Development Partners Research Articles

Leadership matters: supportive principals and teacher recruitment in a school–university partnership

ABSTRACT This study investigated the factors associated with teacher enrolment in a school-university professional development (PD) partnership. A grant-funded programme was developed to provide a maximum of 15 graduate credit hours to middle school teachers, focusing on rural, high-needs schools in the southeastern United States. At 61 middle schools across the state, the university recruiter composed field notes regarding principal and teacher engagement during recruitment meetings. Other factors potentially influencing enrolment were identified and statistical analyses were conducted. Variables included enthusiasm (teacher and principal), modality of recruitment meeting (in person or virtual), attendance (mandatory or optional), semester (fall or spring), and location (rural or non-rural). Enthusiasm of school leaders was shown to be the most important factor when predicting participation in the PD programme. The modality of the information meetings only mattered if teachers were required to attend a virtual session, as opposed to in-person, in which case enrolment dropped dramatically. Findings suggest that a recruiter’s role extends beyond building relationships with teachers; buy-in from school leaders is an overlooked, yet crucial, factor in the success of school-university PD partnerships. This study will be of interest to universities seeking to recruit teachers for grant-funded projects, postgraduate professional development, or research collaborations.

Interinstitutional examination of partnership structures and tools: A collaborative practitioner-scholar inquiry

Two universities (in the UK and US) collaboratively examined community-campus partnership practices adapting elements of the Transformational Relationship Evaluation Scale II (TRES; Kniffin et al., 2020) to analyze and reflect on the others’ partnership processes and to help create and refine approaches to partnership development. This conceptual analysis describes our inter-institutional practitioner-scholar inquiry project and shares the approaches taken to understand and advance community-campus partnership practices by administrators within higher education structures. We present how the work on TRES influenced the process, share some of what we learned through it, and present some of the concrete products from it, including specific ways in which our work has been changed by this inquiry. It is our intention that this inquiry generates insights of value to community engagement administrators as they seek to continually improve their partnership practice and to generate their own practitioner-scholarship to move the field forward.

Sector-Wide Approach (SWAp) in Healthcare—A Mixed-Methods Assessment of Health SWAps in Nepal and Bangladesh

Background: The sector-wide approach (SWAp) is an instrument of cooperation between external development partners (EDPs) and the government of a country. Its main purpose is the coordination, alignment and harmonisation of activities between EDPs and between EDPs and the respective government by covering the entire sector with one major programme. Methods: The main objective of this paper is to analyse the performance of the SWAps in two countries and draw conclusions about the appropriateness of SWAps as financing instruments in the healthcare sector under certain conditions. This paper analyses the development and achievements of the SWAp in healthcare of Bangladesh and Nepal in order to gain insights into the development and relevance of SWAps in the healthcare sectors of low- and lower-middle-income countries in general. We scrutinised the respective documents and conducted qualitative interviews with key stakeholders of the country’s sectors. The design of the questionnaires and the analysis of the interviews were built utilising a framework model reflecting the DAC criteria of development cooperation and the principles of the Declarations of Paris and Accra. Findings: The SWAps in Nepal and Bangladesh began rather early and cover about 20 years of cooperation. The components and interventions of SWAps were quite relevant for the health of the population, and their implementation was effective and efficient. The cohesion between partners strongly improved. However, for both countries, the interview partners do not perceive SWAps as the future of healthcare financing. Conclusions: SWAps were an appropriate instrument of cooperation between the respective governments and EDPs for almost two decades. However, as the share of government budgets in the sector finance has strongly increased and the management capacity of the respective ministries has gone up, there will come a point in time where EDPs can focus more on financing and implementing innovations instead of standard care.

Partnership Development of Smallholder Coffee Cultivation: A Model for Social Capital in the Global Value Chain

The productivity of smallholder coffee cultivation is declining due to ageing trees, making the rejuvenation of coffee trees with superior seeds essential. This rejuvenation process requires the support and participation of various stakeholders, including the government, banks, investors, universities, community leaders, experts, extension workers, and other parties. The nature of an incomplete contract in building partnership with farmers requires confidence building to avoid higher costs in enforcing a new behavior. However, this study shows that the accumulation of social capital also leads to higher expenses in maintaining these relationships. This study aimed to develop a social capital model to enhance partnerships between coffee farmers and relevant stakeholders. The analysis used a system dynamics model for coffee production and farmer income. The data collection involved the gathering of data and information from 17 actors in the coffee industry in Lampung, particularly in Kopista community. The study reveals that the social capital model must be constructed from four components: (1) trust, (2) ongoing cooperative activities, (3) social capital connections, and (4) memories of successful cooperative actions. Active involvement and instruction from specialists on the concept of social capital and partnership models can enhance cooperation by maintaining social connections. The policy implication of this study is that the development of a social capital model and partnership must be constructed by mentoring for economic benefits and must be continuously supported.

