Development Of Philosophy Research Articles

Kant and Theodicy: A Search for an Answer to the Problem of Evil by George Huxford

Reviewed by: Kant and Theodicy: A Search for an Answer to the Problem of Evil by George Huxford Matthew C. Altman George Huxford. Kant and Theodicy: A Search for an Answer to the Problem of Evil. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2020. Pp. xxiii + 149. Cloth, $90.00. A theodicy attempts to reconcile the existence of evil (or really any imperfection) with the belief in an omnipotent, omniscient, and omnibenevolent God. Hume, among others, thought that they were incompatible, and he used it as an argument against God's existence. Leibniz claimed that this was the best of all possible worlds because metaphysical evil is unavoidable and moral and physical evil lead to greater goods. Kant, however, has mostly been left out of the conversation. George Huxford seeks to correct this. The problem of evil is as difficult as it sounds. In the first place, there are several kinds of evil that would seem to need explanation, including physical or natural evil (suffering), metaphysical evil (limitation), moral evil (sin), and injustice (the fact that evil people often thrive and good people often suffer). There are at least three different kinds of responses to the problem. One approach is a theoretical, speculative, "doctrinal" (123), or "philosophical" theodicy (xviii–xix), which attempts to infer knowledge of God's reasons for acting. Another response is fideism, which appeals to nonrational faith that God must know best. A third approach is practical or "authentic" theodicy (124), which derives God's existence and ultimate justice on moral grounds. The most common philosophical theodicies include the limited-view defense (we cannot know God's purposes); the instrumental, net-good, postponement, or higher-purpose defense (something good comes from evil); and the free-will defense (we, not God, are responsible for sin). Huxford's attempt to explain these varied approaches, combined with the fact that Kant's theodical positions change throughout his career, lead to a dense and sometimes confusing exegesis. Huxford explains and evaluates Kant's different answers to the problem in the pre-Critical, early Critical, and late Critical periods. In the pre-Critical period, Kant defends a philosophical theodicy and adopts a Leibnizian approach. Suffering is not evil per se, because it does not involve judgment or desert; it is rather the result of natural law. Metaphysical evil is merely limitation, not positive evil. And moral evil is attributable not to God but to human beings' misuse of their freedom. Huxford says that this argument [End Page 333] does not succeed in answering the problem of evil, since God is still indirectly responsible for evil in deciding to create a finite world, one in which God knows we will act wrongly. In the early Critical period, Kant does not explicitly defend a philosophical theodicy, but his writings, especially unpublished lecture notes, seem to indicate that he continued to believe in the best possible world approach (with some elements of the limited-view and instrumental defenses), even though such a claim transcends the limits on human knowledge that Kant establishes in the Critique of Pure Reason (1781/1787). In the late Critical period, especially in "On the Failure of All Attempted Philosophical Theodicies" (1791), Kant argues against many different philosophical theodicies. According to Huxford, not every argument succeeds, but he says that Kant can rule out speculative theodicies as a class because they are predicated on insight into God's reasoning based on our experience of the world. Since we can have no knowledge regarding noumena, that is impossible. Instead, Kant proposes his authentic theodicy: we can rationally justify practical faith in God as a holy being, acting necessarily in accordance with what reason and morality require. Although we cannot know why God acts, we can trust in God's moral wisdom to do what is best. Huxford concludes that Kant's mature view fails as a theodicy because it does not actually explain the compatibility of God and evil. Huxford's limited focus on theodicy, his frequent use of textual evidence, and his division of the book into Kant's three periods provide good insights into Kant's philosophical development. Huxford often relies on minor texts and texts that were unpublished during Kant's lifetime...

The Influence of Christianity on the Philosophy of John Rawls

This article is about a contrastive analysis of Rawls’s views in mutually different periods of his philosophical development in relation to possible influences of Christian thought on his overall philosophy. The evidence of such Christian influence on his philosophy is conducted through his examination of sociability and morality as an essential ontological feature of a human being. The second principle of justice is especially emphasized as a view that has a source in Christian thought.

