analysis and modeling of structural equations (SEM); the authors developed a questionnaire for measuring the influence of internal intellectual factors: human resources, culture, and knowledge on the energy efficiency of industrial production. For the first time in the literature, based on the SEM method, the impact of human resource management practices on energy performance has been assessed. The empirical base of the research includes the materials of a managers and technical specialists survey in 14 Russian industrial companies in the period from 2016 to the spring of 2017. The results of the analysis show that employee training, the development of energy efficiency competencies and the internal exchange of knowledge on energy conservation issues have a significant impact on the achievement of energy policy objectives by enterprises.

Automated skin melanoma diagnostics based on mathematical model of artificial convolutional neural network

In the last 10 years there has been a revolu on in the fi eld of computer image analysis and pa ern recogni on. Modern algorithms of computer vision equaled and even in some problems surpassed human capabili es. This jerk is largely due to the emergence and development of the technology of deep convolu onal neural networks.Recent developments in the fi eld of image processing and machine learning open up the prospect of crea ng systems based on ar fi cial neural convolu onal networks, superior to humans in problems of image classifi ca on, in par cular, in solving problems of analysis of various medical images. Among the most promising applica ons: automated recogni on and classifi ca on of skin diseases, detec on of pathologies on X-ray, CT, MRI, ultrasound imaging. In the proposed project, we will focusour a en on on the diagnosis of human skin diseases.At the moment, melanoma is one of the most dangerous types of malignant tumors of the skin with a lot of deaths due to rapid metastasis, which is difficult to treat. The development of computer vision technology has allowed the development of technical vision systems that allow detec on and classifi ca on of skin diseases with a quality that is comparable and in some cases exceeds the values a ained by man.In this paper, the authors propose an algorithm for the primary diagnosis of skin melanoma based on deep neural networks, achieving an accuracy of 91% for melanoma in dermatoscopic images. At the moment, the algorithm is implemented programma cally and is used in the test version of the online system for detec ng and classifying skin diseases, available at skincheckup.online.Thanks to this development, the prospect of a signifi cantincrease in the propor on of people subjected to preven ve examina on for the presence of skin diseases opens up. Along with this, an addi onal source of informa on for specialized professionals can also play a role in seng the right diagnosis.

The Influence of Modern Technical Systems in Vehicles on Road Safety

A vehicle is a very complex technical system with several aspects. The basic purpose of each motor vehicle, is its primary goal to ensure the safety of the vehicle and, therefore, the safety of all traffic users. In order to achieve the basic goal, in the latest motor vehicle engineer development, during the development itself to the ultimate serial production, considerable attention is paid to the development and improvement of technical systems that help and improve vehicle management, and improve the control of the dynamic movement of vehicles. The ABS system (Anti-lock Braking System) is a precursor to the development of these systems, based on which a whole spectrum of active management systems has been developed. There is an overview of positive impacts of some system on the vehicle safety. Influence of the system of the active safety of traffic is presented through the correlative interaction between the number of traffic accidents with light bodily injuries, number of the light injured persons and number of vehicles possessing ABS and/or ESP system and number of traffic accidents and their consequences in the Republic of Srpska. The results showed that there is a strong correlation between the number of traffic accidents with light bodily injuries, number of light bodily injuries and number of vehicles possessing ABS and/or ESP system. Furthermore, the results showed that the increase of number of the registered vehicles increases the percentage of vehicles possessing the mentioned systems. Safety of vehicles is a very important factor of the traffic safety. Decrease of the average age of the fleet contributes to the great extent to the decrease of a number of the traffic accidents and their consequences.

