Development Of Urban Villages Research Articles

Research of Tax Governance on Urban Village Rent: A Case Study of X Village in Dongguan City

Tax governance is an important part of the national governance system and also a significant reflection of the national governance capacity. Using X Village in Dongguan City as a case study, this paper summarizes the tax governance issues in the urban rental market through field investigations and online data collection, as well as identifies the deficiencies in current laws, regulations, and policies. The research reveals that there are practical problems such as regulatory gaps and implementation difficulties, asymmetric market information, inadequate participation in social governance, and difficulty in coordinating conflicting interests in X Village. In response to these issues, the study explores corresponding paths for governance and proposes methods such as establishing comprehensive regulations and strengthening law enforcement, creating an information-sharing platform, enhancing participation in social governance, and balancing economic interests to address the tax irregularities in urban village rentals. This will help provide a solid foundation for the sustainable development of urban villages.

Parking choice behavior of urban village residents considering parking risk: An integrated modeling approach

With rising car ownership, the demand for parking and land for parking is increasing rapidly. This strains urban land resources and accentuates the performance of urban villages, characterized by limited space, high building density, narrow roadways, and few parking spaces, making parking challenging. To address this, the study focuses on guiding residents' parking choices from a parking management perspective, aiming to reduce the demand for parking spots among village members. In April 2021, a survey was conducted in Shenzhen City, where urban villages are widely dispersed. The survey revealed that residents primarily rely on on-street parking within the village, off-street parking within the village, and on-street parking outside the village. Due to the unquantifiable nature of the latent variable of parking risk and the impact of individual heterogeneity, this paper adopts a discrete selection model that integrates principal component analysis and mixed logit model (PCA-ML). The model demonstrated a good fit, indicating that parking charges, search time, and walking distance to home have negative impacts on parking choices. In addition, street parking outside the village is positively influenced by the parking risk attitude variable, while village parking remains unaffected. This study assists authoritative departments in understanding the factors that influence parking management in urban villages, thereafter, adopting targeted guidance to direct residents in urban villages to park their vehicles, mitigating the current situation of parking difficulties in urban villages. Furthermore, it contributes to achieve equitable and sustainable development of urban villages.

Research on the Spatial Quality of Urban Village Main Streets in Shenzhen from the Perspective of Nighttime Pedestrian Demands

Our findings shed light on existing theoretical investigations and the sustainable development of urban villages and the policy recommendations are proposed for the sustainable development of urban villages. It is widely acknowledged that public spaces in urban villages play an important role in residents’ everyday lives, and the nighttime activities of most pedestrians are confined to the main streets in urban villages. Main streets are an important public space in urban villages at night and are a focus for comprehensive renovation in China. There has not been adequate research on main streets at nighttime, and such research is necessary to improve the quality of urban spaces and achieve high-quality development. This study used methods such as literature analysis, on-site research, and semi-structured interviews to understand the spatial characteristics of the main streets of urban villages at night and summarize the demands of pedestrians. This study used the Kano model to adjust the structure of the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) model to form the AHP–Kano model and construct an evaluation system based on the evaluation dimension of pedestrian needs. We conducted a questionnaire-based survey of pedestrians on the main streets of Pingshan Village and Nantou Ancient City in Shenzhen, and obtained the dominant categories of pedestrian demands and the results of satisfaction evaluations from the main street spaces of the two urban villages at night. According to on-site research, we analyzed the problems in the main street spaces of the two urban villages at night, and propose targeted renovation suggestions, which have clear value for improving everyday public spaces in urban villages at nighttime.

The Governance Model Investigation of Urban Village's Commercialization Based on Cultural Insight

With the development of the city, urban villages, though an important part of the cities now, seem to be unable to avoid the fate of disappearing. Urban villages developed in China as a result of some original villages being surrounded by contemporary tall buildings. This paper reviewed the history and the development of urban villages, compared slum management in other countries to the management of urban villages in China, and takes Nantou Gucheng, an urban village in Shenzhen, as an example to explore the balance between economic development and preservation of cultural heritage. The paper shows that the urban village provided stalls for the brands like a commercial center, which was meaningless. The government should dig deep into the history of the urban villages. Besides, the government makes it possible to provide improved support to ensure old shops run by the original residents of urban villages for more than 10 years can continue to operate.