Schelling’s Plato Notebooks, 1792–1794

These notebooks were written during the years that F. W. J. Schelling spent as a student at the Tübinger Stift (1790–1795). From dates written by Schelling in the margins, we can surmise that the first portion (AA II/4: 15–28) was begun in August of 1792, and the latter portion (AA II/5: 133–142) was written in early 1794. To this latter portion is appended a substantial work, Schelling’s Timaeus-commentary, which is not included in the present translation. It appeared as “Timaeus (1794)” (translated by Adam Arola, Jena Jolissaint, Peter Warnek) in Epoché 12: 2. These notebooks offer a window into Schelling’s philosophical development and proclivities, in light of his engagement with various Platonic dialogues, most notably the Ion, Theaetetus, Meno, Timaeus, and Philebus. They include discussions of divine power, rapture, and genius, especially as these relate to poetry, prophecy, and ordinary forms of human knowledge. These topics are discussed in the first portion (AA II/4: 15–25). In the latter portion, Schelling discusses myth, its function and relation to human greatness, Socrates’s daimonion, and the authority of tradition (AA II/4: 25–28; II/5: 133–142).

From heart to image: In honor of the 75th anniversary of professor B. V. Markov

The article is dedicated to the anniversary of Boris Vasilyevich Markov, the famous philosopher of Saint Petersburg, Russia. The author of the article, basing on many years of personal experience and professional communication with the hero of the day, presents an expressive and holistic image of Markov as a person and as a philosopher according to his biography and creativity. An attempt is made to consider the complex philosophical evolution of Markov, which took place in key periods for Russian philosophy when Russian thought actively absorbed the key philosophical texts of the 20th century that had become available. Markov is distinguished by a unique ability to creatively rethink a variety of philosophical trends — classical philosophical schools, phenomenology, existentialism, hermeneutics, analytical philosophy, structuralism — actualizing their significance for modern philosophy and synthesizing their experience in their original understanding. The specificity of Markov’s oral and written language is distinguished by its expressiveness, brightness and aphorism. It is no coincidence that the philosophy of language had a great influence on his philosophical development, remaining as one of the main research topics throughout all his works. Touching upon some of the key books of Professor Markov, written by him at different times, the author strives to briefly mention and analyze the main features of his philosophical style, thinking, and worldview. Special attention is paid to philosophical anthropology, which is directly related to the philosophical activity of the hero of the day over the past few decades. In this regard, emphasis is given to Markov’s book “Mind and Heart”, which marked the beginning of the most productive period of his philosophical work, which is currently associated with the problems of visual anthropology of communication.

The 4CAT Capture and Analysis Toolkit: A Modular Tool for Transparent and Traceable Social Media Research

This paper introduces the 4CAT Capture and Analysis Toolkit (4CAT), an open-source Web-based research tool that can capture data from a variety of online sources including Twitter, Telegram, Reddit, 4chan, 8kun, BitChute, Douban and Parler, and analyze the data through analytical processors. 4CAT seeks to make robust data capture and analysis available to researchers not familiar with computer programming, without “black-boxing” the implemented research methods. Before outlining the practical use of 4CAT, we discuss three “affordances” that informed its design: modularity, transparency, and traceability. 4CAT is modular because new data sources and analytical processors can be easily added and changed; transparent because it aims to render legible its inner workings; and traceable because of automatic and shareable documentation of intermediate analysis steps. We then show how 4CAT operationalizes these features through a description of its general setup and a short walkthrough. Finally, we discuss how 4CAT strives for an “ethics by design” development philosophy that enables ethically sound data-driven research with it. 4CAT is then positioned as both an answer to and a further call for “tool criticism” in computational social research.

