Development Of Young Athletes Research Articles

Фізичний розвиток юних спортсменів — вихованців училища фізичної культури

Актуальність. Особливості фізичного розвитку юних спортсменів — вихованців училищ фізичної культури залишаються недостатньо вивченими. Мета. Порівняльна оцінка фізичного розвитку юних спортсменів і школярів України залежно від статі та віку. Матеріали та методи. Вивчені та порівняні з «Критеріями оцінки фізичного розвитку дітей шкільного віку» України антропометричні показники фізичного розвитку 1188 учнів училища фізичної культури (777 хлопців і 411 дівчат) віком 12–17 років. Результати. Показники фізичного розвитку спортсменів-хлопців вищі, ніж у школярів, практично тотожні у спортсменок і школярок і у спортсменів-хлопців на відміну від дівчат, тотально зростають з віком. Висновки. Юні спортсмени характеризуються домінуванням середнього та вищих градацій зросту, 12-, 15-, 17-річні хлопці та 17-річні дівчата — більшою частотою гармонійного розвитку, старші за віком — схильністю до надмірного, молодші — до недостатнього фізичного розвитку.

Eating behaviours, the frequency of consumption of selected food products, and selected elements of lifestyle among young dancers.

Proper nutrition and balanced physical activity have a beneficial effect on the growth and development of young athletes, supporting their endurance and health, which is particularly important in the period of adolescence. Aim of this study was to assess eating behaviours, frequency of consumption of some food products and selected elements of lifestyle among young dancers, as well as to compare the age of the dancers and the assessed behavior. The study included 198 dancers aged 10-15 years. An originally developed questionnaire was used as a research tool. The largest group of dancers (43%) spent on training up to 2 hours per week. The recommended 4-5 meals/day were consumed by 61.1% of dancers, with 87.4% of respondents having breakfast on a daily basis. The recommendations on the daily intake of several portions of fruit and vegetables were followed by 49% and 36.9% of dancers, respectively. It is observed, that the consumption rates of sweets increased, while the consumption rates of fruit decreased with dancers'age. The consumption rates of packed lunch and afternoon snack increased, whereas the consumption rates of dinner decreased with an increasing number of hours spent training. Eating behaviours and the frequency of consumption of food products by young dancers can be described as varied. Their diet is characterised by regular consumption of meals and a correct frequency of consumption of most food products, including high intake of fruit and vegetables, yoghurt and kefir, as well as low consumption of fast food products. The selected elements of dancers' lifestyle, such as sleep time and physical activity, are mostly correct.

Introduction to Feature Series: Development of Youth Athletes

Many youth coaches may not have training in pedagogy or coaching methodologies to guide their practice activities and long-term planning for development within sport. This feature series will provide evidence-based practice for youth coaches, physical education instructors, and parents to aid in the development of young athletes. The need for organized, programmed, science- and research-based methods of development for adequate development is growing. The premise of this project is to provide the reading audience with 1) a foundation of knowledge for long term developmental for young athletes, 2) goals and applications for youth training programs, and 3) tips and ideas for improved daily practice activities.

Youth Athletic Development: Including the Science of Periodization into Practice

Sport coaches can agree that various levels of practice and play contribute significantly to the overall development of a young athlete. Coaches of young athletes need to also address issues related to strength and conditioning as part of the developmental cycle. Unfortunately, many sport coaches are not well trained in the science related to strength and conditioning and many athletes are woefully undertrained or inappropriately trained. To fully develop young athletes, all coaches need to have some basic knowledge of the science of strength and conditioning, not just fitness fundamentals. The complete development of young athletes incorporates a training system known as periodization. This process involves a systematized program of variables that are inversely proportional, meaning as one variable goes up, and the other variable goes down. In terms of sport seasons, as athletes spend more time in skill development during the in-season, strength and conditioning time should be reduced. This process is reversed in other situations where less skill development occurs then more strength and conditioning can, and should, occur. This article summarizes how coaches can implement strength and conditioning into practice sessions and what to do in the off-season to enhance sport skill development.

Differences in the Bodyweight, Hydration Levels, Lean Mass, and Fat Mass in Spanish Junior Elite Judokas.

Combat sports have a great interest in society and among professional sports. They are an important group of sports in the Olympic Games, but the strategies carried out by athletes to reduce body weight for weighing day, is famously known, suffering the adverse physical and psychological effects of rapid weight loss. This could compromise not only the performance, but the health and development of young athletes. A total of 22 elite male judokas (18.05 ± 1.05 years old) were evaluated during four different competitions in one season; the variables of body weight, water levels, and lean and fat mass were measured by bioimpedance (BIA), (Tanita BC545N) during one season. Using the linear mixed model test, we found significant differences in bodyweight variable during the competitions 3–4. The water level variable showed significant differences in all competitions, except for 2–4. Body mass index was significantly different in all competitions, being higher in the later competitions, except between competitions 1–2 and 2–3. Judokas participate in weight loss methods for their weigh-in days. Furthermore, the age at which the athletes reduced their water levels are worrisome. These results could be used to create healthy programs, especially in elite judokas, in order to carry out strategies before, during, and after competitions with weight loss and controlled water levels increasing future performance and health.