Peran Administrasi Pertanahan dalam Perkembangan Wilayah Kota Tangerang Selatan

South Tangerang City is experiencing a process of suburbanization, where the increase in population causes an increase in the need for space for development. If development activities are not controlled, it will reduce the quality of the environment and people's lives. Land management is an activity that aims to support development programs by utilizing the capacity of land resources. This study aims to analyze the level of regional development and analyze the influence of land administration in supporting regional development in South Tangerang City in 2016 and 2019. The level of regional development is analyzed weighted scalogram with modification of physical, social and economic variables. The relationship between the Y variable (Urban village development index-IPWK) and the X variable (Land administration) was modeled using Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR). The results of the regional hierarchy analysis show that the urban village in South Tangerang City are dominant in Hierarchy 3 with an average IPWK value result 46.25 (2016) and 45.38 (2019), as a hinterland for DKI Jakarta. Land administration activities can have different positive and negative effects locally on the level of development of the urban village area.

Komparasi Metode Weighted Product (WP) Dan Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) Pada Sistem Pendukung Keputusan Dalam Menentukan Pembangunan Infrastruktur Kelurahan

The goverment gives urban villages more power includes urban village development. In accordance with local village goverment policies, there are specific criteria for allocating funds for village infrastructure development. The aim is to make the development of urban village infrastructure more equitable and targeted. Priorities for urban village infrastructure development must be decided. Decisions on urban infrastructure development are still made by voting and voting and often more significant developments have to be postponed due to losing votes. To prioritizes urban infrastructure development, urban village officials can use decision support system. Prioritization of urban village infrastructure development is determined using Simple Additive Weight (SAW) and Product weightn(WP) methodologies. Each proposal will be assessed according to the criteria chosen by the Kelurahan to determine development priorities. It is expected that the decision support system will be easier, more accurate, and faster in determining development priorities in Rangkapan jaya urban village. Comparison of SAW and WP methods using 10 alternative data, shows that both methods get accurate data and are suitable when applied as ranking of infrastructure development.

Impact of land property rights on the informal development of urban villages in China: The case of Guangzhou

Informal development, as a unique phenomenon that has become widespread in China’s urbanization process in recent years, has continued to attract the attention of both the government and academia. Existing studies focus on urban village redevelopment strategies, and little research has been conducted on informal development in urban villages under the land property approach. In particular, research needs to further explore what impact China’s collective land property rights have had on informality in urban villages. This study mainly adopts a qualitative research method, including field observation and in-depth interviews. The research was conducted in urban villages in Guangzhou. The study finds that land property rights have an important impact on urbanization and property rights arrangements have an important impact on resource allocation efficiency. Due to the ambiguity of collective land property rights in China, informal development in urban villages is the result of the collective action of villagers, government, and enterprises under the stimulation of economic development. The interaction of the stakeholders has promoted the rapid development of informal housing in urban villages.

Examining the Planning Policies of Urban Villages Guided by China’s New-Type Urbanization: A Case Study of Hangzhou City

Planning policies have greatly influenced the development of urban villages, an informal phenomenon in which rural settlements are encircled by urban environments during China's rapid urbanization process. "The National New-type Urbanization Plan (2014-2020)" of China initiated in 2014 provides a new perspective on planning policy research on China' urban villages. Hangzhou, a pioneer city that adopts new-type urbanization in China and combines the characteristics of rapid urban growth, mountainous urban terrains, and a long cultural history, serves as a typical case study to compare the planning policies responding to the informality of urban villages guided by traditional and new-type urbanization. This study employed the content analysis method to analyze the evolution of Hangzhou's planning policies of urban villages since the reform and opening up and used one-way ANOVA to analyze the differences in rental levels among the urban villages developed under the planning policies of different urbanization stages, aiming to compare the influences of planning policies guided by traditional and new-type urbanization on urban village development. The results indicate that the policies allowing some degree of informality in the new-type urbanization stage achieve a higher rental level for urban villages than the policies of the traditional urbanization stages that restrict and prevent informality. The findings of this research suggest that informality may provide advantages that formality cannot replace and provides important policy implications for rapidly urbanizing countries.