How Does Education Serve the High-quality Economic Development

China's economy has shifted from a stage of rapid growth to a stage of high-quality development, and its development philosophy and development model have changed accordingly, especially in the characteristics of demand for talents; education that is affected by the stage of economic development and in turn affects economic development concepts and development models should also undergo corresponding changes. The research starts from the characteristics of talent demand in the high-quality economic development stage, derives a talent training model that is compatible with high-quality economic development, and builds a high-quality development evaluation index system for education.

Gender and Sports Practice Are Related to the Perception of the Olympic Movement and Gender Equity in Sport

Background: The Olympic movement (OM) aims to preserve and promote the philosophy of Olympism and development of society through culture and sport, being gender equity in sport one of the main tasks of the OM since the late twentieth century. Objectives: Analyze the relationship between the levels of knowledge and perception about the OM on attitudes towards women's participation in sport in students of physical education and sport sciences. Methods: Cross-sectional research with correlational-descriptive scope was developed in which 35 subjects (17.1% female and 82.9% male; 21.1 ± 4.1 years) were part of the study. The Questionnaire on the Vision of Olympism and its Educational Repercussions and the Scale of Attitudes towards Women's Participation in Sport were applied. Comparison analyses were performed between sex, sports practice, and level of sports practice, as well as the relationship between the variables through nonparametric statistics considering a value of P < 0.05 as statistical significance. Results: The level of knowledge about Olympism was 6.14 (± 2.5). Significant differences were observed in attitudes towards women's participation in sport according to gender, sport practice and level of practice. In addition, it should be noted that gender equity, social support, and access for women in sport are not perceived at high levels. Finally, no significant relationships were found between the factors of both questionnaires. Conclusions: The students participating in the study present low levels of knowledge about Olympism; furthermore, they show differences in attitudes towards women's participation in sport according to gender and level of sport practice, evidencing the positive impact of sport practice and immersion in academic aspects related to sport for the improvement of the gender equity perspective within sport.

On the Question of the Interpretation and Correlation of Fictions in the Criminal Procedural and Forensic Aspects

The article is devoted to the study of the essence, signs and correlation of fictions in the criminal procedural and forensic aspects. The methodological basis of the study was the classical and modern general philosophical and legal developments of the indicated problem, the universal dialectical method of scientific knowledge, which is universal in nature, as well as the methods of logical deduction, induction, cognitive methods and techniques of observation, comparison, analysis, generalization and description. The authors carried out a critical and analytical review of the classifications of legal fictions proposed by various scientists, the definitions of the concepts of «criminally relevant fiction», «forensic fiction», etc. As a result of the study, the authors come to the conclusion that the nature of criminal procedural and forensic fictions is different, however both of these constructs are united by their essence, which consists in the recognition of a deduction (phenomenon, event, etc.) that does not correspond to reality as existing, valid, real, as well as their criminal relevance. These phenomena are also consistent in the general rule for them, subject to strict observance: the use of both methods in no case should harm, limit the rights and freedoms of the individual.

Classical Indian Philosophy: A History of Philosophy Without Any Gaps by Peter Adamson and Jonardon Ganeri

