Policy Framework For Development Research Articles

From Ethics to Execution: The Role of Academic Librarians in Artificial Intelligence (AI) Policy-Making at Colleges and Universities

This paper highlights the importance of involving academic librarians in the development of ethical AI policies. The Academic Librarian Framework for Ethical AI Policy Development (ALF Framework) is introduced, recognizing librarians’ unique skills and expertise. The paper discusses the benefits of their involvement, including expertise in information ethics and privacy, practical experience with AI tools, and collaborations. It also addresses challenges, such as limited awareness, institutional resistance, resource constraints, interdisciplinary collaboration, and evolving AI technologies, offering practical solutions. By actively involving librarians, institutions can develop comprehensive and ethical AI policies that prioritize social responsibility and respect for human rights.

The Rural Areas of the Krasnodar Region in the Context of Spatial Development Policy: A Socio-Demographic Aspect

The development of rural areas of the Krasnodar region has to be studied within the framework of the spatial development policies implemented at the federal and regional levels and the features of social and demographic processes in the rural population of the region. The author concludes about significant structural changes in the composition of the rural population of the Kuban, which, due to the inertia of demographic processes, are not yet so noticeable today, but in the future may become irreversible. The author also notes that the development of rural areas in the region, in the presence of several general trends, is characterized by heterogeneity, which requires the development and implementation of spatial development programs considering the characteristics of specific rural areas. In addition, it should be considered that the models used in the implementation of rural development policies should consider not so much the economic component of the village (sectoral model), but focus on the development, first of all, of human capital in the unique conditions of a particular territory (neo-endogenous and territorial models).

An international comparative analysis and roadmap to sustainable biosimilar markets.

Background: Although biosimilar uptake has increased (at a variable pace) in many countries, there have been recent concerns about the long-term sustainability of biosimilar markets. The aim of this manuscript is to assess the sustainability of policies across the biosimilar life cycle in selected countries with a view to propose recommendations for supporting biosimilar sustainability. Methods: The study conducted a comparative analysis across 17 countries from North America, South America, Asia-Pacific, Europe and the Gulf Cooperation Council. Biosimilar policies were identified and their sustainability was assessed based on country-specific reviews of the scientific and grey literature, validation by industry experts and 23 international and local non-industry experts, and two advisory board meetings with these non-industry experts. Results: Given that European countries tend to have more experience with biosimilars and more developed policy frameworks, they generally have higher sustainability scores than the other selected countries. Existing approaches to biosimilar manufacturing and R&D, policies guaranteeing safe and high-quality biosimilars, exemption from the requirement to apply health technology assessment to biosimilars, and initiatives counteracting biosimilar misconceptions are considered sustainable. However, biosimilar contracting approaches, biosimilar education and understanding can be ameliorated in all selected countries. Also, similar policies are sometimes perceived to be sustainable in some markets, but not in others. More generally, the sustainability of the biosimilar landscape depends on the nature of the healthcare system and existing pharmaceutical market access policies, the experience with biosimilar use and policies. This suggests that a general biosimilar policy toolkit that ensures sustainability does not exist, but varies from country to country. Conclusion: This study proposes a set of elements that should underpin sustainable biosimilar policy development over time in a country. At first, biosimilar policies should guarantee the safety and quality of biosimilars, healthy levels of supply and a level of cost savings. As a country gains experience with biosimilars, policies need to optimise uptake and combat any misconceptions about biosimilars. Finally, a country should implement biosimilar policies that foster competition, expand treatment options and ensure a sustainable market environment.

Audit of Urological Procedures in a Tertiary Health Center

Background: Urology is a branch of medicine that focuses on the surgical and medical diseases of the geni-tourinary system. This area of specialty can be broken down into several subspecialties. The information on the spectrum of urological procedures is sparse in our environment. This study aimed todeterminethe spec-trum of urological procedures at Ladoke Akintola University of Technology Teaching Hospital Ogbomoso, Oyo State Nigeria.. The study’s objective was to determine the age and gender distribution, the type and in-dication of the procedures, and the common subspecialty categorization. This may serve as a policy frame-work for healthcare development in the field of urology, including sub-specialization. Methods: The records of patients with urological procedures between July 2013 and June 2022 were re-trieved from the hospital’s Medical Records Department. The information retrieved from case files was ana-lyzed using SPSS version 23. Results: A total of 1,069 urological procedures were done between the years under review. This comprises 998males (93.31%) and 71 females (6.64). The most common in-patient urological procedure was open sim-ple prostatectomy (14.1%, 151 patients), while the most common outpatient urological procedure was pros-tatic needle biopsy (32.74%; 350). Urethrocystocopy accounted for 7.48% (80). Suspected prostate cancer was the most common indication for these procedures (32.74%; 350), while benign prostate enlargement was the most common indication for in-patient procedures. Conclusion: The most common outpatient procedure was prostate biopsy, while the most common in-patient procedure was open simple prostatectomy..