An Identification of Relationship Between Regional Development Level and Slums in Sidenreng Rappang Regency

Sidenreng Rappang Regency, South Sulawesi Province was recorded to be ranked 2nd (second) as the regency/city with the highest slum area in South Sulawesi in 2020.The development of the Sidenreng Rappang Regency area as a strategic agribusiness center area with economic activity with high mobility and the increasing need for land for large-scale production facilities and housing development is suspected to have implications for the existence of this slum settlement. This study aims to identify the relationship between the level of regional development and slums in Sidenreng Rappang Regency. The research method used is a scalogram analysis on the variables of population, distance and travel time, educational, social, economic, health, and agribusiness support facilities in each village/urban village which produces the value of the Urban Village Development Index (IPK) and Village/Urban Village Hierarchy. Furthermore, the relationship between the development level and the slum area was identified through a Pearson Correlation between the IPK value and the village/urban village slum area. The results showed that the Village Development Index (IPK) with the percentage of slum area is not correlated or it can be concluded that the level of regional development has no relationship with the slums in Sidenreng Rappang Regency.

Formal and Informal Planning-Dominated Urban Village Development: A Comparative Study of Luojiazhuang and Yangjiapailou in Hangzhou, China

Urban villages, namely villages encircled by urban environments, are unique phenomena that proliferated during China’s rapid urbanization process, as well as important development issues for many Chinese cities at present. This article focuses on two planning approaches for urban villages, dominated by the government’s uniform and formal planning and villagers’ spontaneous and informal planning practices, aiming to examine which planning approach is more conducive to urban village development. The two planning approaches for urban villages have simultaneously appeared in Hangzhou, a Chinese metropolis with a combination of high-speed economic growth, a unique geological environment, and a long cultural history, providing appropriate comparative study cases for this research. Two urban villages, Luojiazhuang and Yangjiapailou, located in plain and hilly areas in Hangzhou, respectively, and developed through the two planning approaches were selected as study cases. Primary data were collected based on field investigations, semi-structured interviews, and questionnaire surveys. The villagers’ rental income, shopkeepers’ business benefits, and tenants’ residential satisfaction were investigated to compare the development of the two urban villages. Results indicate that compared with the formal planning-dominated approach, the informal planning-dominated approach achieves continuously rising rental income, more stable business benefits, and higher residential satisfaction, better suited to urban village development. This study contributes to coordinated urban–rural interaction in the urbanization process and enriches the formality–informality debates from a spatial planning perspective.

Rethinking growth coalition in urban village redevelopment: An empirical study of three villages in Zhuhai, China

Although growth coalition theory is widely used to explain urban renewal in Western literature, it needs to be adjusted and adapted to suit China's complex and diverse urban village development processes, considering the different local political structures. By analyzing three village cases in Zhuhai, we found that growth coalition theory overemphasized the increasing alliance between political and business elites at the expense of other actors such as villagers and rural collectives. The Shanchang case indicated the close coalition between the developer and the villagers to appeal jointly for additional rights from the local government. The local government made concessions about acknowledging illegal property rights and increasing allowable floor space to facilitate the smooth implementation of demolition. By contrast, the Lixi and Fuxi case showed that the local government formed a coalition with the rural collective in the demolition and compensation stage and formed an alliance with the developer in the construction stage. The case indicated that the government pursued the long-term goal of improving urban livability and enhancing industrial development apart from advocating property-led growth. This paper disclosed the diversity and complexity of the growth coalition, which could enrich the existing framework.

