Development Of Transport Policy Research Articles

A novel construction and evaluation framework for driving cycle of electric vehicles based on energy consumption and emission analysis

The driving cycle (DC) is essential for establishing vehicle emission standards, transportation policies, and urban planning. However, existing driving cycles demonstrate poor representativeness and excessive randomness due to the insufficient capture of driving characteristics. Therefore, a novel framework for constructing and evaluating driving cycles of electric vehicles (EVs) based on energy consumption and emissions analysis is proposed to enhance the representativeness of the constructed driving cycles. First, based on road information, an improved dual-chain Markov chain method combined with the self-organizing mapping (SOM) neural network is introduced for clustering and constructing driving cycles. Subsequently, a double-layer evaluation model oriented towards energy consumption and emissions is established through a combination of model-driven and data-driven approaches to select a representative driving cycle (RDC). Finally, comparative experiments are conducted to evaluate the feasibility and scientific validity of the proposed method in multiple dimensions. The results indicate that the driving cycle constructed in this study demonstrates excellent representativeness, with an emission error of 2.04% and a comprehensive characterization parameter (CCP) value of 0.097. This study emphasizes the necessity of incorporating reasonable constraints in the driving cycle construction. This improved representativeness provides a reliable foundation for electric vehicle design and transportation policy development.

Systematic Analysis of Commuting Behavior in Italy Using K-Means Clustering and Spatial Analysis: Towards Inclusive and Sustainable Urban Transport Solutions

Transport Demand Management (TDM) is crucial in shaping travel behavior and enhancing urban mobility by promoting sustainable transport options. This study represents a comprehensive analysis of employee commuting behavior across seventy-seven cities in Italy, with a focus on Rome as a case study. It investigates some requirements of the workplace travel plan as a TDM strategy for promoting sustainable commuting. An online survey conducted in June 2022 yielded 2314 valid responses, including 1320 from private car drivers. K-means clustering was used to identify distinct behavioral patterns among commuters, revealing four clusters based on demographic factors and transport preferences, such as age, gender, family circumstances, vehicle ownership, willingness to walk, ride bicycles, or e-scooters, and reasons for mode choice. This study analyzed Rome’s public transport network, land use, and private car use. Results underscore the need for tailored transport policies that enhance inclusivity and accessibility, especially for employees with family members who cannot commute independently. A spatial analysis of Rome reveals significant infrastructure deficiencies, such as complicated transfers and inaccessible stations, which discourage PT use. Future research should explore the impact of remote work and psychological factors and conduct in-depth subgroup analyses to inform inclusive transport policy development.

Machine learning and multisource data analysis approach towards traffic accident risk prediction

Traffic accidents are continually a concern across the world bringing with them huge economic costs and high rates of fatality and injuries each single year. Predictive modeling can lessen such risks if the accident hotspots and timing can easily be ascertained. This study collects various data including historical accident reports, water and meteorological conditions, road characteristics, and telematics data, to form traffic accident risk predictive models. To construct and analyze these predictive models, we use various machine learning techniques such as logistic regression, decision trees, and ensemble methods (Random Forest and Gradient Boosting). The results bear out as efficient and effective, ensemble models are streets ahead than regression-based techniques with Gradient Boosting achieving AUC-ROC scores of up to 0.89. The results of this research can also assist in applying effective safety measures in a more cost-effective manner as well as facilitate the development of efficient transport management systems and policies.

Evaluation of Selected Factors Affecting the Speed of Drivers at Signal-Controlled Intersections in Poland