Engaging with uncertainty in athlete development – orchestrating talent development through incremental leadership

ABSTRACT The development of young athletes is a complex process characterised by dynamic changes and uncertainty [Abbott, A., Button, C., Pepping, G.-J., & Collins, D. (2005). Unnatural selection: Talent identification and development in sport. Nonlinear Dynamics, Psychology, and Life Sciences, 9(1), 61–88]. Talent development systems are characterised by a high level of uncertainty and unpredictability related to future outcomes [Phillips, E., Davids, K., Renshaw, I., & Portus, M. (2010). Expert performance in sport and the dynamics of talent development. Sports Medicine, 40(4), 271–283]. This complexity means that attempts to identify sporting talent and to predict who will eventually succeed have a low level of success [Johnston, K., Wattie, N., Schorer, J., & Baker, J. (2018). Talent identification in sport: A systematic review. Sports Medicine, 48(1), 97–109]. Research has challenged the trend of advocating formalised and normative systems of talent identification and development [Bailey, R., & Collins, D. (2013). The standard model of talent development and its discontents. Kinesiology Review, 2(4), 248–259], and empirical research has identified different approaches to talent development [Bjørndal, C. T., Andersen, S. S., & Ronglan, L. T. (2017). Successful and unsuccessful transitions to the elite level: The youth national team pathways in Norwegian handball. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 13(4), 533–544]. However, surprisingly few researchers have focused their attention on the identification of effective, operational and concrete strategies for steering athlete developmental processes. This research gap is troubling because of the problematic nature of popular development strategies in modern elite sport systems. The complex and dynamic roles of coaches in steering athlete development have been explored by Bjørndal & Ronglan, using [Jones, R. L., & Wallace, M. (2005). Another bad day at the training ground: Coping with ambiguity in the coaching context. Sport, Education and Society, 10(1), 119–134] conceptualisation of coaching as a form of orchestration. However, the usefulness of this conceptualisation has been criticised because although it reflects the complexity of talent development, it is difficult to use as a foundation for a practical, everyday conceptualisation of the challenges and opportunities associated with talent development. The aim of this paper, therefore, is to deepen and to refine the conceptualisation of coaching within complex athlete development settings. The paper explores [Lindblom, C. E. (1959). The science of “muddling through”. Public Administration Review, 19(2), 79–88] seminal idea of incrementalism to operationalise and refine the notion of ‘leadership by orchestration’ in the context of talent development. Developing a coaching strategy based on incremental leadership should therefore be seen as an attempt to better coordinate, plan and act on the uncertainties associated with talent development.

Examining the Impact of Coaches’ Feedback Patterns on the Psychosocial Well-Being of Youth Sport Athletes

Developmentally based theories in the social-psychology field emphasize the important role that significant adults play in relation to children’s psychosocial health and well-being. In particular, these theories suggest that the responses adults provide to children in reaction to their performance attempts may affect the children’s own perceptions and evaluations of their competencies, as well as their overall self-worth. In the youth sport setting, coaches may be the main providers of performance-related feedback. The purpose of this paper was to use current research and theory to identify and discuss 4 dimensions of coaches’ feedback that are relevant to the growth and development of young athletes: content, delivery, degree of growth orientation, and extent of stereotyping. The paper ends with recommendations for future research on the topic, with emphasis on examining developmental transitions and why coaches give feedback in particular ways.

“I thought we were supposed to learn how to become better coaches”: developing coach education through action research

ABSTRACT Youth coaches play a crucial role in the development of young athletes and their physical, psychological and social well-being. Therefore, it is important to foster and develop youth coaches’ ability to govern and act effectively in their coaching practices. Sports organisations facilitate the development of youth coaches through formal coach education. However, research has shown this to be with limited effect. The purpose of this action research study was to involve youth coaches in developing a new and more effective coach education practice. The coaches developed their practices through both dialogue and reflection with each other. A shift in the mindset of the coaches resulted in a more reflective and analytical approach in their way of thinking and talking about their practices. The most effective tools for improving the coach educational practice was the active management of the relations between the participating coaches and assisting the coaches’ reflection and dialogue through the use of scaffolding. In order to engage coaches in the educational practice, alignment between coaches’ expectations and both course content and form was crucial. These findings provide further insight into how coaches can develop their practices and how sports organisations can develop more effective coach education practices.