Climate justice through climate finance? Australia’s approach to climate finance in the Pacific

Pacific Island actors have long called for climate justice in the international climate regime, particularly in the form of financial support. While climate finance can be conceptualised as a mechanism of climate justice, the extent to which climate finance does indeed contribute to climate justice is contested. We explore these contestations by looking at Australia’s development programme in the Pacific between 2010 and 2019, examining both policy documents and climate finance flows. This analysis is conducted through a climate justice lens that we conceptualise as consisting of three dimensions: adequacy, additionality, and predictability; balance between adaptation and mitigation and priority provision of adaptation finance to vulnerable recipients; and donor coordination. Our analysis shows that Australian public climate finance has not acted as a mechanism of climate justice according to our criteria in the period studied, even if does meet some criteria of climate justice. From a justice perspective, Australia has approached climate change inconsistently and at times incoherently across its development program in Pacific Island countries. These results provide important lessons for Australia’s approach going forward, under a new government and a new development policy framework.

The Development of Policy on Nursing Cross Training in a Healthcare Organization

The Policy provides a consistent framework for operational guidelines and standardized processes for decision making. Policy Development Framework provides protocols and clarifies roles and responsibilities in the policy development process. This article aims to document and discuss the process of development cross training policy formulation, including its practice and outcomes. In this policy, we developed the cross training framework including definitions, purpose and procedures that reflect the scope of policy analysis. This comprehensive conceptual framework may serve as a “road map” for researchers and healthcare policymakers who are interested in the development, monitoring, implementation, and analysis of nursing cross training policies.

Constraints faced under open and protected cultivation of vegetables- A case studyof tomatoes and capsicum in Karnataka

The present study aimed to analyze the constraints faced by farmers in the production and marketing oftomatoes and capsicum under open and protected cultivation practices in Karnataka. The study was conducted in majortwo vegetable producing districts of Karnataka. Kolar from South Karnataka and Belagavi from North Karnataka were thetwo districts selected for the study. Rank Based Quotient (RBQ) was adopted for the analysis. The results indicated thatheavy incidence of pests and diseases (RBQ value 69.44) and severe incidence of blossom end rot due to calcium deficiency(RBQ value 85.19) were the major production constraints under open and protected cultivation practices, respectively.Lack of quality planting material and requirement of intensive management practices were the other serious productionproblems under open field cultivation of tomatoes. While, incidence of fruit borer and requirement of high cost forestablishment were the production problems faced by the farmers under protected cultivation of tomatoes. Heavy drop ofimmature fruits under open cultivation and high cost of establishment under protected cultivation were the other seriousproblems faced by farmers in production of capsicum. Lower market price during peak harvesting season and high fluctuationin prices for capsicum were the serious marketing problems. Use of disease-free quality planting material, self-raising ofseedlings, utilization of calcium fertilizers and adoption of cost-effective management practices and proper portfolio managementwere the measures suggested to the farmers to overcome these problems. These findings will be helpful to the policy makersand farmers for developing policy framework and relevant guidance for promoting vegetable production in the state.