In traffic engineering, vehicle speed is a critical determinant of both the risk and severity of road crashes, a fact that holds particularly important for signalized intersections. Accurately selecting vehicle speeds is crucial not only for minimizing accident risks but also for ensuring the proper calculation of intergreen times, which directly influences the efficiency and safety of traffic flow. Traditionally, the design of signal programs relies on fixed speed parameters, such as the posted speed limit or the operational speed, typically represented by the 85th percentile speed from speed distribution data. Furthermore, many design guidelines allow for the selection of these critical speed values based on the designer’s own experience. However, such practices may lead to discrepancies in intergreen time calculations, potentially compromising safety and efficiency at intersections. Our research underscores the substantial variability in the speeds of passenger vehicles traveling intersections under free-flow conditions. This study encompassed numerous intersections with the highest number of accidents, using unmanned aerial vehicles to conduct surveys in three Polish cities: Toruń, Bydgoszcz, and Warsaw. The captured video footage of vehicle movements at predetermined measurement sections was analyzed to find appropriate speeds for various travel maneuvers through these sections, encompassing straight-through, left-turn, and right-turn relations. Our analysis focused on how specific infrastructure-related factors influence driver behavior. The following were evaluated: intersection type, traffic organization, approach lane width, number of lanes, longitudinal road gradient, trams or pedestrian or bicycle crossing presence, and even roadside obstacles such as buildings, barriers or trees, and others. The results reveal that these factors significantly affect drivers’ speed choices, particularly in turning maneuvers. Furthermore, it was observed that the average speeds chosen by drivers at signalized intersections did not reach the permissible speed limit of 50 km/h as established in typical Polish urban areas. A key outcome of our analysis is the recommendation for a more precise speed model that contributes to the design of signal programs, enhancing road safety, and aligning with sustainable transport development policies. Based on our statistical analyses, we propose adopting a more sophisticated model to determine actual vehicle speeds more accurately. It was proved that, using the developed model, the results of calculating the intergreen times are statistically significantly higher. This recommendation is particularly pertinent to the design of signal programs. Furthermore, by improving speed accuracy values in intergreen calculation models with a clear impact on increasing road safety, we anticipate reductions in operational costs for the transportation system, which will contribute to both economic and environmental goals.

APPLICATION OF A LOGIT MODEL TO IDENTIFY SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS INFLUENCING THE CHOICE OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT FOR DAILY TRIPS – A CASE STUDY BASED ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE GÓRNOŚLĄSKA-ZAGŁĘBIOWSKA METROPOLIS (POLAND)

The attractiveness of an offer is the main factor in determining the demand for public transport services, which goes beyond just the transportation itself and includes various accompanying aspects. Before starting their journey, many people confront the dilemma of choosing a mode of transportation. Often, this choice depends on individual habits. Individuals who possess a passenger vehicle cannot justify the advisability of using it instead of bike or public transportation. The primary objective of the present article was to determine the factors that impact the utilization of public transportation services while traveling. The research used data from surveys conducted among the inhabitants of the Górnośląska-Zagłębiowska Metropolis. During the modeling process, the authors used logit models, which have been used in different countries globally to show the behavior of public transport users, as shown in the literature review. However, the factors that impact the decision to use public transportation by the residents of the GórnośląskoZagłębiowska Metropolis remain unexamined. The current results suggest that the choice of a hypothetical travel scenario is mainly influenced by age, education, and employment status. However, no correlation with the gender of potential public transport users was found. Other variables not considered in this study may also impact public transport usage. Nevertheless, the findings lay the groundwork for more extensive, in-depth analyses incorporating a broader range of independent variables that could influence public transport use. The research results, when combined with the application of mobility management tools, could serve as a means to better shape the transport offerings. By enhancing the attractiveness of public transport, ticket revenue would likely increase, leading to an improved financial situation for the communes within the GórnośląskaZagłębiowska Metropolis. This would also align with the principles of sustainable transport development policy.

MONITORING OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE EUROPEAN UNION'S SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT DEVELOPMENT POLICY REGARDING THE USE OF LOW- AND ZERO-EMISSION FLEET ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE GÓRNOŚLĄSKA-ZAGŁĘBIOWSKA METROPOLIS (POLAND)

Nowadays, the majority of society decides to use individual transport for everyday travel, which negatively affects the congestion of cities. Nevertheless, in the transport policy of the European Union, public transport is becoming more and more important, which is reflected in strategic documents in the field of sustainable transport development. The effect of this action is to increase the attractiveness of public collective transport, which will also translate into a reduction in pollutant emissions. This article aims to verify the implementation of the European Union's sustainable transport development policy concerning the use of low- and zero-emission rolling stock in the Upper Silesian and Zagłębie Metropolis. As part of the work, the strategic documents of the European Union in the field of sustainable development of transport were analysed. In addition, the idea of establishing the Upper Silesian-Zagłębie Metropolis in the context of the policy of sustainable transport development was introduced and the public transport system functioning in the area of the Metropolis GZM was characterized.