DIAGNOSIS OF SUBSTANCES, WHICHCHARACTERIZE THE PROPERTIESOF INDEPENDENT OBSERVATION AND CONTROL

Modern practice of the development of technical systems, and electrical engineering in particular, shows that their reliability is laid at the design stage and is ensured at the stage of production. The imperfection of production technology and viola-tion of operating modes can lead to the appearance of various defects in the finished systems. Thus, the diagnosis of a technicalob-ject (system) must necessarily be present at all stages of its life cycle.Therefore, various workson ensuring the process of diagnosing the technical system is carried out in its design, manufacturing, testing and operation. At the same time, the purpose of the diagnosis is to maintain the necessary level of indicators of the technical state of the system. At the design stage, the main task of diagnosing is to provide the possibility of a potential diagnosis of the system being designed, and at the stage of production and operation, the current control of its performance.The constant increase in the complexity of technical systems, due to the increase and complica-tion of the functions performed, the improvement of production technology, the increase ofrequirements to quality indicators, etc., leads to the complication of methods and diagnostic tools that provide the necessary properties of systemsFor the diagnosis of elec-trical devices, methods such as: peripheral scanning, automatic generation of samples, built-in self-scanning, as well as methods of parametric identification, fault control methods, evaluation methods, etc. are used. Many of these methods are characterized by the following disadvantages: significant amount of computations, the need toaccess all nodes of the electrical circuit, the sensitivity to the errors of the calculations, and, as a consequence, the complexity of practical implementation. In addition, a significant spread in the diagnosis of electrical devices acquired a method ofreference, based on the finding of a set of values of voltages or currents at the control points of those of them closest to the values obtained during measurement in the device being diagnosed.Despite the considerable achievements in the field of diagnosing the technical state of the systems, the relevance of theoretical research and the practical application of diagnostic methods as the basic principles for ensuring the necessary quality indicators of systems (and elec-trotechnical, in particular) and increasing the reliability of estimates of the technical condition of the latter remains determinative at the present time.Conditions of independent monitoring and control are considered and investigated, which ensure the possibility of conducting a diagnostic experiment without the withdrawal of a controlled system from operation.

Feature-Based Framework for Inspection Process Planning.

Feature-based approaches have been profusely used in the last decades to incorporate domain-specific knowledge in the design and development of technical systems that, according to the new Concurrent Engineering approaches, involves not only the definition of the product, but also of the required manufacturing/inspection/assembly process and the corresponding production system. Although the ability of feature-based modeling to ease and integrate knowledge intensive processes has always been recognised, in practise the different feature-based modeling proposals are strongly dependent on the domain and on the development stage of the solution (conceptual, detailed, etc.). On the other hand, inspection process planning, including the design and selection of the technical system to realize the dimensional and geometrical verification of the manufactured artefacts, has been traditionally considered separately from the rest of the manufacturing process planning, and even also from the product functional specification tasks. In this work, a feature-based framework for inspection process planning, based on a similar approach to the one applied in GD&T (Geometrical Dimensioning & Tolerancing) specification, analysis and validation of product artefacts, is presented. With this work, the proposed framework and feature concept ability to model interaction components belonging to both the product and the inspection system (inspection solution) is proved. Moreover, to facilitate the Collaborative and Integrated Development of Product-Process-Resource, the Inspection Feature has been conceived as a specialization of a generic Feature previously proposed by the authors.

Melestarikan Batik Tradisional Rifa'iyah Sebagai Identitas Budaya Komunitas Rifa'iyah

There are various types of batik in Indonesia. One of them is Rifa’iyah batik produced by Rifa’iyah community in Kalipucang Wetan, Batang, Central Java. It gets the strong influence of Islam. It is classical batik since the motifs persist from one generation to another generation. This research focuses on the preservation of batik as the cultural identity of Rifa’iyah community. By using the paradigm of constructivism, cultural identity theory, and methods of phenomenology, the researcher intends to understand the preservation effort of batik Rifa’iyah. Data were collected based on observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation study. Data analysis was done by coding system development technique. This study found that members of the batik Rifa’iyah community still admit batik as their cultural identity. But nowadays young batik artists have increasingly reduced, so it is feared that no one will preserve batik Rifa’iyah in the future. Various efforts to maintain it among others are by forming Rifa’iyah batik maker community serving as coordinating institution, organizing batik workshop for batik makers, attending batik exhibition, opening free batik class for elementary students, and motivating teenagers to appreciate batik as their cultural heritage.

Drivers' Visual Search Behavior Toward Vulnerable Road Users at Junctions as a Function of Cycling Experience.