After Afghanistan: U.S. Military Policy in the Middle East

In the context of the reduction of the American military presence in the Middle East in recent years, official Washington is facing a weakening of its political influence in the region. At the same time, U.S. adversaries such as Iran, China, and Russia are playing an increasingly active role there. Under the current conditions, the American military and political leadership is betting, on the one hand, on the development of partnership s and alliances with Middle Eastern countries, and on the other, on the advancement of the latest means of armed conflict, including unmanned aerial, naval, and ground vehicles.

Church partnerships: A holistic approach to addressing social issues in South Africa

For South African communities to achieve substantive progress, the establishment of strategic partnerships is essential for effectively addressing their complex social challenges. Churches, given their profound community presence and moral authority, are urged to join forces with other societal sectors, particularly government and business, to promote comprehensive community development. This article examines the potential for church partnerships with these sectors, investigating how such alliances can foster sustainable and holistic transformation. Central questions driving this inquiry include: What distinct contributions do churches bring to community development partnerships? and how can these partnerships efficiently combine their resources to tackle social, economic, and environmental issues? By assessing the role of the church alongside governmental frameworks and business resources, this study underscores the importance of an integrated approach to development. The church’s involvement not only provides essential support to vulnerable groups but also contributes strategically to the long-term empowerment of communities. This article ultimately underscores the need for combined engagement, demonstrating how a unified approach can amplify the collective impact on social well-being and resilience within South Africa. By highlighting the theological and organisational identities of churches, alongside the distinct capital and power each entity holds, the article seeks to identify common grounds for cooperation, with a particular focus on the church’s capacity to exert positive, morally guided influence within these partnerships.Contribution: The article highlights the significance of a holistic approach that utilises the strengths of churches, businesses and the government to boost social development in South Africa, thereby contributing to community development pathways.

A stadium approach to managing the creation and development of external business partnerships

Relevance. In modern economic conditions, partnerships cover a wide range of issues: from the motives for creating to evaluating the results of cooperation. To understand the specifics of managing external business partnerships, it is necessary to systematize the main stages of their creation and development.The purpose of writing this article is to apply a stadium approach to managing partnerships to identify promising areas for their development.Objectives: Tasks: to complete the list of stages (highlighted and proposed earlier by other researchers) of the creation and development of external partnerships in business; to give a detailed description of each of the highlighted stages; to identify the key characteristics of external partnerships between organizations at various stages of formation and development.Methodology. When writing this article, a set of general scientific methods of cognition was used: observation, comparison, description, content analysis.Results. The proposed study presents the results of a discussion among some foreign and domestic scientists considering the categorical apparatus of partnerships between organizations. In the article, the author has supplemented the list of stages of partnerships (origin, development and maturity), identified and proposed earlier by other researchers, with the final stage. The article presents a sequence of stages of external partnerships with an appropriate characteristic. Attention is paid to the description of partnership forms (clusters, consortia, technoparks, strategic alliances) in the event of a possible transition of business relations (at the final stage) to a new level characterized by a long duration of cooperation.Conclusions. The key characteristics of each stage of partnership relations are systematized, which will allow in the future to carry out managerial influences on the formation and development of business interaction.

The Influence of China’s Global Soft Power Strategy on Its Relations with African Nations

Purpose: The aim of the study was to analyze the influence of China’s global soft power strategy on its relations with African nations Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low-cost advantage as compared to field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: China's soft power strategy in Africa, through Confucius Institutes, media outlets, scholarships, and cultural festivals, has enhanced its image as a development partner and fostered diplomatic ties. However, challenges include limited rural reach, perceived cultural dominance, and dependency concerns. Effective engagement requires inclusivity, transparency, and alignment with African cultural and developmental contexts. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Soft Power Theory, Dependency Theory and Constructivist Theory in International Relations maybe used to anchor future studies on the influence of China’s global soft power strategy on its relations with African nations. Prioritize mutual respect, transparency, and local empowerment, ensuring that soft power tools are not perceived as mechanisms for cultural domination as well as adapting its Confucius Institutes and cultural programs to African contexts by integrating local cultural elements.