Tinjauan Strategis Perencanaan Infrastruktur Transportasi Berkelanjutan dan Berwawasan Lingkungan di Kawasan Ibu Kota Negara (IKN) Nusantara

The development of sustainable transportation infrastructure in the Ibu Kota Ngara (IKN) Nusantara is an important issue in the context of the capital's relocation to East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Related research highlights key challenges such as environmental impacts, socio-economic changes, and the integration of technology in transportation that come into focus in planning and implementing sustainable infrastructure. Two of the analyzed studies emphasize the importance of setting and applying sustainable development principles as a foundation for this project. Efforts to develop smart transportation hubs based on digital technology are also highlighted to support sustainability. Through innovative solutions such as the application of electric energy in transportation and strategic policy development, transportation infrastructure that is efficient, environmentally friendly, and suits the needs of the people in IKN Nusantara can be realized. In conclusion, an integrated approach between policy, technology, and understanding of environmental impacts is key to achieving sustainable transportation infrastructure in the region.

The Distribution of the Economic Impacts of Sustainable Regional Transport Policies

In response to current environmental, social and accessibility challenges in the mobility sector, this research focuses on promoting the development of integrated sustainable regional transport policies, supported by a thorough analysis of their distributed economic impacts. This is fulfilled with the development of a new GIS-supported extension of a comprehensive methodology that is currently used for appraising local transport interventions. To illustrate the inputs and outputs of the expanded approach, a regional case study was simulated, highlighting the potential for this methodology to assist in (1) optimising the financial balance between electrification and modal-shift strategies, (2) anticipating and analysing the multiple economic impacts of multimodal transport services (e.g., Mobility as a Service) and (3) understanding how equal the benefits of these policies are across the region. This research will provide novel contributions to the field of transport research and policy development by introducing a comprehensive methodology that quantifies and maps the distributed economic impacts of regional transport policies. This will, consequently, enable the economic outputs of these policies to be easily visualised, analysed and shared with mobility stakeholders, fostering a better understanding of their urban–rural distribution, and promoting the strategic development of sustainable and equitable regional transport systems.

Analysis of regional differences and evolution features for waterway transport efficiency in the Yangtze River Economic Belt considering undesired outputs

Waterway transport plays an increasingly important role in pursuing the sustainable development of the transportation industry and promoting regional economic development. Understanding the regional differences and evolution features of waterway transport efficiency (WTE) is a requisite for formulating waterway transport development policies. However, many studies of transport efficiency mainly focus on road, railway, and air transportation. Few studies have conducted an in-depth analysis of the WTE in the Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB) from the perspective of considering undesired output. Adopting the Super slack-based measure (Super-SBM) model, Dagum Gini coefficient, and kernel density estimation as an analysis tool, this study explored the WTE’s region disparities and dynamic evolution features based on the data from 2011 to 2020 in YREB. The analysis results represent that: (1) there represented a fluctuating and slowly upward trend of waterway transport efficiency during the study period. (2) The midstream region has the highest waterway transport efficiency, followed by the upstream region, and last is the downstream region. (3) The regional disparities in waterway transport efficiency exist in YREB, and the primary source of these differences is the inter-regional difference. And (4) the polarization phenomenon and agglomeration characteristics of waterway transport efficiency in YREB are gradually weakened and decreased, respectively. In the end, this article summarized the implications of this study to improve the waterway transport efficiency and service capabilities in YREB.

