Development Of Device Technology Research Articles

Effectiveness Effectiveness of Wearable Electronic Device for Fall Risk Prevention in Community Elderly: A Literature Review

The increasing incidence of falls in the elderly has become a global health issue. The development of wearable electronic device technology is able to monitor daily activities, measure step counts, physical activity levels, and even sleep patterns of the elderly, while providing early warnings when changes occur that may increase the risk of falls. The aim is to see the effectiveness of using wearable electronic devices in preventing the risk of falls in the elderly in the community. PICO in this study is Population: Community-dwelling elderly, Intervention: wearable electronic device, Comparisons: none, and Outcome: fall prevention. Researchers used 3 search data sources, namely Embase, Pubmed, and Science Direct. The inclusion and exclusion criteria of this study are literature published in electronic data sources from 2018-2023, is a type of quantitative research, the elderly population in the community, English language and available in full text. This literature review includes ten articles that discuss the utilization of wearable electronic device technology, the types of wearable devices used include Inertial Measurement Units (IMU), biosensors, and accelerometers to evaluate the mobility, gait, and balance of the elderly. This literature review shows that wearable electronic device technology can effectively detect falls and motorize the incidence of falls in the elderly

P-type Gallium nitride creation through O+ implantation

P-type GaN was successfully achieved by vertically implanting positive monovalent cations of oxygen (O[Formula: see text]) into undoped (native n-type with an electron concentration of [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]cm[Formula: see text]) (0001) monocrystalline GaN. This implantation was carried out with an energy of 200[Formula: see text]keV and a dose of [Formula: see text] ions/cm2. In the absence of subsequent rapid thermal annealing (RTA) or when exposed to RTA at 950°C for 10[Formula: see text]s in a nitrogen ambient environment, temperature-dependent Hall measurements in a vacuum consistently indicated stable p-type conductivity. For the sample that underwent subsequent RTA, the room-temperature Hall hole concentration measured [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]cm[Formula: see text], the Hall resistivity was 0.44[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]⋅[Formula: see text]cm, the Hall hole mobility reached 17.81[Formula: see text]cm2[Formula: see text]⋅[Formula: see text]V[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]⋅[Formula: see text]s[Formula: see text], and the acceptor ionization energy was determined to be 0.08[Formula: see text]eV. The doping efficiency was calculated at 5.5%. O[Formula: see text] ions effectively serve as acceptors, whether annealed or not. The p-type conductivity induced by O[Formula: see text] implantation in GaN is notably advantageous and holds practical significance for the ongoing development of future device technology.

Machine Learning Applications in Optical Fiber Sensing: A Research Agenda.

The constant monitoring and control of various health, infrastructure, and natural factors have led to the design and development of technological devices in a wide range of fields. This has resulted in the creation of different types of sensors that can be used to monitor and control different environments, such as fire, water, temperature, and movement, among others. These sensors detect anomalies in the input data to the system, allowing alerts to be generated for early risk detection. The advancement of artificial intelligence has led to improved sensor systems and networks, resulting in devices with better performance and more precise results by incorporating various features. The aim of this work is to conduct a bibliometric analysis using the PRISMA 2020 set to identify research trends in the development of machine learning applications in fiber optic sensors. This methodology facilitates the analysis of a dataset comprised of documents obtained from Scopus and Web of Science databases. It enables the evaluation of both the quantity and quality of publications in the study area based on specific criteria, such as trends, key concepts, and advances in concepts over time. The study found that deep learning techniques and fiber Bragg gratings have been extensively researched in infrastructure, with a focus on using fiber optic sensors for structural health monitoring in future research. One of the main limitations is the lack of research on the use of novel materials, such as graphite, for designing fiber optic sensors. One of the main limitations is the lack of research on the use of novel materials, such as graphite, for designing fiber optic sensors. This presents an opportunity for future studies.