Recursos humanos, financeiros e materiais de atletas de basquetebol nas categorias de base e a percepção dos treinadores sobre a formação dos atletas

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os recursos humanos, financeiros e materiais de atletas de basquetebol nas categorias de base e a percepção dos treinadores sobre estes recursos no processo de formação do atleta. A amostra do estudo foi composta por: 47 atletas de categoria sub-19 anos de Minas Gerais e os respectivos treinadores e 47 atletas profissionais. Os instrumentos utilizados foram: Questionário sobre o Contexto da Prática para Atletas de Basquetebol (QCP-Basq), Versão Recursos para o Treinamento e entrevista semiestruturada. Com base nos resultados foi possível entender que os atletas profissionais treinaram em instituições com mais recursos desde a iniciação esportiva em comparação aos atletas da categoria sub-19 anos de Minas Gerais. Os treinadores de Minas Gerais indicam precariedade na estruturação dos recursos na formação do jovem atleta e ressaltam que há dificuldade em aproveitar o jogador que se destaca nas categorias de base nas equipes profissionais do Estado.

Efeito da idade relativa no Futebol: o estudo de caso do São Paulo Futebol Clube

The aim of this study was to compare the birth-date distribution of youth athletes of a high-level Brazilian soccer club with the general population of the same age group. In a cross-sectional study, the birth date of 341 youth athletes (under 10-20) was compared with a reference population (live births that occurred in Sao Paulo state in the same age group; n = 5,480,868). The subjects were divided into quarters of birth: 1st = January-March; 2nd = April-June; 3rd = July-September; 4th = October-December. The chi-square test (χ2) was used to compare the expected (reference population) and observed (athletes) distributions. It was detected a significant difference between the expected distribution and observed distribution (χ2= 29.53; p<0.0001), with a higher percentage of athletes born in the 1st quarter (47.5%) and a lower percentage in the 4th quarter (8.8%). The present results confirm the occurrence of the relative age effect (RAE) during the player selection process in a top-level Brazilian soccer club. The occurrence of this phenomenon during the selection and development of young athletes needs to be taken into account and should be analyzed carefully in order to minimize the loss of potential youth soccer talent. Further studies are required to identify the determinants of RAE and to establish preventive strategies that ensure a more efficient selection process of young soccer players.

Focusing the Direction of Our Profession: Athletic Trainers in America's Health Care System

For some time now, I have been concerned that as a profession, we have lost focus regarding exactly what it is that athletic trainers (ATs) do. Athletic trainers have played a unique and important role in our health care system. Moreover, ATs value the contributions sport and exercise make to the health and development of young athletes and recognize the importance of a physically active lifestyle for all. From the beginning, ATs have sought to prevent sportand exercise-related injury. We treat patients engaged in exercise and strenuous work related to competitive sports, recreation, and work. In this issue of the Journal of Athletic Training, the need for ATs in high school, middle school, and youth programs becomes clear. Steinberg et al report on the high incidence of injury in young dancers, whereas Bowman and Bradney highlight the need to have welltrained health care professionals on-site to examine and treat injured and ill athletes. We know that every professional sport team, college, and university employs 1 or more ATs. But it may come as a surprise to realize that of the more than 41 000 US public and private high schools, about 42% (17 000) of these ‘‘have access’’ to an AT, according to the National Athletic Trainers’ Association. That means that more than 24 000 high schools currently have no AT at all. Even if only 1 AT is hired for each of these high schools, the potential market for jobs is huge, and this doesn’t even begin to take into account the potential job possibilities at middle schools. Despite this wealth of job opportunities, the push by our association has been to broaden the scope of practice for ATs to find work as physician extenders, in industry, or in clinics with a variety of patient populations who are different from the physically active population. This focus has created conflict between ATs and physical therapists and, in some cases, occupational therapists who are competing for the same patients in the health care marketplace. Athletic trainers have been trying, with limited success, to make a case to both employers and third-party payers that we are every bit as prepared as physical therapists, occupational therapists, and other health care providers to work with diverse patient populations. Athletic trainers are extremely well prepared to deal with physically active patients who have sustained injuries related to sport activity. In fact, we have better academic preparation and clinical training than ANY other group of health care professionals to work with this population. I firmly believe that many of the challenging issues negatively affecting our profession could be eliminated by refocusing on what we do well. We are health care providers. However, we should focus on providing health care to competitive and recreationally active patients at all levels; this is our niche within the health care system, and we are very good at it. No other professional is prepared to direct prevention efforts, provide on-site emergency and nonemergency care, direct appropriate follow-up, and ensure sufficient rehabilitation and recovery for return to safe participation in sports. In doing so, we provide a much needed service to a very specific patient population in a health care setting that, frankly, very few other health care professions are interested in serving. How can we accomplish this?