A data-driven framework for natural feature profile of public transport ridership: Insights from Suzhou and Lianyungang, China

Urban public transport systems, characterised by their complexity, generate vast data sets that pose challenges to traditional analytical methods. To address this issue, our research introduces an innovative natural feature profile framework, leveraging a comprehensive, data-driven approach that incorporates big data, data mining, machine learning, and correlation analysis. This approach provides detailed insights essential for transport planning and policy development. The framework's core is its three-layered structure: the data layer, the feature layer, and the application layer, complemented by a unique four-level feature tagging system. This system investigates correlations, significance, and sensitivities amongst feature tags. It facilitates the extraction of natural feature profiles from voluminous data sets, rendering the framework highly applicable in practical scenarios. The implementation of this framework in Suzhou and Lianyungang demonstrated its adaptability and effectiveness. The findings underscored distinct city-specific transport patterns, highlighting the necessity for customised transport strategies. Furthermore, our framework excels at capturing spatial–temporal dynamics, offering essential insights grounded in evidence. Overall, this paper introduces a methodical, adaptable, and data-oriented framework, signalling a promising future for the development of intelligent and sustainable urban public transport systems.

The impact of politics on transport system of the Russian Federation

The article presents a detailed analysis of the impact of policy on the transport system of the Russian Federation. The main directions of state policy related to transport are studied, considering both global trends and regional characteristics. The article pays special attention to safety issues, environmental aspects and meeting the needs of passengers and cargo carriers. The impact of political decisions on creating a safe transport environment, preventing accidents and reducing the number of victims is analyzed. Meeting the needs of passengers and freight carriers is considered an important aspect of transportation policy development and implementation. The article also discusses the main regulatory documents governing transportation infrastructure in Russia, including federal laws and government resolutions. These documents establish rules and requirements for the development and operation of transportation infrastructure, as well as regulate the activities of transportation companies and organizations. The paper also examines the impact of policy on the transportation infrastructure of two major cities in Russia, Moscow and St. Petersburg. These cities have complex transportation systems with high passenger and freight volumes. Based on the analysis, conclusions are formulated to assess the results of policy influence on the development of the transportation system in Russia. These include evaluating the effectiveness of policy interventions, meeting their objectives, identifying problems and making recommendations for improving transport policies. In conclusion, the authors emphasize the importance of developing and implementing sound transportation policies to create a modern, efficient, and sustainable transportation system in Russia that can meet contemporary challenges and societal needs.

The causality between air transport and economic growth: Empirical evidence from regions in Asia

This study examines the causality between air transport (passenger and cargo) and economic growth among regions in Asia. Using panel data from 1975 to 2019, the study applies econometric methods to test the stationarity and cointegration of the data, followed by the Granger causality test, and finally estimates the effect coefficients. The effect coefficients are estimated by the panel autoregressive distributed lag model (ARDL) and robustness tests by comparison with panel least squares (LS) methods. The study results confirm a bi-directional causality relationship in most regions of Asia. However, the study only confirms a unidirectional relationship from economic growth to air passenger transport in South Asia and from economic growth to air freight in Central Asia and West Asia. In addition, specific effect coefficients between air transport and economic growth in the long-run and short-run are also established in regions where they have a causal relationship. These findings serve as a basis for the development of air transport policy in different regions of Asia.

Couture urbaine / articulations entre micro-milieux

If the success of the first section of the tramway line linking the city centre of Constantine to the Zouaghi district (southern entrance to the city) shows a high rate of frequentation and enthusiasm for a multitude of benefits (time, costs and comfort …), its extension promises desired sustainable urban mobility. It is clear that the mission of the tramway project, initiated as a structuring project for the Metropolis of Constantine, has been carried out intelligently between context and strategies. The expected extension, which will extend over nearly 18.5 kilometres, is an opportunity for its residents, particularly the student community. While reducing the number of buses used for transport, the 22 planned stations will inevitably generate and support other projects that will organise the present urban structure. This observation, which heralds an efficient service to the facilities, an opening up of all the districts along the route of the original Constantine/new town link and a dynamic landscape of the spaces crossed, encourages the city to pursue its transport development policy while ensuring the enhancement of the bordering spaces. This offering will be translated by the increase of mobility in public transport, the complementarity between the modes of transport, the embellishment of the routes of the tramway’s exclusive right of way, the optimisation of the urbanistic aspects by synchronous developments which will support an urban seam between the new city, the Constantine centre and their peripheral spaces. In response to the typology of the spaces crossed, the line’s route will be adapted and integrated in accordance with the landscape and functional aspects of the places. English title: Urban stitching/articulations between micro-media. Extension of the tramway line to the new city of Ali Mendjeli (Constantine)