Objectives:The current study investigated the behavior and visual attention of two groups of drivers with differing pedal cycling experience (pedal cyclists and nonpedal cyclists) towards vulnerable road users at junctions in a driving simulator.Background:Pedal cyclists and motorcyclists are involved in a disproportionate number of crashes given the distance they travel, with a high proportion of these crashes occurring at junctions. Many studies have found that car drivers who also hold a motorcycle license have increased awareness towards motorcycles.Methods:The task involved approaching a T-junction and turning right when it was deemed to be safe. In Study 1, the junction was controlled by a give way sign, and in Study 2, the junction was controlled by a stop sign. Each T-junction contained a target vehicle (car, motorcycle, or pedal cycle), approaching from a near, medium, or far distance from the junction.Results:Participants did not look at pedal cycles approaching from a far distance for as long as they looked at approaching motorcycles and cars, despite all vehicles travelling at identical speeds. No differences were found between pedal cyclists and nonpedal cyclists on any visual attention measures, indicating that pedal cycling experience was not associated with differences in drivers’ attention toward pedal cycles.Conclusions:Findings have implications for road safety, demonstrating subtle differences in drivers’ everyday visual attention toward differing vehicle types.Applications:This research has the potential to inform the development of in-car technical assistive systems, improving the safety of vulnerable road users at junctions.

Method of identification of patent trends based on descriptions of technical functions

The use of the global patent space to determine the scientific and technological priorities for the technical systems development (identifying patent trends) allows one to forecast the direction of the technical systems development and, accordingly, select patents of priority technical subjects as a source for updating the technical functions database and physical effects database. The authors propose an original method that uses as trend terms not individual unigrams or n-gram (usually for existing methods and systems), but structured descriptions of technical functions in the form “Subject-Action-Object” (SAO), which in the authors’ opinion are the basis of the invention.

Learning probabilistic models for model checking: an evolutionary approach and an empirical study

Many automated system analysis techniques (e.g., model checking, model-based testing) rely on first obtaining a model of the system under analysis. System modeling is often done manually, which is often considered as a hindrance to adopt model-based system analysis and development techniques. To overcome this problem, researchers have proposed to automatically “learn” models based on sample system executions and shown that the learned models can be useful sometimes. There are however many questions to be answered. For instance, how much shall we generalize from the observed samples and how fast would learning converge? Or, would the analysis result based on the learned model be more accurate than the estimation we could have obtained by sampling many system executions within the same amount of time? Moreover, how well does learning scale to real-world applications? If the answer is negative, what are the potential methods to improve the efficiency of learning? In this work, we first investigate existing algorithms for learning probabilistic models for model checking and propose an evolution-based approach for better controlling the degree of generalization. Then, we present existing approaches to learn abstract models to improve the efficiency of learning for scalability reasons. Lastly, we conduct an empirical study in order to answer the above questions. Our findings include that the effectiveness of learning may sometimes be limited and it is worth investigating how abstraction should be done properly in order to learn abstract models.

Research and development techniques for early-warning satellite systems using concurrent engineering

An early-warning satellite system is a complex project that requires the participation of many aerospace academies and scientific institutions. In terms of software programming, this study proposes a new simulation integrated management platform for the analysis of parallel and distributed systems. The platform facilitates the design and testing of both applications and architectures. To improve the efficiency of project development, new early-warning satellite systems are designed based on the simulation integrated management platform. In terms of project management, this study applies concurrent engineering theory to aerospace engineering and presents a method of collaborative project management. Finally, through a series of experiments, this study validates the simulation integrated management platform, models, and project management method. Furthermore, the causes of deviation and prevention methods are explained in detail. The proposed simulation platform, models, and project management method provide a foundation for further validations of autonomous technology in space attack–defense architecture research.