Strategi Peningkatan Pencapaian Kinerja Guru di Namira Islamic School

This study aims to identify strategies that can be implemented to improve teacher performance at Namira Islamic School, an Islamic-based educational institution in North Sumatra. The study employs a mixed-methods approach, combining both quantitative and qualitative methods to obtain more comprehensive results. The population consists of 104 teachers, with a sample of 51 respondents selected using purposive sampling techniques. Based on a SWOT analysis, Namira Islamic School's strengths include high teacher competence, an inclusive work culture, and solid management support. Development opportunities can be leveraged through partnerships with other institutions and the use of technology. However, weaknesses such as heavy workloads, unequal salary systems, and a lack of comprehensive performance evaluations pose significant challenges. This study recommends strategies to improve performance through more effective workload management, the development of technology-based programs, strategic partnerships, and infrastructure enhancement.

DARI PISANG MENJADI PELUANG: STRATEGI PENINGKATAN USAHA KERIPIK DI SURABAYA

This PKM activity supports one of the main focus areas of Community Service 2024, namely the Green Economy sector in the use of composter tubes to process banana waste into fertilizer. The partner in this PKM is Mr. Sukri, owner of the JOYO banana chips business, located at Pakal Madya Jaya 5 no 11A RT 03 RW 02 Pakal Village, Pakal District, Surabaya City, which is 2.2 KM from the UWP campus. The urgency of this activity is low production capacity and the products produced are not good so it requires a touch of science and technology. The aim of this activity is to increase partner production capacity and quality and increase partner turnover. Priority problems, namely, in the Production sector, production equipment is still traditional and not ergonomic, wastes fuel, unhealthy and dirty inventory space and lots of rodents, workers do not wear PPE: Marketing sector, sales are unstable, packaging still uses thin plastic, labels and brands are less attractive, in the field of Business Management, there is no financial record keeping and there is no understanding of food health. The solution offered is to increase the quality and capacity of the business through developing banana chips TTG, increasing business capabilities, expanding marketing, improving packaging, labels and brands as well as financial records. Implementation method with TTG development of banana chips machine, partnership, training and mentoring. The results of the implementation of activities in this program include coordination of program implementation with partners, dissemination of TTG Banana Chips Machines, procurement of equipment and training on healthy production, dissemination of TTG Waste Processing Composter Tubes, online and offline sales training and assistance, training and assistance in making labels and logos , training and assistance in recording business financial transactions. The impact of this activity is an increase in the capacity and quality of partner products by 30%, an increase in partner turnover by 30%, an increase in partner knowledge and skills by 50%.

Strengthening the governance of food systems for nutrition in Africa: a political economy analysis of food policy in South Africa and Ghana.

To examine underlying political economy factors that enable or impede the integration of nutrition considerations into food system governance. Comparative political economy analysis of data collected through (1) value chain analyses of selected healthy and unhealthy commodities and (2) food system policy analyses, using a theoretical framework focused on power, politics, interests and ideas. Ghana and South Africa. Value chain actors relevant to healthy and unhealthy foods (Ghana n 121; South Africa n 72) and policy stakeholders from government (Health, Agriculture, Trade and Industry, Finance), academia, civil society, development partners, Civil Society Organization (CSO) and private sector (Ghana n 28; South Africa n 48). Nutrition was a stated policy priority in both countries; however, policy responsibility was located within the health sector, with limited integration of nutrition into food system sectors (including Agriculture, Trade and Industry). Contributing factors included a conceptions of policy responsibilities for nutrition and food systems, dominant ideas and narratives regarding the economic role of the food industry and the purpose of food system policy, the influence of large food industry actors, and limited institutional structures for cross-sectoral engagement and coordination. Integrating nutrition into multi-sectoral food policy to achieve multiple food system policy goals will require strategic action across jurisdictions and regional levels. Opportunities included increasing investment in healthy traditional foods, strengthening urban/rural linkages and informal food systems, and strengthening institutional structures for policy coherence and coordination related to nutrition.

A need for a comprehensive health financing strategy in Pakistan: ananalysis of key health financing issues.