Automatic Recognition Technology of Library Books Based on Convolutional Neural Network Model

Background: The development of technological devices has changed many facets of our lives, particularly the way we engage with information and learning. The advent of automated technology for identification has had a had a revolutionary effect on how we read and organize books within the context of books and data searches. It starts by solving the difficulties in analyzing photos of book pages by using methods such as distortion rectification and book separation. Objective: The research compares the effectiveness of the suggested method with traditional straight-line identification techniques using real-world testing. Methodology: The Skip-Gram model in Word2Vec is used to accurately represent spoken language, allowing word vectors to be generated and input data to be preprocessed for CNN. The results show that the methodology created regarding the present investigation works better than alternatives concerning accuracy and efficiency during line identification. Result:This work advances the field of book suggestion systems by presenting a strong and effective method that leverages CNNs. The findings demonstrate deep learning techniques may be used to optimize system recommendations and improve customer service and happiness in a variety of contexts. This technique creates a bridge between natural language processing and picture evaluation and opens up new possibilities for suggestion advancement along with user satisfaction. Doi: 10.28991/HIJ-2024-05-01-015 Full Text: PDF

A Comparison of Imputation Methods In CPI Calculations Used by IWGPS Organizations and Imputation Methods of robust cellwise outlier and missing data

In this study, imputation methods used by IWGPS (*) organizations in CPI (Consumer Price Index) calculations in case of missing data are discussed. Depending on the development of technological devices, methods suitable for the demand of collecting data and producing statistics from the field immediately, in a way that can be adapted to the data collection tools of statistics offices have been proposed. While the immediate imputation advantages of the proposed methods are mentioned, the proposed imputation results are compared with the method results used in the current practice and imputation results of cellwise outlier and missing data in the statistical computer programming language. The method3(i_m üd19) proposed to assist the imputation tools used in CPI calculation all over the world and produced from the statistics is intended to provide convenience to all users. It can also be considered as a common weighted imputation method for both cellwise outlier and missing data case.

Investigating the Distribution Pattern of Threading Edge Dislocation Low Angle Grain Boundaries in 4H-SiC Wafers Using Synchrotron X-Ray Topography

Silicon carbide (SiC) has emerged as a significant wide bandgap semiconducting material, playing a pivotal role in the fabrication of high-frequency, high-power electronic devices in modern times. Its exceptional properties, such as high thermal conductivity, high saturation velocity, and high breakdown field, have positioned it as a valuable constituent in various application fields, including transportation, communication, and bioelectronics. However, the efficacy and long-term reliability of SiC-based devices are critically dependent on the quality of both the SiC substrate and epitaxial material employed. The presence of deleterious defects within these materials can induce device degradation and failure, posing a significant challenge in realizing the full potential of the device. Therefore, it is imperative to address the quality while maintaining the availability of large-scale single crystals of SiC to further expand the development of SiC-based device technology. Among various kinds of crystallographic defects in bulk crystal, low angle grain boundary (LAGB) is a commonly observed planar defect that prevents the implementation of large size (≥ 1 cm2) SiC devices [1]. In both 6H and 4H-SiC, LAGBs have been observed to replicate during the epitaxial growth [2], which can lead to profound impact on the physical and electronic properties of the crystal that subsequently triggers device degradation. Literature reveals that the presence of LAGBs in commercial wafers can lead to increased leakage currents during reverse-bias operation of devices [3]. Besides, the existence of prismatic tilt boundaries is usually accompanied with aggregation of edge type basal plane dislocations (BPDs) [4], which cause severe degradation in SiC bipolar devices [5] as BPD segments can dissociate into partials and form stacking faults in between [6].This study investigated a unique distribution pattern of LAGBs observed on physical vapor transport (PVT) grown off-axis 4H-SiC wafers. Synchrotron X-ray topographs in both transmission and grazing geometry reveal that three sets of LAGBs are presented on one side of the wafer, away from the facet position, each set contains numerous LAGB arrays. Figure 1 (a) shows a schematic diagram where each oval outlines the approximate location of each LAGB set. As the grazing-incidence topographs shown in Figure 1 (b), the LAGB sets distributed at the upper and lower region of the wafer consist of white contrast threading edge dislocations (TEDs) extending from the inner area towards the edge approximately along 60º and 120º direction, respectively. The LAGB set positioned at the middle region of the wafer consists of dark contrast TEDs extending from the inner area towards the edge approximately along 90º direction. All individual TED arrays in each LAGB set extends along the <1-100> directions, with identical Burgers vectors perpendicular to the array direction. The white and dark contrast of TEDs corresponds to tilt in opposite directions. White contrast TEDs are with Burgers vectors of 1/3[2-1-10] and 1/3[1-210], dark contrast TEDs are with Burgers vectors of 1/3[-2110] and 1/3[-12-10]. Such TED LAGBs are identified as pure tilt boundaries that accommodate the rotational misorientation between two adjacent regions. Therefore, a flat wafer is expected to exhibit zero net misorientation due to these TED arrays. However, any non-zero net misorientation resulting from these arrays is likely to promote instability, ultimately leading to the curvature of the plane. A systematic analysis is being carried out across several wafers and this relationship between the distribution of TED arrays and lattice curvature will be discussed.Reference:[1] N. Ohtani et al. Journal of Crystal Growth 237–239, 1180–1186, (2002).[2] C. Hallin et al, J. Cryst. Growth 181, 241 (1997).[3] R. Singh and M. Pecht, IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine, 2, 19-31, (2008).[4] Y Chen et al, Materials Science Forum 556, 231-234 (2007).[5] T. Kimoto, et al., Proc. IEEE Int. Rel. Phys. Symp., 2A-1.1–2A-1.7, (2017).[6] M. Dudley, et al, Materials Science Forum, 600-603, 261-266 (2008). Figure 1