Reviewed by: Classical Indian Philosophy: A History of Philosophy Without Any Gaps by Peter Adamson and Jonardon Ganeri Joerg Tuske (bio) Classical Indian Philosophy: A History of Philosophy Without Any Gaps. Volume 5. By Peter Adamson and Jonardon Ganeri. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020. Pp. xxiv + 397. Hardcover $32.95, ISBN 978-0-19-885176-9. "I cannot recommend this book highly enough!" Is this statement true or have I succeeded in lavishing enough praise on this book by writing this statement, making this statement in fact false? This is one way in which Adamson and Ganeri explain the view of the Buddhist philosopher Nāgārjuna that everything is empty. (However, humble as they are, they use the movies of Buster Keaton instead of their own book as an example.) Nāgārjuna has to defend himself against the objection that if everything is "empty" then this surely also applies to his own view. He famously argues that he does not have a thesis and provides the "silence" analogy, which I want to illustrate using my own example: if there is too much off-topic chatter in class and I want students to be quiet and pay attention I could shout "silence!" in order to create silence but of course my act of shouting itself is the opposite of silence. Nevertheless, it can bring about silence and Nāgārjuna claims that his view that everything is empty could be an instrument to make "Brahmanical (and other) dogmatists" aware of this. In Classical Indian Philosophy, the fifth volume of transcripts from the excellent podcast History of Philosophy Without Any Gaps, and the first to discuss philosophers with no direct connection to ancient Greece, Peter Adamson has teamed up with Jonardon Ganeri to provide a comprehensive, fascinating, and fun account of the history of philosophy on the Indian sub-continent up until the Buddhist philosopher Dignāga (c. 480–540 CE) with many glimpses of philosophical developments beyond Dignāga's time. (Listeners of the podcast series might know that Adamson is also collaborating with Chike Jeffers on a podcast series on Africana Philosophy, which I hope will eventually appear in book form as well.) Classical Indian Philosophy is divided into four parts: in the first part ("Origins") the authors provide an introduction to philosophy in India and then discuss the background to any philosophical activity in India, namely the Vedas, the Upaniṣads, the Mahābhārata (including a chapter on the Bhagavad-gītā) and the Buddha's teachings. The second part, entitled "The age of the sūtra," [End Page 1] gives a thorough overview of what is often called "the six orthodox schools" (Sāṃkhya, Yoga, Mīmāṃsā, Vedānta, Nyāya, Vaiśeṣika). Part three adds Buddhist and Jaina philosophy while part four ("Beyond ancient India") introduces miscellaneous topics, such as "The aesthetics of Rasa," "Tantra," two chapters on the (possible) influence of Indian philosophy on Greek, Islamic and later European thought, as well as a brief glimpse of philosophy after Dignāga. While my rendering of the outline of the book seems as if it could apply to any number of histories of Indian philosophy, there are several points that make this book stand out. Listeners of the podcast already know that the authors are not afraid to resort to the occasional pun in order to get a point across and I am happy to say that all of them (as far as I can tell) made it into the book version. With that in mind, I want to offer the cliché that Classical Indian Philosophy is a tour de force but what makes it stand out from traditional histories is that there is nothing forced about it. This is partly due to the fact that this book (as the previous volumes) is written as a series of podcasts. This makes for a much more engaging style than is found in standard accounts of the history of philosophy (Indian, European, or otherwise). Listeners of the first four seasons of the podcast or readers of the first volumes will be familiar with Adamson's frequent references to giraffes as contents of our beliefs...

Measuring the Guest-Host Interaction An Empirical Analysis for Sustainable Tourism Development in Sikkim

The conventional concept of destination development undermined the sustainable issues and its orientation. Later on, the confusion was not the adoption of sustainable development philosophy but its correct implication and application. Alpine State Sikkim is primarily known as an exotic, idyllic, multi-ethnic Indian hill station since 1975 with its distinct biogeographic and socio-cultural characteristics. Being one of the successful and mature alpine Indian States, tourism development in Sikkim needs research oriented efforts. Most of the empirical researches for sustainable destination development are revolving around „demand and supply‟ aspects of tourism which seeks equilibrium or a sustainable inter-linkage as a part of solution. The present article is also dealing with an important socio-cultural relationship between guests and hosts exhibiting from the predominating tourism phenomenon and redirecting destination development with a sustainable orientation. A survey was conducted for the primary data in three different places viz. Gangtok, Namchi and Mangan to assess tourism development of the State. Two sets of different questionnaires are prepared for guests and hosts. All the data are processed with the help of relevant non-parametric tests

Happiness, Wellbeing, and Mental Health in Bhutanese Higher Education: Exploring Student and Staff Experiences and Perceptions within a Framework of Gross National Happiness