This study aims to analyze the challenges in financing the healthcare system of Pakistan and develop a comprehensive health financing strategy aimed at achieving universal health coverage (UHC). The paper utilizes World Health Organization (WHO) framework on health financing to build the argument. It uses qualitative research design involving focus group discussions and in-depth interviews with key stakeholders, including Federal Board of Revenue, Ministry of Finance, Planning Commission, development partners, academia and health ministries at federal and provincial levels, as well as social health insurance entities. The research findings highlight several critical issues within Pakistan's healthcare system: Firstly, health spending is inadequate to provide financial protection to 24 million people. Secondly, the available health funding is allocated in clusters and caters primarily to specific groups, which exacerbates inequities in healthcare provision. Thirdly, the existence of multiple purchasing agents who operate concurrently to buy health services results in duplication and wastage of resources. Fourthly, the public financial management system, intended to support the swift distribution of public funds to health facilities, is not aligned with the requirements of the health system. Lastly, the devolved health setup has led to governance issues in managing the health sector. This study fills a significant gap in the literature on health financing within Pakistan and proposes a unique empirical approach using WHO's framework in a decentralized healthcare context. It also provides actionable recommendations for policymakers to develop strategies that improve the effectiveness of public financial management and health service delivery.

Better Together: the perceived impact of the ICIJ’s Pandora Papers collaboration on journalism and journalists

ABSTRACT The question of how to measure and quantify the impact of investigative reporting has long bedeviled communications scholars, journalists and media development practitioners. This paper analyzes how journalists and media organizations perceive the impact of one of the largest collaborations of investigative journalism ever conducted: the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists’ (ICIJ) Pandora Papers. Drawing on new global survey of more than 55 media outlets that participated in the consortium and a recently introduced taxonomy of journalism impact, our analysis yields both substantive and methodological insights. Substantively, we show that journalists and media organizations perceive that collaborative investigations generate substantial positive ‘internal’ returns for participating organizations, such as professional development and new media partnerships, although we observe no perceived impact on revenue. Methodologically, we show the value of organizing studies of media impact using a multi-dimensional taxonomy and make several recommendations to ensure that the full range of media impacts are captured.

Nexus between Menstrual Hygiene Management Facilities and Primary School Girls’ Class Attendance in Uganda

Inadequate Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) facilities has remained a daunting reality in majority of schools in low-income countries. In this study, the authors examined the availability of physical facilities for menstrual hygiene management, class attendance of girls from P.4 to P.7 and the relationship between the physical menstrual hygiene management facilities and class attendance of girls in primary schools. The paper was constructed from secondary datasets from the Eighth Uwezo Learning Assessment. A total of 954 schools were enlisted for the study. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics and spearman rank correlation. Based on the findings, the study argues that promotion of girl child education through provision of WASH facilities unveiled both challenges and successful stories. While private rooms and functional hand washing facilities were limited in numbers, and in some cases not available at all, separate latrine stances were largely available. There were remarkable differences in the average girls’ attendance across regions and classes. Due to diverse relationships between menstrual hygiene facilities and class attendance, the study concludes that enhanced WASH facilities promote girls’ attendance while inadequate facilities hinder the attendance. The study recommends that the Ministry of Education and Sports should prioritize provision of adequate WASH facilities in primary schools. In addition, the government should ensure that interventions from development and/or education partners maximize the provision of quality WASH facilities for enhanced girls’ school attendance.

Governance of knowledge development in a public-private partnership: NASAs efforts to design the Space Shuttle

What conceptual opportunities for the theory of innovation governance are uncovered by analyzing the knowledge development required to design the first reusable spacecraft, the Space Shuttle, through a public-private partnership? Using data collected from various sources, this study provides insights into how NASA, a public agency, governed knowledge development while engaging private actors in anticipation of creating a long-running shuttle program. First, within each phase of the design process, knowledge was developed through knowledge generation, knowledge filtration, and knowledge combination and involved a division of labor. Second, knowledge reinforcing—whereby the knowledge developed in the previous phase was innovated upon using new knowledge—occurred between phases. In summary, the paper highlights how public-private partnerships govern knowledge development by managing division of labor and reinforcing knowledge. These insights pave the way for future investigations at the intersection of governance mechanisms and innovation processes.

Policy formulation and actor roles in the expanded Kenyan free maternity policy (Linda Mama): A policy analysis.