The United Kingdom’s “Tilt towards the Indo-Pacific” Strategy: Public Policy Development, Strategic Intents, and Policy Framework

<p>2023年3月，英國首相辛偉誠（2022-今）出版題為《綜合評估刷新2023：應對競爭更激烈和動盪的世界》的政策文件。這文件其實是2021年3月前首相約翰遜（2019-2022）出版首份脫歐後官方國際政策文件《競爭時代的全球英國：安全、國防、發展和外交政策的綜合回顧》的修訂版。本文旨在將這兩份英國政策文件進行處境性分析，以美國與中國競爭為大背景，從而鑒定英國政圈、公共政策圈、和國際社會內有關的事件和討論。本文也研判英國政府是否與美國拜登政府在印度－太平洋區域圍堵中國的政策對齊。最後，根據2021年3月到2023年3月間被挑選英國學者的有關討論，本文將勾勒出英國政府對印太區及中國的可能政策框架。</p> <p> </p><p>In mid-March 2023, British Prime Minister Rishi Sunak (2022-present) published the policy research paper, Integrated Review Refresh 2023: Responding to a More Contested and Volatile World. This was actually the revised version of the first official post-Brexit international policy paper published in March 2021 by former Prime Minister Boris Johnson (2019-2022), Global Britain in a Competitive Age: The Integrated Review of Security, Defence, Development and Foreign Policy. This paper aims to contextualize the related British policy discussions against the larger U.S.-China rivalrous context by identifying the relevant events and discussions within the British public policy and political circles as well as international community. It also assesses the British government’s intention by asking whether London aims to align with the Biden administration to contain China in the Indo-Pacific or not. Finally, drawing from British academic discussions taken place between March 2021 and March 2023, it will outline the British government’s possible Indo-Pacific and China policy framework.</p> <p> </p>

An attempt to develop a policy framework for the global sustainability of freshwater resources in the virtual water trade

International trade in agricultural products transfers significant virtual water flow between countries. However, it must be clarified whether countries or trade agreements take virtual water in products and goods that are traded into account. Despite unprecedented worldwide attention paid to water status, there is currently no framework for virtual water usage that may serve as the basis for global virtual water administration. The primary objective of this study is to address this research gap. This study attempted to develop an international policy framework in which political actors, governments, and private companies create shared responsibility agreements regarding water as the most fundamental natural resource for sustainable use. In this study, we performed a global assessment of the virtual water trade (VWT) of wheat from 2002 to 2021. Although previous research has hypothesized that will use the world's freshwater resources sustainably by transferring virtual water from water-abundant to water-deficient countries, However, based on the developed policy framework, we discovered that there is no positive correlation between the water abundance of virtual water exporting countries and the global sustainability of freshwater resources. A total of 68.3 % of the global VWT for wheat is unsustainable. Water-abundant countries, such as the United States, Australia, and the Russian Federation, are responsible for the greatest unsustainability in the VWT of wheat. Our results could contribute to developing decision-making tools for the global sustainability of freshwater resources used in VWT.

Analysis of Factors Affecting MSME in Using Fintech Lending as Alternative Financing: Technology Acceptance Model Approach

This study aims to determine factors impacting the intention of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in using fintech lending applications as an optional source of business financing using the technology acceptance model approach. The population in this study were MSMEs in Indonesia. Samples were taken by purposive sampling with the criteria of having used a licensed fintech lending application for business financing. The samples used were 171 samples. This study used structural equation model (SEM) as the analysis technique. The results of this study showed that Perceived Ease of Use had an impact on Perceived Usefulness but had no effect on Attitude Toward Using. The factor Perceived Usefulness had an effect on Attitude Toward Using, and Attitude Toward Using influences Behavioral Intention to Use. Fintech companies can play a role by providing education and empowerment to foster understanding of digital literacy for MSME stakeholders. The governments need to develop policy frameworks that can balance innovation and risk mitigation.

The Impact of Technological Advancements on HR Practices and Leadership in Brazil

Purpose: This study aims to examine the impact of technological advancements on HR practices and leadership in Brazil.
 Methodology: The study adopted a desktop methodology. Desk research refers to secondary data or that which can be collected without fieldwork. Desk research is basically involved in collecting data from existing resources hence it is often considered a low-cost technique as compared to field research, as the main cost is involved in executive’s time, telephone charges and directories. Thus, the study relied on already published studies, reports and statistics. This secondary data was easily accessed through the online journals and library.
 Results: The literature review shows that technology has greatly impacted HR practices and leadership in Brazil. The adoption of technology can improve recruitment, training, and performance management, as well as facilitate remote work and enhance communication within organizations. Effective leaders must possess skills to identify relevant technology, manage change, and foster innovation. However, challenges such as infrastructure, access to technology, and resistance to change exist. Further research is needed to understand these barriers and how to overcome them. Overall, technology has the potential to transform HR practices and leadership in Brazil.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: This study highlights the impact of technological advancements on HR practices and leadership in Brazil. It emphasizes the need for organizations to adapt and incorporate technology in their HR practices and the role of leadership in driving this transformation. The study identifies the importance of technology in improving recruitment, performance management, and employee development, leading to improved organizational performance and employee satisfaction. Leaders must effectively communicate the benefits of technology and provide necessary training and support. The findings inform policy makers and organizations on strategies to leverage technology, prioritizing investments in infrastructure and skills development. The study provides a theoretical framework and practical insights for future research and policy development aimed at improving HR practices and leadership in Brazil.