Analysis of the factorial validity and reliability of the Malay version of the revised Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2

Sport competition can be a major source of stress among youth sport athletes. Knowledge of competitive state anxiety may be beneficial for both sport performance and development of young athletes....

Anthropometry, physical and motor performance determinants of sprinting and long jump in 10-15 year old girls from disadvantaged communities in South Africa

The development of young athletes with talent for sprinting and long-jump can benefit from scientific talent identification (TID) programmes, but limited research exists pertaining to TID among young girl athletes and specifically those from disadvantaged communi ties. The aim of the study was to identi fy anthropometric, physical and motor variables important for performance in sprinting and long- jump in 10 to 15 year-old gi rls from disadvantaged communi ties. Seventy-four girls (N=74) between ages 10 and 15 years from two di fferent farm schools were subjected to the Aust ralian Talent Search Protocol (Australian Sports Commission, 1995) to identify general sports talent. It is an existing protocol that is used to identify general sports talent and consists of 10 test. The top 50%(n=37) who represented the most talented of the group were selected by rank ordering for further analysis by means of a sprinting and long-jumpsport speci fic test battery (five anthropometric measurements and 28 physical and motor tests). Stepwise multiple regression analysis was thenperformed to determine the variables with the largest contribution to sprinting and long-jumping ability while effect sizes were used to establish the practical significance of the contribution of each variable. The results indicated that long-jump (R2 = 0.64), push-ups (R2 = 0.68), 7-level abdominal st rength (R2 = 0.72), 0-5 metres speed (R2 = 0.78),ankle dorsiflexion (R2 = 0.80), stature (R2 = 0.81) and age (R2 = 0.84) contributed to 84% of the total variance in 100 metres sprinting. Seventy nine percent of the total variance in long-jump was explained by 0-100 metres speed (R2 =0.64), stature (R2 = 0.72), 7-level abdominal strength (R2 = 0.73), push-ups (R2 = 0.75), ankle dorsiflexion (R2 = 0.77),standing long-jump (R2 = 0.78) and body mass (R2 = 0.79). The high cont ribution of the variables to the total variance in sprinting and long-jump respectively indicate that it can be used to enablecoaches and sports scientists to further classify girls who display talent as sprinting and long-jump athletes, and then develop the potential of theathletes accordingly.

Discussion - Integrating Sports Science Disciplines of Biomechanics and Strength Training in the Teaching of Table-tennis Drives - An Example in Singapore Sports School Experience

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.The Singapore Sports School was formed in 2003 as the result of a government initiative to strive for a sporting nation. With this emphasis on sporting success, the integration of sports science in the development of young athletes is a core strategy used in the teaching and coaching pedagogy of the sports school. The purpose of this article is to highlight an example of such a strategy used in teaching table-tennis skills. Specifically, our example will feature an integration of the disciplines of sports biomechanics, strength and conditioning principles and table-tennis coaching pedagogy, as a framework for coaching specific aspects of table-tennis forehand and backhand drives; and, draw implications of such an approach for use in sports programmes of schools in general.新加坡體育學校成立於2003年，是政府邁向運動之國目標的其中一個主要計畫。因此，這篇論文主要描述怎樣運用運動科學在於乒乓技術的進展。它內容將讓你能進一步瞭解如何運用運動生物力學與體能學在乒乓拉球與及其它運動方面。

The muscle drain, coubertobin‐type taxes and the international transfer system in association football

This paper is a response to the proposal by Andreff (2001) that a Coubertobin tax be levied on the international movement of athletes and players from developing countries in order to restrict the “muscle drain” from these countries. It is argued that the recent changes in the international transfer system in association football can be viewed as a first attempt at implementing a Coubertobin‐type tax through training compensation and the solidarity principle. In addition there are strict regulations for the international transfer of minors. It is further argued that a Coubertobin‐type tax cannot (and should not be used to) prevent the economic migration of established athletes and players. Rather it should be used to ensure adequate compensation in order to encourage the local training and development of young athletes and players.

Growth and Development of Young Athletes

Growth and Development of Young Athletes

Persistence among Young Male Gymnasts

Persistence is a trait which probably affects many human activities. It is especially important in the developmental stages of young athletes who are exposed to making intensive effort over a long period of time. Many talented youths fail to achieve their potential directly because they lack the trait of persistence. This is most pronounced in activities such as athletics, music, and arts, where practice is required beginning at very early ages. The purpose of this study was to contrast several components comprising persistence of athletes and nonathletes. The Persistence Scale for Children was administered to 50 young male gymnasts who persisted in the sport for more than two years and to 99 male nonathletes. Analysis showed that the gymnasts scored significantly higher than the nonathletes on over-all persistence. Further analysis indicated that the gymnasts scored significantly higher on four particular components. The discussion emphasizes the importance of persistence in selection and development of young athletes.