Extended urbanization in smaller-sized cities and small town development in Java: The case of the Tegal Region

Urbanization processes in Java are characterized by the extended urbanization of its cities, that also create and develop small towns in surrounding areas of large and much smaller cities. This paper aims to bring greater attention to processes unfolding in smaller Javanese cities, and elaborates these processes through Tegal case study. To do this, long-term development is studied in the Tegal region through a time-series comparison by examining the development of urban villages within the administrative area of the region, based on statistical data collected from the Village Monographs (potensi desa) over a period from 1990 to 2017. Urban development in the Tegal Region is described in urban spatial development and urban population concentration to identify and analyse the small towns developed in the region. The study reveals that Tegal has undergone a similar process of core-periphery spatial development patterns that are experienced among larger urban agglomerations. The scattered towns surrounding the core city developed in a variety of sizes. The development of the city and towns in the surrounding areas in Tegal Region converging into an urban agglomeration that could already be considered its own metropolitan region with the city of Tegal as the core.

The Use of Landscape Metrics and Transfer Learning to Explore Urban Villages in China

Urban villages (UVs), the main settlements of rural migrant workers and low-income groups in metropolitan areas of China, have become of major concern to city managers and researchers due to the rapid urbanization in recent years. A clear understanding of their evolution and spatial relationships with the city is of great importance to policy formulation, implementation and assessment. In this paper, we propose a new framework based on landscape metrics and transfer learning for the long-term monitoring and analysis of UVs, and we apply it to Shenzhen and Wuhan, two metropolitan cities of China, with high-resolution satellite images acquired from 2003–2012 and 2009–2015, respectively. In the framework, landscape metrics are used for identifying the UVs and quantifying their evolution patterns on the basis of a city-UV-building hierarchical landscape model. Transfer learning is also introduced to use the samples and features across the spatial and temporal domains, which reduces the time and labor cost, as well as improves the mapping accuracies by 3–10%. The results show that the total area of UVs has decreased by less than 6 % in Shenzhen and more than 45 % in Wuhan. Moreover, we observe significant spatial correlations in the development of UVs in Shenzhen. By contrast, no strong spatial correlations are found in Wuhan’s UVs, indicating that their development is largely independent of the spatial location. The results reveal two typical strategies, i.e., demolition and renovation, towards the redevelopment of UVs in China.