Bhutan is a country known for happiness. In the 1970s, the Fourth Druk Gyalpo [Dragon King] of Bhutan established the development philosophy of Gross National Happiness (GNH). However, using ‘happiness’ as a measurement of social and economic development does not mean that all Bhutanese are ‘happy’ themselves. Schools – including higher education – can be stressful places in Bhutan, and there is little support or resources for the mental health and wellbeing needs of students. In this article, we explore the experiences and perceptions of both students and staff across the Royal University of Bhutan in regard to wellbeing and mental health. In all, there were over 1,700 respondents to our survey. We explore the results of the survey through an Educational Values Evaluation and Design (EVED) framework to understand the complex factors that both enable and challenge GNH as a value in higher education. The results show that while many students view their happiness and wellbeing as positive overall, there are still a significant amount that experience depression, stress, social difficulties, and other forms of distress. In comparison to college staff perception of student’s mental health and wellbeing, the students are more positive about their own wellbeing than the staff.

A Study on the Coupling Coordination between Forestry Production Efficiency and Regional Economic Development in China

Abstract Forestry production is one of the fundamental industries of the national economy, and enhancing production efficiency can aid in balancing the contradiction between the economic growth of forestry and forest resource conservation. Therefore, studying the coupling coordination between forestry production efficiency and regional economic development is of great practical significance for obtaining the development philosophy of green and circular economies and implementing supply-side structural reform in forestry. In this study, the forestry production efficiencies and economic development levels of 31 provincial-level administrative regions of China during 2009 to 2018 are estimated using the super efficiency slacks-based measure model and the entropy weight method. Additionally, the coupling coordination and development trends of forestry production efficiencies and regional economic development levels are investigated by means of the coupling coordination model and GM (1,1) model. Research findings suggest that forestry production efficiencies and economic development levels of 31 provincial-level administrative regions in China maintained steadily growing trends during 2009 to 2018; however, there was middle to low-level coupling coordination between regions. Such coupling coordination remains to be improved because it indicated a spatial pattern of high in the east and south and low in the west and north. To conclude, some suggestions for promoting sound and coordinated interactions between forestry production efficiency and regional economic development are offered.

Individualism and Orientation towards World in Philosophy of Law of L. Feuerbach

The article attempts to find individualist ideas in the philosophy of L. Feuerbach. The completion point of German classical philosophy is Feuerbach’s philosophy, which is also the beginning of the age of materialism and contains a critique of Hegel’s objective idealism and has anthropological nature. Although Feuerbach had a Hegelian period of philosophical development, he proposed the antithesis of his «absolute idealism» — anthropological materialism. According to Feuerbach, only nature and human are single objective real things. He encourages to move from reflection on supernatural things to study of a man and nature, as idealists do. It is determined that L. Feuerbach’s human is the most complete part of eternal nature, and therefore is the starting point of philosophy; its basis should not be an absolute idea, but a human. The philosopher uses the anthropological principle in his own science. The advantages of this principle, in Feuerbach’s opinion, are that they require to consider human essence not in a shadowy world, but in reality and to avoid break between spirit and body, specific for idealistic and dualistic philosophy. According to the thinker, the supreme goal of a human is taking care of himself. Hence, egoism or selfishness, as manifestation of individualism, expresses true essence of human nature. It is found that Feuerbach’s anthropological materialism is based on the following individualist ideas: a human is not a creation of God, not self-consciousness, as according to Hegel, but is the most complete part of eternal nature; the subject of philosophy is a real, living, particular person who has anthropological peculiarities as a natural being; the philosopher considers any human action as harmonization of human behavior with human essence; the supreme goal of a human is taking care of himself; there is no man without selfishness, as egoism is man’s love for himself; egoism or selfishness expresses true essence of human nature and is a manifestation of individualism; protection of individualist concepts, namely, private interests of personality; a human has addictions, which influence his values, ensure defense reaction, act both with selfish purposes and achieve ultimate goals; love contains the essence and purpose of a human and is the decisive force of social and moral progress, it is perceived as the highest expression of sensuous nature of a human, as the most complete mechanism of regulation of social relations, as a principle of social organization.