Approach to maturity assessing of community-based local development network sytem’s

In order to find out and evaluate various aspects of the development of social and technical systems, a wide range of approaches has been developed in recent years.Models that describe the stages (levels) of the organization’s development, called Maturity Models. Currently, the International Organization for Standardization defines the concept of «maturity model» as a model that reflects the necessary elements of effective processes and describes the way for continuous improvement from immature processes to regulated mature processes with improved qualities and efficiency. In the conditions of decentralization in Ukraine, a key role in the implementation of the community-based approach to local development starts to play a complex of network systems that are currently being formed. Maturity models may also be used to assess the degree of such systems’ development and determine the directions for their further improvement. The study highlighted that the beginning of the 21st century has given rise to a large number of research and practical implementation of the maturity models proposed by academics and professional organizations: technological, project, process, organizational, etc. Consequently, the article deals with the issues related to the definition of peculiarities of the community-based network systems’ assessment, which have not yet found sufficient work in the specialized publications on public administration in Ukraine. On the basis of the modern approaches to the organizational maturity assessment the study proposed the development of an approach to determining the levels of the local development network systems’ maturity. Moreover, the study suggested a Prism model of a community-based local development network systems’ maturity. This model provides the possibility of using maturity matrices in three dimensions, which ensure the success of activities in this area: maturity in the community-based local development; project maturity; network interaction maturity. To measure, it this study proposed to use four levels of a qualitative scale: «know» – «understand» – «use» – «develop». As a result, prospects for further research are defined: the further elaboration of a maturity indicators’ complex of community-based local development network system Maturity Model and the formation of corresponding matrices with a description of the characteristics of each level and transitions to the next level of maturity are determined.

Development of technical and economic systems in construction and their homeostatic balance

Development of technical and economic systems, their direction and functionality is a continuous process of transition from one condition to another, includes random components, which got different impact on the trajectory of growth. In this work, we performed analysis of element of technical and economic system (construction sphere) at the level of the economic entity. Overcoming negative phenomena in the sustainable growth of technical and economic systems is closely connected with the successful solution of tasks in investment and construction sphere, based on an effective management.

Technical Systems Development Risk Factors: The Role of Empowering Leadership in Lowering Developers’ Stress

The success of information systems development (ISD) projects depends on the developers who deliver them. However, developers face many challenges in bringing an ISD project to successful completion. These projects are often large and highly complex, with volatile targets, creating a stressful environment for developers. Although prior literature has considered how technical ISD risk factors, such as project size, complexity, and target volatility, affect team- and project-level outcomes, their effects on developers have received limited attention. This gap in the literature is problematic for two reasons: (1) the interplay between developers and project characteristics are unaccounted for, resulting in an incomplete picture of ISD; and (2) developer stress has been shown to reduce team performance. In this research, we examine the role of empowering leadership in reducing developer stress in ISD. We develop a multilevel model of the effect of empowering leadership on the relationship between technical ISD risk factors and developers’ role perceptions, and explore the consequences for developers’ stress. The model was tested in a field study of 350 developers in 73 ISD teams from a large U.S.-based firm. Results showed that empowering leadership ameliorated the negative effects of project size and target volatility on role ambiguity as well as the negative effects of project size, complexity, and target volatility on role conflict and stress. We also found that empowering leadership reduced role ambiguity, role conflict, and stress directly, and that role ambiguity and role conflict increased stress. Project size, complexity, and target volatility were found to increase empowering leadership behaviors. We conclude that empowering leadership can be an effective means of helping developers cope with technical ISD risk factors and discuss the implications of our findings for research and practice. The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.2017.0716 .

Common Challenges in Ethical Practice when Testing Technology with Human Participants: Analyzing the Experiences of a Local Ethics Committee

Abstract Ethical aspects are of key importance in research and the development of technical systems. They play a major role when the societal impact of innovative products and new technologies is considered. However, ethics are already essential during technology development, especially when testing these technologies with human participants. The latter is becoming increasingly important when applying for project funding and for publishing peer reviewed journal papers. Responding to these needs, a local ethics committee at the Department of Psychology and Ergonomics at Technische Universität Berlin was founded in 2009. In this paper, we present an analysis of common pitfalls and blind spots that were detected by reviewers of this ethics committee. We studied the reviews of 98 applications for ethical approval. Results show that researchers (a) often lack concrete knowledge about potential ethical issues of their research and (b) that they might benefit from convenient tools to address relevant ethical challenges at early stages of product design. Based on the results of our analysis, we propose a set of six simple rules that can help to detect and to overcome most of the frequently appearing ethical issues.