In 2013, Kenya implemented free maternity services, later expanded in 2016 into the 'Linda Mama' policy to provide essential health services for pregnant women. This study explored the policy formulation background, processes, content, and actors' roles in formulation and implementation. Using a convergent parallel mixed-methods case study design, we reviewed documents and conducted in-depth interviews with national stakeholders, county officials, and healthcare workers. We applied a theoretical framework capturing the background and context, processes, content, and actors. The study spanned national, county, and facility levels within Kenya's health system. Data were audio-recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using a framework thematic approach. Findings showed that political imperatives and global and national goals shaped the expanded policy, drawing on previous learnings. Actor power played a crucial role in shaping policy direction, reflecting their interests and capacity to influence decisions. The policy aimed to improve coverage and administrative efficiency, with NHIF becoming the primary purchaser of services to ensure sustainability and address legal challenges. The policy design, marked by conflicts and time pressures, required a collaborative approach to reconcile design and costing differences. Despite differing interests, discussions and dialogues were essential for leadership and conflict management, culminating in key policy documents. A committee was established for stakeholders to freely discuss and debate the policy design, enabling relevant players to devise solutions and fostering joint commitment for implementation. Government officials, development partners, and representatives significantly influenced policy formulation. Beneficiary representatives had limited awareness of public participation opportunities. National and county actors supported achieving audit, research, financing, and strategic operational goals crucial for policy implementation. In conclusion, this study highlights the continued significance of policy analysis frameworks and theories in understanding the complex nature of policy development. These findings offer valuable insights for countries designing or redesigning healthcare policies and provide relevant information to academic communities.

Self-Control or Crime Control: Teachers’ Insights on Good Practices in 1:1 Classrooms and Implications for Professional Development

Norway ranks high in digitalization in schools, with over 90% of students in grades 1–10 having their own digital device supplied by their school districts and reporting the highest use of digital tools globally in the latest PISA report. However, research shows that implementation processes and competence measures for teachers’ professional use of digital devices vary considerably between schools. This study aims to inform the development of research-practice partnership (RPP) measures focused on professional digital competence development in digitalizing schools internationally by exploring what teachers consider important for good teaching practices in 1:1 computing classrooms. We draw on both closed and open survey responses from 1505 Norwegian teachers in highly digitalized schools where the most experienced teachers have had 1:1 computing since 2014. The findings show that classroom management is seen as gradually more important with higher digital teaching competence and more experience, but that the teachers’ understandings of what digital competence entails and their use of classroom management strategies are rather limited. The study concludes that professional competence development measures that provide broader understandings of digital competence and classroom management are needed, dependent on competence levels and experience, as well as systematic training of students’ digital self-regulation.

Understanding the Challenges of Advocacy Communication, Social Mobilization, and Operationalization for COVID-19 and Routine Immunization in Nigeria.

The primary goal of program communication in public health is to influence behaviors. It also aims to raise awareness and ultimately improve health outcomes. Under the umbrella of program communication exist three interconnected, interrelated, and mutually supportive communication aspects: advocacy, communication, and social mobilization (ACSM). While advocacy involves promoting political dedication and holding authorities accountable for fulfilling commitments and achieving success, social mobilization brings together various sectors and individuals to raise awareness and demand for a specific program. This study aimed to understand the operationalization and challenges of ACSM activities among health workers addressing COVID-19 and routine immunization in Nigeria. The study used a qualitative study design. In-depth interviews were conducted among health workers in the ACSM unit of the state's primary health care system, using a two-tier approach. The recorded interviews were transcribed in Microsoft Word format by professional transcribers and coded using Dedoose. A total of 38 health care workers across six states were selected to participate in this study. Our study found that ACSM coordination structures existed across the six states. Routine ACSM activities were either funded by the government or local development partners implementing programs. Lack of technological devices, unavailability of funds, unavailability of data tools, and lack of technological skills are major barriers to ACSM operationalization. This study highlighted the critical role of government and agency funding in sustaining ACSM activities. However, barriers that hinder the effective operationalization of ACSM efforts remain. Therefore, the results support the need for strategic investment in technology, staff capacity building, and appropriate resource allocation to overcome these barriers.

Nepal’s Status‐Seeking Endeavors: Between Normative Convergence and Geopolitical Interests

Due to limited material and geopolitical factors, the agency of small states is limited in international politics. As such, these states may seek to mitigate such weaknesses through status-seeking, adopting peculiar foreign policy approaches or international commitments to signal to more powerful actors about specific political or normative affinities. In this article, the conceptual framework of social identity theory, specifically social mobility, is used to assess Nepal’s foreign policy choices. It is argued that Nepal pursues the identity management strategy of social mobility in the form of normative conformance with more powerful actors to reinforce its status in the international community but not necessarily to rise up in the hierarchy of states. Social mobility through normative conformance not only allows Nepal to elevate its status with higher-status groups like the EU, the UN, and US (which are the country’s primary development partners), but it also reinforces Nepal’s interest in maintaining (and if possible, expanding) its agency as a sovereign state which is constrained due to its geopolitical location in between much larger neighbors, India and China. Nepal’s normative convergence efforts are broadly categorized into two specific types of commitments: (a) multilateralism and (b) normative congruence with development partners. Both of these normative conformance approaches seek to emulate the values and practices of the higher-status group—the US, the UN, and the EU.