Мультипотенциалы в образовательном дискурсе

While responding to the challenges of globalization, the system of modern education often reduces the range of humanitarian disciplines, forming utilitarian programs in universities, but at the same time preserves such a vestige of the past as the priority of the academic format over the heuristic one. At the same time, the global world, a multiplex of events and opportunities, contributes to the emergence of a special type of a student in the educational discourse – a multipotential (MPL), who is capable of succeeding in several activities at once. The philosophical and methodological key to the reorganization of education within this context may be the idea of ​​a “transversal self” of a student in the dynamics of diversity and creative self-development. In light of the theory of generations and multipotentiality, a balance of academism and new forms of university communication is becoming necessary because in the life of millennials and representatives of generation Z, reality and virtual space, modular thinking and multitasking, the dislike for reading and creativity, and independent judgments merge. Interactive, visual, virtual and performative forms of learning are the most effective solutions for them. Social cataclysms of the beginning of the 21st century also require special stress resistance, emotional intelligence, auto-reflection, and media literacy from participants of the educational process. This actualizes the resources of practical philosophy, psychology, sociology and other humanitarian disciplines for the comprehensive development, awareness and self-regulation of a person. A very constructive educational discourse is the communication of a multi-potential teacher with gifted students. One example can be the scientific and creative activities of Vanya Angelova, a professor at Velikotyrnovsky University. St. Cyril and Methodius, who emphasizes the value of the "return" of the book, the co-creation of teachers and students, and wide international cooperation within the context of the topic of multi-potentials.

EU Memory Politics in the Context of Understanding Decolonization and a Common European Identity

The purpose of the article is to determine the relationship between the processes of Decolonization, the search for strengthening European identity and building a memory policy on the example of the European Union with the aim of identifying problematic and promising points at the current stage of development of the association. The terminological difficulties of using such categories as “memory policy”, “decolonization” and “European identity” and the process of their constant filling with new meanings are shown. Particular attention is paid to the moral aspect of decolonization and the problems of responsibility of the former European metropolises to developing countries, which for a long time were part of their formal and informal empires. It was revealed that the migration crisis of 2014-2016. It became a kind of “break point” in relation to migrants in general and refugees in particular, casting doubt on traditional European values and the willingness of EU countries to resolve the crisis in the spirit of humanitarian assistance and a development philosophy. The interpretation of Decolonization in a number of European countries not only did not end, but also did not begin at the ideological, political and institutional level. Such a situation is determined by the relevance of the considered subjects and their scientific, practical and political significance.

Can the African Continental Free Trade Agreement Foster a new Paradigm of Development Assistance within Africa?

The African Continental Free Trade Agreement (AfCFTA) was signed at Kigali on 21st March 2018. The basic aim of the agreement is to 'deepen economic integration of the African continent by creating a single market with free movement of people, goods and businesses'. This development is intended to replace existing agreements of regional blocs by compressing Africa into a single market. This paper interrogates this development in the context of development assistance challenges and prospects within the continent. The overarching concern is to examine the prospects of a new paradigm in development assistance, especially in the niche areas of technical assistance, transfer of resources and goods within the continent to promote development, and combat poverty and insecurity. Can this agreement further deepen and elevate existing levels of cooperation within Africa and re-position African countries on the threshold of previous articulations in line with the philosophy of cooperation and development as enunciated in the New Partnership for Africa Development (NEPAD)? The findings show that this level of relationship is possible and economically beneficial. The paper recommends a cohesive policy framework that would instigate commitment, enhance productive capacity and create a mutual beneficial platform for all African countries.