Diversification of policies for the development of electric public transport in the Czech Republic, Poland and Slovakia

Urban transport in countries of East-Central Europe, including the Czech Republic, Poland and Slovakia, played an important role in the residents’ daily mobility. The underdevelopment of individual motorisation contributed to the lasting significant role of public transport. Due to the operating characteristics of electric vehicles, as well as emerging fuel crises, electric public transport played a key role, especially in large cities. Differences in the development of economies in the electrotechnical segment influenced the structure of public transport in the analysed countries. The higher level of development of the Czechoslovak transport sector contributed to a greater share of trams and trolleybuses in total transport. Despite many development plans in Poland, the process of developing traditional means of electric transport slowed down with the political change in 1989. The situation was slightly different in the Czech Republic and Slovakia, where, despite financial difficulties, the development of tramway and trolleybus networks continued. Modernisation of public transport began after joining the European Union. Technological development has led to the emergence of a new means of transport –electric buses. The apparent ease of putting them into service revolutionised the situation in Poland, thus popularising electric transport. The situation was different in the Czech Republic and Slovakia, where the main focus was on the development of tramway and trolleybus transport. The article reconstructs the development of urban electric transport after 1989 in the analysed countries and identifies factors that differentiate contemporary transport development policies in the Czech Republic, Poland and Slovakia.

Public Policy and Citizens’ Attitudes towards Intelligent and Sustainable Transportation Solutions in the City—The Example of Lodz, Poland

This article focuses on residents’ perception of smart and sustainable transport in the city, and on local and central government policy towards sustainable and smart mobility transition, using Lodz, a city in Poland, as an example. Its purpose is to examine residents’ opinions about the development of a sustainable, intelligent transportation system (ITS) for the city and learn about their awareness of the benefits of ITS development. The article discusses findings of a survey conducted in 2022 on a sample of 250 residents of Lodz. The data obtained from the survey were subjected to statistical analyses: correlation, exploratory factor analysis, and linear regression. The results suggest there is a correlation between the assessment of a sustainable and intelligent transportation system and residents’ perception of benefits that it offers. In addition, government, regional, and municipal transportation strategies were qualitatively analysed to identify the preferred trends featuring in the development of the transportation system and services in Lodz. The analysis confirmed fragmentation of programme-related actions that promote sustainable mobility, and the lack of participatory and educational measures targeting the users of transport systems. The results obtained can be used to delineate the directions of interventions in urban transport policy and sustainable development.

Characteristics of Austrian passenger transport policy development since the 1950s

Abstract This paper investigates the transport policy development and characteristics of the Austrian passenger transport sector from the 1950s onwards. The analysed performance indicators deal with the three most prevalent modes of transport (cars, trains and airplanes) and are linked to independent decision-making units (passengers) and their motives (price, quality and time to destination) as well as to goals and decisions involved in government policies. In this theoretical framework, we identified three developmental phases, using an interdisciplinary approach to assess the development of three variables of interest (number of car, air and train passengers). In the long term, transport policy aimed to solve the rigidity and lack of vision in train transport and the extensive use of cars. Air transport was a steadily growing segment in a close and positive relationship with trains, which is in line with the transport political orientation towards Vienna Airport and train connections to the capital city. The post-war phase (1945–1970) was characterised by enormous growth in the number of cars, an upswing in air transport and stagnant train transport. The second phase (1970–1994) was defined by a progressive liberalisation of rail transport and a plan to balance the growth rates of car, train and airplane performance variables. Finally, in the 1995–2019 phase, the growth in train transport increased; however, this growth remained far below the growth rates of air and car performance variables. Transport policy achievements and shortcomings for future research are suggested.