VARIOUS ASPECTS OF INTELLIGENT COLLABORATIVE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS

In connection with the transition to a knowledge-based economy, at a time when a key factor in the development of society is the accumulated human knowledge and skills, as well as the availability of a wide range of users, intelligent systems are becoming very popular. Accordingly, the demand of the ergonomic and effective means of designing this class system is growing as well. The most time-consuming and most important stage of intelligent system development is the formation of the system knowledge base which ultimately determines the efficiency and quality of the entire intelligent system. Knowledge representation and processing models and methods as well as the intelligent system development techniques operating on the basis of these methods and models have a crucial role in relation to this. 
 The article explores the different aspects of intelligent collaborative educational systems, describes the overall structure of an intelligent collaborative educational system and reflects the different steps of development the system.

Development of the methods for improvement of tram energomechanical performance by implementation of new tram crossings

Repair efficiency improvement consists in the development of technical service and repair control systems, in expansion of developments and applying of the modern means of wagon diagnostics technologies. Timely repair increases the service life of the tram and reduces material and energy losses. The issues for determination of guiding forces using computer facilities are considered, an assessment of safety for wagon movement in the curves are given

IDENTIFICATION OF DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES IN LANDSCAPE AND TECHNICAL SYSTEMS

The aim of the article is to analyze the development of ideal landscape and technical system, the isolation and characterization of the stages, which will help to identify the stages of the system.Problems of landscape and technical systems stages development were studied by F.M. Mil kov, G.I. Denysyk, Iu.V. Yatsentyuk, I.P. Kozyns ka. In their studies, the authors briefly describe the dynamics of anthropogenic landscapes development, but do not pay attention to the identification of landscape and technical systems stages of development.Scientific research is based on the use of modeling paradigm in geography. The example of an ideal landscape and technical systems shows specific features of development stages.The theoretical results of the paper have a basis for the future development of the techniques of field research of landscape and technical systems.The ability to identify landscape and technical systems stage of development allows for constructive support systems in optimum condition and ensure their long-term operation.The author analyzes the problem identification of landscape and technical systems development stages. Three stages: «genesis», functioning and «destruction» have been allocated. Each stage consists of three phases. Each stage and phase is analyzed in detail. The role of each of the three blocks (natural, technical and control) is explained at a certain stage of its development.Stage of «genesis» is starting. At this stage the design, construction and commissioning of engineering facilities are considered. Between natural and technical units of the system stable relations of matter, energy and information exchange are established.During the functioning stage connection is established between the natural, technical and control units and the category of engineering construction changes in the landscape and technical systems. The system shows signs of the relevant natural area. The phase is characterized by an optimum combination of organic functioning of the three units of the system.Stage of «destruction» is the ultimate in the development of the landscape and technical system and indicates the «aging» and moves into the category of landscape and technogenic systems. At this stage to return the system to its original state a fully functioning control unit should be established.The graph shows the duration of the operational stages in the ideal landscape and technical system of the control unit s activity. It was noted that the landscape and technical system developes in several ways. Certain phases or stages can be skipped and moved on to the next category.

About the Need of a New Look at Safety as a Goal and Constraint in Air Traffic Management

In the traditional approach to Air Traffic Management, safety is treated as a main goal. Current safety management systems are constructed according to this approach. However, with the development of technical support systems, further increasing the real level of safety is difficult for operational, technical and economic reasons. We should therefore expect that in future safety will be treated as a constraint in the process of transport systems optimization instead of a goal. The paper proposes to use the cost, the air traffic smoothness or the environmental nuisance as new criteria for characterizing the quality of air traffic. This requires both new measures of the criteria proposed and a new generation of safety performance indicators allowing quantitative comparison of the level of safety for different organizational variants of the transport system. This paper presents an analysis of the problem and the proposal for such indicators. The essence of this concept is the hierarchical combination of indicators of a very general nature with specific and specialized ones.