Ecological consciousness of the XXI century human and the ways of its verbalization in the media discourse environment

The paper aims at studying and analyzing the language implementation of the development of peoples ecological consciousness in the present-day Russian and English-speaking media discourse environment. The modern media discourse has become an important source of various environmental lexical units which can affect peoples consciousness and change their behavior in a more eco-friendly way. The research is based on two parallel and opposite scientific approaches integrated in the media discourse which are ecologisation and anthropocentrism. The study is built on the analysis of the language models of ecological issues in different popular national and international media editions of Russia and English-speaking countries; in TV documentaries; on YouTube channels; in eco-friendly bloggers speeches and texts. The findings of the research showed that the media discourse environment is actively inculcating green ideas into peoples consciousness today both in Russia and abroad. More people are trying to follow the conscious consumption lifestyle. The media language is also becoming an important tool in introducing new environmental lexical units - neologisms - which are easily disseminated in the media discourse space and are actively being adopted by society. Overall, this research has confirmed the idea that the present-day language of the media discourse space is a powerful mediator of a new life sustainable development philosophy which helps human consciousness evolve in an eco-friendly way and try to make our planet a safer, healthier and more comfortable place for living.

Infants' performance in the indirect false belief tasks: A second‐person interpretation

Research in the last 15 years has challenged the idea that false belief attribution develops at 4 years of age. Studies with indirect false belief tasks contend to provide evidence of false belief attribution in the second year of life. We review the literature on indirect false belief tasks carried out in infants using looking and active helping paradigms. Although the results are heterogeneous and not conclusive, such tasks appear to capture a real effect. However, it is misleading to call them “false belief” tasks, as it is possible to pass them without making any false belief attribution. Infants need to keep track of the object's and agent's positions, trajectories, and focus of attention, given an intentional understanding of the agent, to pass these new tasks. We, therefore, argue that the evidence can be better explained in terms of second‐person attributions, which are transparent, extensional, nonpropositional, reciprocally contingent, and implicit. Second‐person attributions can also account for primates' mentalizing abilities, as revealed by similar indirect tasks.This article is categorized under:Cognitive Biology > Cognitive DevelopmentPhilosophy > Foundations of Cognitive ScienceCognitive Biology > Evolutionary Roots of Cognition

A Review of the Research on the Indicator Evaluation of the New Development Philosophy

The philosophy of innovative, coordinated, green, open and inclusive development, collectively referred to as the new development philosophy, is an important component of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialist Economy with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. It plays a vital role in China’s efforts to resolve problems in economic development and cultivate new advantages. Based on a keen understanding of the new development philosophy, we review the literature on the evaluation of a single indicator of the five dimensions of philosophy and that on a comprehensive evaluation of all the indicators of philosophy. The results show varied depths of research in single-indicator evaluation, and a lack of systematic study on comprehensive evaluation. We propose a multi-tier (macro–micro)-indicator evaluation system of new development philosophy, and recommend to establish a smart evaluation platform by integrating big data with traditional data, which will serve as a foundation and provide reference for the development of a scientific, well-conceived indicator evaluation system of new development philosophy that can guide the practice.

The Development of Religious and Philosophical Anthropological Paradigm in Soviet Philosophy in 1985–1991: A Historical and Philosophical Analysis

The article considers the religious-philosophical anthropological paradigm in Soviet philosophy during the years of perestroika. It was during this period that Soviet idealist philosophers, forced to work under the conditions of a “scientific underground” for seven decades, first gained the right to participate legally in academic discussions. They substantiated the idea of man as a divine immortal being called to deification, restored, and approved in the official discourse the religious-philosophical anthropological model, either reinterpreting it according to the samples of Byzantine patristics, or synthesizing it with oriental beliefs. The article reconstructs and analyzes the basic provisions of this paradigm: ideas about the origin of man, the relationship of soul and body, free will, the meaning and purpose of life, the relationship between the individual and society. It is concluded that the development of late Soviet religious and philosophical anthropological thought was determined by the tendency to self-isolation, associated with the actual refusal of its supporters from a constructive dialogue with adherents of materialistic teachings, and, consequently, the refusal to develop a synthesized concept of man. Adherents of the religious-philosophical approach expressed the hope that Christian anthropology would be taken as the basis for all philosophical developments of the future. However, contrary to their plans, this paradigm did not acquire a dominant position in modern Russian philosophy, and remained an object of interest for historians of philosophy and not for experts in philosophical anthropology and social philosophy.