Participatory Design: Re‐evaluation as a Socio‐material Assembly

This paper aims towards a critical re‐evaluation of Participatory Design processes based on a completed collaborative research (2015) in rural China. The study involved two complementary disciplines; the Applied Social Sciences and Design and their corresponding research methodologies; Action Research and Participatory Design aligning the social and the physical. The resulting design and implementation of a community kitchen in rural China enabled villagers to develop social enterprises and new types of collective organizations. With Action Research providing the necessary ‘software’ for social organization and engagement, facilitating the development of ‘hardware’ or design outcomes through participatory processes. Beyond design and social outcomes, the study raised questions concerning the critical, conceptual and praxis underpinnings of Participatory Design that impact its effectiveness as a tool. Participatory Design, sometimes panacea for an objectified and corporate driven field, often remains focused on design as outcome rather than on process or the development of outcomes embedded in a social context or based on non‐commercial values. Complex design processes involving multiple stakeholders in design development may also result in an oversimplified outcome or a lowest acceptable solution approach. Additionally Participatory Design understood as a purely consensual process often ignores the complex negotiations tensions and conflicts between different forms of knowledge; characterized as the ‘nightmare’ of Participatory Design processes (Miessen, 2010), whereas it may in fact be the tension in the process that leads to paradigm shifts and possible ‘real’ innovations. A viable starting point for re‐evaluation of Participatory Design methodologies therefore repositions it within complex social and materialization processes; in which design outcomes become the formation of socio‐material assemblies, constructed within processes that span both before and after the design stage. It is useful to contextualize this process in terms of emerging changes in social systems that are evolving the ways both the social and design processes are developing towards distributed forms of knowledge, collaborative processes and cross‐disciplinary practices (Sanders and Stappers 2008). These changes are impacting the ways we understand tangible and intangible culture and the nature of artefact or object, inasmuch as design or artefact are increasingly reconfigured as a relational matrix intrinsically connected to social (and sometimes technical) contexts. In other words outcome should be considered as a design object together with its attributes and relations, or as a socio‐material assembly (Latour, 1999). This highlights the importance of knowledge (generation and transfer) as parts of the interconnection of the social and the design process on the one hand, and between the different heterogeneous fields of knowledge and the negotiations these entail. The paper therefore explores how understanding the role of complex knowledge generation in the design process can lead to a critical repositioning of Participatory Design. Drawing on work by Bjögvinsson, Ehn and Hillgren (2102) who posit Participatory Design should move from a conventional understanding of designing “things” (objects) towards designing “Things” (socio‐material assemblies). Their reconsideration of the etymological meaning of “Thing” as (public) assembly or as the gathering of properties or attributes is critical. In other words, “Thingness” is the socio‐material assembly that Latour (1999) characterizes as “a collective of humans and non‐humans,” both relational and complex. The paper will also reference the ‘design before design’ and the ‘design after design’ issues highlighted by Bjögvinsson et.al., as an intrinsic part of this process.Further, if the recombination of different knowledge fields generates new forms of knowledge that can – but do not always – contribute to an ecology of knowledge, Participatory Design can help structure and materialize this as outcome and process. Design in this case may be a useful tool to model or negotiate complexity as a “Thing,” functioning as a mediator between different domains of knowledge (for instance design, social sciences, tacit, local and external knowledge.) If mapped onto Snowden's sense making model Cynefin (Snowden 2007, 2010), one can see possible ways that Participatory Design processes could be repositioned; not as a formulaic design process but as a part of complex adaptive processes that may contain conflicts, indeterminacies and uncertainties. The potential relevance is in seeking Participatory Design approaches aimed towards rural community development. A critical issue in China's ongoing socio‐spatial transformation that sees increased rural‐urban migration; patchwork suburbanization of the rural; loss of agrarian lands (Guldin 1997); development of urban villages in urban contexts; increase in left behind children; (Xuefei 2013); hollowing out of rural communities and alteration of socio‐economic conditions; aging of rural populations; the rise of corporate farming, and; loss of rural sustainability (McGetrick & Jun 2009). It asks can the role of design as a social process ‐ through a reconfigured Participatory Design ‐ be an effective tool towards an increased sustainable development (Manzini 2011), generating an understanding of resources, capacities and capabilities as local knowledge ecologies for new sustainable development approaches; and further how might these be effective tools of social innovation?

Village-led land development under state-led institutional arrangements in urbanising China: The case of Shenzhen

As a unique phenomenon of urbanisation in China, the emergence of urban villages has attracted considerable attention from the academic community. Adopting an institutional approach on land development, this study analyses how the land property rights regime affects village-led land development behaviours and spatial outcomes in urban villages. Using a set of reliable data from Shenzhen, the empirical study shows that, although unequal land rights under the current land property rights regime impose severe institutional constraints to the development of urban villages, they actually play a much more important and diversified role in China’s urbanisation than previously recognised. As the primary developers of urban villages, villagers have adopted various land development strategies in response to the changing market environment and internal economic conditions in the dynamic urbanisation process. These dynamic strategies have contributed to the coexistence of sub-optimal industrial development and high-quality housing development in urban villages.

Industrial land development in urban villages in China: A property rights perspective

The rapid urbanization of China during the past decades has led to the emergence and development of urban villages. Existing literature has largely focused on the lack of state regulations in the development of urban villages. This paper comprehensively identifies and investigates the institutional constraints on land development in urban villages in China based on a property rights framework and a comparative study on two representative cases in Shenzhen. The key institutional constraints on the land development in urban villages include 1) land insecurity caused by the possibility of government expropriation, 2) unequal access to credit because of unequal land rights, and 3) absence of state regulations on collective land transactions because of the lack of de jure property rights. These institutional constraints weakened the land-related investment incentives and ability of villagers, and resulted in inferior infrastructure and poorly constructed environment in urban villages.