The Impact of Effective Leadership on Employee Motivation and Job Satisfaction in Kenya

Purpose: The study was to investigate the impact of effective leadership on employee motivation and job satisfaction in Kenya.
 Methodology: The study adopted a desktop methodology. Desk research refers to secondary data or that which can be collected without fieldwork. Desk research is basically involved in collecting data from existing resources hence it is often considered a low-cost technique as compared to field research, as the main cost is involved in executive’s time, telephone charges and directories. Thus, the study relied on already published studies, reports and statistics. This secondary data was easily accessed through the online journals and library.
 Results: The literature review indicates that effective leadership, specifically transformational leadership, positively impacts employee motivation and job satisfaction in Kenya's public and private sectors. Perceived organizational support, self-efficacy, and effective communication also contribute to employee well-being. However, there are methodological gaps in existing research, emphasizing the need for more rigorous research design and methodology. Further research is needed to investigate the impact of effective leadership on employee motivation and job satisfaction in Kenya and to develop evidence-based policies and interventions aimed at improving employee well-being and organizational performance.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: This study emphasizes the impact of effective leadership, specifically transformational leadership practices, perceived organizational support, self-efficacy, and communication, on employee well-being and organizational performance in Kenya. The study identifies methodological gaps in the literature and suggests the need for more rigorous research designs. These findings can inform evidence-based policies and interventions to improve employee motivation and job satisfaction in Kenya. Organizations should adopt transformational leadership practices and provide a supportive work environment, while policy makers should prioritize the development of effective leadership training programs and policies that promote employee well-being and organizational performance. This study provides a theoretical framework and practical insights for future research and policy development.

Turning challenges into opportunities: mental health and coping styles among Filipino youth during pandemic towards program and policy development framework

The pandemic of COVID-19 represents a direct and indirect global crisis, affecting the physical and psychological health of young people directly and indirectly. Significant restrictions and rules imposed to respond to the prompt growth of COVID-19, mainly social constraints, have represented a risk factor for developing depressive and anxious symptoms. Beyond getting sick, many young people’s social, emotional, and mental well-being has been impacted by the pandemic. Trauma at this developmental stage may have long-term consequences across their lifespan triggered by physical distancing, loss of security and safety, and missed significant life events. Changes in routines and educational challenges triggered a problem with Filipino youth’s mental health. The researcher aims to assess Filipino youth’s mental health status and to investigate the effects of Covid-19 pandemic. A descriptive correlation study was conducted to describe and measure levels of mental health (depression, anxiety, and stress) and coping strategies among Filipino youth as basis for psycho-social intervention programs. The results emphasized the consequences of promoting mental wellness and psychological tactics due to the unanticipated nature of stressful event and emotional responses. The study used of standardized scales such as DASS-21 and Brief Cope Inventory respectively. The survey administered randomly to 200 Filipino youths ages 12 to 17, 80 of which are males and 120 are females. The findings and insights discussed a great addition to the growing knowledge of young people’s mental health and program and policy development for youth protection and intervention in the local settings.

Funding Open Educational Resources in Higher Education: A South African Public Policy Perspective

The direct crediting of book allowances to student accounts was, among other reasons, underpinned by the belief that students would be able to substitute prescribed study material with online content. The article attempts to understand if the local open educational resources (OER) funding policy environment was prepared for this significant transformation. The paper applied a critical theory paradigm and a documentary research strategy to identify policy-level documents on OER funding in the South African higher education sector. Content analysis was then applied to review what they said about OER funding. These outcomes were then measured against the National Policy Development Framework 2020, which also dominated the study’s conceptual framework. The study’s significant findings were that the OER funding policy did not meet the policymaking principles of the framework, and this exposed Higher Education to a poorly funded OER environment. The study recommended hastening the finalization of OER policy and the flexible application of current policy terms to include OER as a fundable higher education cause.