Intimate Partner Violence during the Index Pregnancy and its correlates among a panel of pregnant women in Ethiopia, evidence from performance, and monitoring for action (PMA) 2021 cohort two baseline survey

IntroductionCurrent intimate partner violence (IPV) in Ethiopia is considerably high. This study aimed at determining the prevalence of IPV among a panel of pregnant women during their index pregnancy and identify its correlates using Performance Monitoring for action (PMA) cohort 2 baseline data. Documenting the magnitude of IPV thus far during the index pregnancy and identifying factors affecting it contributes its share for the ministry and relevant developmental partners in tracking progress towards eliminating all forms of violence against women and girls by 2030.MethodsWe conducted a further analysis of national level follow up secondary data sets from Performance Monitoring for action Ethiopian (E_PMA). This study used PMA cohort two baseline data which enrolled pregnant and recently postpartum women and collected real time data on various sexual, reproductive, maternal and new born nationwide priority indicators using customized Open Data Kit Mobile application. These data were collected using standard pretested questionnaire prepared in three local languages (Amharic, Afan Oromo and Tigrigna) by well experienced resident enumerators. This study was restricted to 1,796 pregnant women at the enrollment. Frequency was computed to describe the study participant’s characteristics, and chi-square statistics was used to assess cell sample size adequacy. Multilevel binary logistics regression model building process was employed to identify correlates of IPV. Results were presented in the form percentages and odds ratio with 95% Confidence Intervals. Candidate variables were selected using p-value of 0.25. Statistical significance was declared at p-value of 0.05.ResultsOne in six; 16.7% (14.81%, 18.76%) pregnant women have reported experiencing at least one form of physical and/or sexual IPV thus far in their index pregnancy. The prevalence of encountering at least one form of sexual violence was 12.53% (10.91%, 14.35%) while 7% (5.5%, 8.3%) of them experienced at least one form physical intimate partner violence thus far during their index pregnancy. Women perceived risk about contraceptive use ((AOR: 95% CI: 1.66 (1.10, 2.47)), higher birth order ((AOR: 95% CI: 1.88 (1.05, 3.34)), unhappy emotional fertility intention when learned their index pregnancy ((AOR: 95% CI: 1.7 (1.02, 2.84)) and a family size of 4 to 5 ((AOR: 95% CI: 1.87 (1.11. 3.14)) were the fixed effects factors found to increase the odds of IPV significantly and positively. On the contrary, being in the third trimester of gestation at enrollment was another fixed effect variable which contributed for the 44% lower odds ((AOR: 95% CI: 0.56 (0.34, 0.92)) of experiencing IPV thus far in their index pregnancy.ConclusionsThe overall burden of IPV reported was high; with nearly double the percentage of women experiencing sexual violence during the index pregnancy compared to physical IPV. More work needs to be done to achieve zero tolerance against any form of violence among women and girls in general and among pregnant women in particular. Efforts targeted in improving women perception on issue related with their contraceptive use, counseling women on how to prevent IPV during their antenatal care (ANC) visit along with advising the use of inter pregnancy contraception and empowering them to control on their fertility are hoped to mitigate such considerably higher odds of IPV among pregnant women. Further programs and intervention on awareness creation towards the misconception that women held about contraceptive use would contribute much. These activities and efforts need to target younger women. The implication of the findings calls key actors and the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Health Minster to design and implement programs on women emotional fertility readiness and empowering them to control over their fertility through diversified contraceptive provision which is critical in combating the reported substantial IPV experience during pregnancy. Creating institutional capacity in the health system through strengthening and expanding one stop centers to provide medical treatment, care, and psychosocial support for victims and survivors could play a pivotal role. In addition, installing rapid referral system and linkage to the legal system could play a vital role. Moreover, working on early marriage and counseling on childbirth; and spaced pregnancy for those young couples is imperative. Further implication of this study was installing contraceptive and violence related preconception care packages in the health system is very critical in the combat against IPV and any form of gender based violence.