What Drives the Spatial Development of Urban Villages in China?

China’s dramatic urban expansion has encompassed many peri-urban villages and turned them into so-called urban villages that provide a niche housing market for rural migrants for whom the formal housing market is unaffordable. Yet urban villages are very distinct from informal settlements elsewhere, because they are being developed by the original village community on collectively owned land. As these communities cannot sell their land and only build housing units for low-paid workers, the only way to make a higher return from their land is to increase its built intensity. This paper tests the hypothesis that the driving factors of this built intensity are analogous to factors that drive land prices in the formal city. Results of multivariate regression models of the built intensity of urban villages across the city of Shenzhen show a remarkable resemblance to hedonic models of land prices elsewhere. Location matters and access to employment, along with development constraints, are the most important determinants for the development of Shenzhen’s urban villages.

Study on the Strategy of Urban Village Development in New Rural Construction - Taking the Planning of Wangji Street, Xinzhou District, Wuhan City for Example

This paper describes the concept of urban village and the status of its planning and development at home and abroad, analyzes the existing development conditions of Wangji Street, and proposes the implementation strategies including restructuring of industrial planning, elevation renovation along the traffic axis, construction of demonstration villages and professional township, and construction of infrastructure and new rural community, etc. so as to promote the coordinated and sustainable development of urban villages in new rural construction.

Climate Based Design Decision Support for Urban Village Development: A case study in Nuba, Egypt

Climate Based Design Decision Support for Urban Village Development: A case study in Nuba, Egypt

Spatial Analyses of the Urban Village Development Process in Shenzhen, China

AbstractUrban villages are widespread in many Chinese cities, providing affordable and accessible housing for rural migrants. These urban villages develop rapidly over time to create more housing units and accommodate increasing numbers of residents. This article provides systematic analyses of urban village development in Shenzhen in the period 1999–2009. It reveals that the development of urban villages was driven by the overall planning and urban growth of the city, which resulted in significant variation in urban village development at the city scale. Three distinct but overlapping phases were observed: expansion, densification and intensification. The growth of urban villages was spatially clustered and changes over time in the distribution of growth centres suggest the possible diffusion of migrant employment out of the Special Economic Zone into two outer districts. In the recent urban regeneration process, the pattern and trend of urban village development is shown to contradict the city's urban village redevelopment programmes. This not only helps to explain the slow progress of the policy implementation, but also implies severe risks of jeopardizing the migrant housing market in certain urban sections.RésuméDes villages urbains sont dispersés dans de nombreuses villes chinoises, procurant un habitat accessible et économique aux migrants ruraux. En essor rapide, ces implantations multiplient les logements à faible loyer et accueillent un nombre croissant d’habitants. Le développement des villages urbains de Shenzhen entre 1999 et 2009 a fait l’objet d’analyses systématiques: il a été induit par la croissance et l’aménagement d’ensemble de la ville, qui ont abouti à une importante variation de ce phénomène à l’échelle urbaine. On distingue trois phases, en partie superposées: expansion, densification et intensification. La croissance des villages urbains s’est concentrée dans l’espace, et les changements progressifs dans la répartition des pôles de croissance suggèrent la dissémination possible de l’emploi des migrants vers deux quartiers situés hors de la Zone économique spéciale. Il est montré que, dans le cadre du récent processus de régénération urbaine, le schéma et la tendance du développement de ces villages dans Shenzhen vont à l’encontre des programmes de réaménagement des villages urbains. D’une part, ces résultats permettent d’expliquer la lenteur dans la mise en œuvre des politiques publiques; d’autre part, ils suggèrent que, dans certaines zones urbaines, le marché du logement des migrants pourrait connaître une crise grave.