Implications of Performance-based Financing Implementation for Maternal and Child Health Outcomes in Nigeria: A Scoping Review

Background: Performance-based financing (PBF) is seen as an open health system reformtailored to suit the needs of countries, even in a fragile context. It is thought to have the ability to address the strategic challenges of the sustainable development goals. This study explored the implementation of PBF in order to determine whether it improves maternal and child health outcomes in the Nigerian context.
 Methods: This was a scoping literature review of online multiple databases and programme implementation documents. Six databases and an online library were searched using 30 key words, alone and in combination using Boolean terms. Thirty articles and five implementation documents were screened. At the end, 25 published articles and five implementation documents were reviewed. An adapted World Bank PBF conceptual framework was used for the review.
 Results: We found mixed results across most of the service indicators consistent with findings in most lower, middle income countries. In both pilot states, the quality of health services, mainly technical, improved remarkably. There was improved utilisation of maternal and child health services, particularly institutional delivery, modern contraceptives and under-five vaccination. However, client dimension of quality was reportedly poor. The study found no impact of PBF on equity.
 Conclusion: Collaborative partnership to develop policy frameworks for demand-side incentives to ensure equitable access to health services and sustainability of the project is essential. We further recommend that more incentives be paid for client quality dimension.

Good governance for sustainable blue economy in small islands: Lessons learned from the Seychelles experience

The blue economy has emerged as an influential global concept. It is commonly understood to relate to the development of the ocean in a manner which also addresses concerns about ocean health in the face of increasing demands on ocean resources, marine pollution, and climate change. While the blue economy holds potential to act as an integrating policy framework for the sustainable development of the ocean, to date, there are limited examples of implementation in practice to test the usefulness of the concept. Based on a typology of “good governance” adapted from existing global typologies, we investigated the role of blue economy governance in enabling integration. We used a mixed methods approach to explore the experience of Seychelles, a blue economy early adopter, combining policy and institutional analysis, semistructured interviews with key actors and partners, and country fieldwork. Our analysis shows that from its inception, Seychelles' vision of blue economy was a transformative model of development based on the protection and sustainable use of ocean resources for the benefit of Seychellois, consistent with the SDGs. Thanks to early political leadership and international engagement, the adoption of the blue economy concept was successful in raising awareness of the ocean health and its connection to people and the economy, and in establishing the basis of a national blue economy “architecture,” which helped secure innovative finance for implementation. Transitioning to implementation, several governance challenges emerged, which included maintaining high-level political momentum, stakeholder engagement, and institutional coordination and capacity. While some governance barriers to effective integration may be unique to Seychelles, some are common to SIDS, and others are found in a range of governance settings. Seychelles international visibility has brought high expectations, not always commensurate with local aspirations, capabilities, and jurisdictional responsibilities. Bridging the gap between global expectations and local realities will require support for locally driven institutional reforms, which take account of issues of scale, culture, and capacity.

Potential and Complexity of Implementing Financial Instruments in the Framework of Rural Development Policies in Italy—The Friuli Venezia Giulia Revolving Fund

Although in recent years some credit institutions have shown a willingness to support agricultural entrepreneurs, there is still a lack of private financing or co-financing in the agricultural sector. Many farms, in fact, are not able to meet the indicators or to provide the fees required by banks to obtain investment loans. The financial instruments introduced by the European Commission within the Rural Development Programme aim at supporting access to credit for farms to make them more economically viable, competitive, and suited to market requirements. The objective of this paper is to analyze the role played by the financial instruments introduced by the European Union to support and encourage the improvement of farms and, in general, the agriculture, forestry, human capital, and rural development in Italy. The paper explores the topic in detail by presenting a case study of a region that has successfully applied these instruments using a revolving fund with a special background. The quantitative data used in this study are administrative; some information was obtained through a survey. Regional information on the implementation of this fund is examined in terms of both opportunities and limitations to highlight the best practice. The findings suggest that certain conditions are required to develop and implement effective financial instruments: a real and effective collaboration between regional administration, banking institutions, and farms that are willing to grasp the newness; a reasonable period of time (some years); know-how because knowledge and experience are crucial, together with the ability to face complexity both in terms of normative issues and financial engineering instruments themselves. Several implications derive from these findings.