Estimation of the Lifespan of Imported Passenger Vehicles in Mongolia

In the last few decades, there has been an increase in second-hand imported vehicles in developing countries, including Mongolia. However, the extension of vehicle lifespans abroad promotes circular economy activities. In this study, we investigated the lifespan of second-hand imported passenger vehicles and their implication for the future sustainability of the transportation sector in Mongolia. The methodology used in this study comprised three stages. First, we conducted surveys to investigate the trends in second-hand vehicles in Mongolia. Next, the results from the survey on passenger vehicles were classified into three major categories based on their mode of operation, namely fuel, liquefied gas petroleum (gas), and the hybrid engine vehicle (HV) (of which the Toyota Prius is the most used vehicle in Mongolia). Finally, we estimated the average lifespan of vehicles using the Weibull distribution to measure before and after the import. The results show that the total average lifespans of all vehicles range between 17.3 and 20.2 years, respectively. The results highlight the different shape parameters of each vehicle category (fuel, gas, and HV), providing a better understanding of each vehicle’s lifespan and providing insights on the future management of second-hand imported vehicles, lifecycles, and recycling potentials for the successful development of sustainable transport policies in Mongolia.

Walkability and importance assessment of pedestrian facilities on central business district in capital city of Indonesia

The City of Jakarta has changed the paradigm of transportation development policy in order to prioritize pedestrians. This research aims to examine the walkability of Sudirman-Thamrin central business district. The research used the modified Global Walkability Index (GWI) method. This method was used because the parameters have been adjusted to the characteristics of pedestrians in big cities in Asia. The findings of this research show that revitalization of sidewalk using the road diet concept can increase walkability up to 38.98%. It also has an impact on increasing the number of public transportation users by 15.41%.The Sudirman–Thamrin area, as a pilot project location for sidewalk revitalization, can be used as an example to be applied in other locations. The findings of this research for international readers can be used as lessons on how an area that was previously a car oriented city has turned into an area that prioritizes pedestrians which also has implications for increasing the value of walkability and public transportation users. Furthermore, the walkability parameters were grouped into four aspects to find out the correlation between walkability and the four aspects. In previous GWI research, the analysis of this correlation was not conducted. According to the IPA results, four parameters were considered important and high performance. In addition, the results of the correlation test analysis showed that the accessibility and supporting facilities were considered having a strong relationship with walkability. On contrary, safety aspect and convenience aspect were considered having a low relationship with walkability.

Integrating a computable general equilibrium model with the four-step framework

In the transport policy development process, four-step models are commonly used to estimate transport costs and flows based on representations of travel demands and networks. However, these models typically do not account for broader changes in the economy, which may significantly shift travel patterns in the case of larger transport projects. LUTI models are often applied to simulate changes in land-use patterns, and regional production function models have been used to estimate changes in production, but these methods rely on fixed economic parameters that may not capture the structural economic changes induced by large transport projects. In a separate line of development, computable general equilibrium (CGE) models, which simulate entire economies, have been increasingly applied to estimate the magnitude and distribution of economic impacts from transport improvements both spatially and through markets, including GDP and welfare. Some CGE models are linked with transport network models, but none incorporate detailed networks or generate a complete set of travel demands. This paper presents an integrated CGE and transport model that generates household and freight trips and simulates a detailed road network for different time periods, such that the transport submodel can be calibrated and run as a conventional transport model. The model provides a tool for the rapid strategic assessment of transport projects and policies when economic responses cannot be assumed to remain static. In the model, the CGE submodel simulates the behaviour of households and firms interacting in markets, where their behaviour takes trip costs into account. The model then generates trips as a derived demand from agent activities and assigns them to the road network according to user equilibrium, before feeding back trip costs to the CGE submodel. The model is then tested by simulating the WestConnex motorway project under construction in Sydney, with results showing significant increases in welfare for regions close to the improvements. Further development of the model is required to incorporate land-use and mode choice.

Transportasi Berkelanjutan dan Pengaruhnya terhadap Pengurangan Emisi di Kota Semarang

One of the causes of congestion in the city of Semarang is the disproportion between the increase in the number of private vehicles and infrastructure development. Therefore, a comprehensive urban transportation development policy and program is needed to become a policy direction and program for improving connectivity, accessibility, mobility, safety, and environmental sustainability. The strategies in green and sustainable transportation are Spatial Planning Improvement, Public Transportation Service Improvement, Vehicle Technology Development, Environmentally Friendly Fuel Development, Traffic Engineering Management. From the results of the study. From this study Green transportation becomes an important part in the development of sustainable transportation. The Emission Reduction Strategy provides a BAU-compliant emission reduction from 22,408.9 kt CO2e to 16,006.4 kt CO2e