A Policy Framework and Prediction on Low Carbon Development in the Agricultural Sector in Indonesia

Currently, Indonesia has adopted Low Carbon Development (LCD) in its Medium-Term Development Plan (RPJMN) 2020-2024. One of the priority activities is agriculture, which accounts for 12.21% of total greenhouse gas emissions. The agricultural sector is the victim affected by CO2 emissions, such as degradation, shrinkage of agricultural resources, land and water, shifting planting seasons, crop failures, decreased food production due to rising air temperatures, floods, and droughts. Greenhouse gas emissions are predicted to continue to increase along with the increasing demand for food. The purpose of this study is to predict and find an alternative policy framework for low-carbon development in the agricultural sector in Indonesia. This study uses a quantitative and qualitative approach by Artificial Neural Network (ANN), and multicriteria policy (MULTIPOL) analysis. The data were obtained through secondary data in 2014-2018, and the primary data are in-depth interviews, Focus Group Discussions (FGD), and field observations. The results of ANN show that the predictions of provinces that need to adopt low-carbon development in Indonesia are dominated in production centers such as Java Island, so an alternative policy framework using MULTIPOL is needed. Furthermore, this research establishes three scenarios, eight policies, twenty-six actions, and nine evaluative criteria in analyzing the LCD of the agricultural sector. The results indicate that LCD can be conducted by integrating the speed scenario (S2) with a value ranging from 6.3 (policy to increase capacity and quality of human resources) to 18.7 (circular economy). This scenario accommodates policies related to low carbon reduction and agricultural production increase, such as a circular economy, co-benefit adaptation strategies, low carbon technology innovation, and strengthening low carbon networks.

Influence of social housing models in the development of urban agriculture in Mexico

This study examines urbanization patterns linked to social housing units and the way in which such patterns influence the practice of urban agriculture (UA) in Mexico. Due to the transformations that take place over time in Mexican social-housing units, impervious surfaces tend to increase at the expense of greenspace and UA possibilities. The research aims to identify the negative impact of social housing transformations on UA and suggest a policy framework for sustainable housing development in Mexico. The empirical analysis distinguishes four social housing typologies within two emblematic neighborhoods in the city of Merida, Mexico: Las Magnolias and Ampliación Tixcacal-Opichén. A survey of 157 housing units combines quantitative metrics and qualitative descriptors to unveil the detrimental impact of development on UA. The results show that UA takes place within the building lots and around the housing units, rather than in public urban areas. 60% of the sampled units practiced UA, with traditional backyard gardens being the most common modality. The research findings point to a systematic expansion of impervious surfaces, limitation of both cultivation choices and crop variety, and major restrictions on UA practices. Social housing represents the bulk of residential developments in Mexico (42.7% out of 35.5 million housing units). Left unregulated, the types of social housing transformations that have been empirically verified in this study endanger the availability of green space as the primary resource for UA. This research sheds light on critical policy changes and formulations that are required to enhance UA practices and to establish greener cities and more sustainable housing development.

Learning from Millennium Development Goals for Successful Implementation and Attainment of the Sustainable Development Goals in Nigeria

The SDGs is an offshoot of the MDGs. Its declaration was to make up for the MDGs’ failures. The non-attainment of the MDGs has been reviewed with pointers. This raises concern on the implementation of the SDGs. This study therefore identifies the pitfalls in the MDGs’ implementation to ensure attainment of the SDGs. To achieve this, the study reviews the events leading to the MDGs, issues surrounding its implementation and the potential challenges that threatened its achievement. The study adopted qualitative research method to obtain data. It was discovered that lack of ownership, non-continuity on developmental plans, no clear policy document, political motivated projects, corruption, over-politicisation of programmes and lack of appropriate education on the MDGs occasioned its poor performance. The paper concludes that until development policy frameworks are followed to letter, attainment of SDGs could be dream. The study therefore recommends that government should develop a comprehensive and all-inclusive policy framework for all tiers of government in Nigeria, which will clearly show corporate and individual responsibilities in the SDGs. Also, community education should be employed for awareness and community participation in implementation of the SDGs to guarantee community identification and ownership of project/programmes.