Privacy Concerns Related to Data Sharing for European Diabetes Devices.

Individuals with diabetes rely on medical equipment (eg, continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), hybrid closed-loop systems) and mobile applications to manage their condition, providing valuable data to health care providers. Data sharing from this equipment is regulated via Terms of Service (ToS) and Privacy Policy documents. The introduction of the Medical Devices Regulation (MDR) and In Vitro Diagnostic Medical Devices Regulation (IVDR) in the European Union has established updated rules for medical devices, including software. This study examines how data sharing is regulated by the ToS and Privacy Policy documents of approved diabetes medical equipment and associated software. It focuses on the equipment approved by the Norwegian Regional Health Authorities. A document analysis was conducted on the ToS and Privacy Policy documents of diabetes medical equipment and software applications approved in Norway. The analysis identified 11 medical equipment and 12 software applications used for diabetes data transfer and analysis in Norway. Only 3 medical equipment (OmniPod Dash, Accu-Chek Insight, and Accu-Chek Solo) were registered in the European Database on Medical Devices (EUDAMED) database, whereas none of their respective software applications were registered. Compliance with General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) security requirements varied, with some software relying on adequacy decisions (8/12), whereas others did not (4/12). The study highlights the dominance of non-European Economic Area (EEA) companies in medical device technology development. It also identifies the lack of registration for medical equipment and software in the EUDAMED database, which is currently not mandatory. These findings underscore the need for further attention to ensure regulatory compliance and improve data-sharing practices in the context of diabetes management.

ITSASDRONE, an autonomous marine surface drone for fish monitoring around wave energy devices

The ocean energy development is one of the main pillars of the EU Blue Growth strategy. However, while the technological development of devices is growing fast, their potential environmental effects are not well-known. The nascent status of the Marine Renewable Energy (MRE) sector and Wave Energy (WE) in particular, yields many unknowns about its potential environmental pressures and impacts, some of them still far from being completely understood. Wave Energy Converters’ (WECs) operation in the marine environment is still perceived by regulators and stakeholders as a risky activity, particularly for some groups of species and habitats. The SafeWAVE project aims to improve the knowledge on these impacts trough an Environmental Research Demonstration Strategy based on the collection, processing, modelling, analysis and sharing of environmental data collected in WE sites from different European countries where WECs are currently operating (Mutriku power plant and BIMEP in Spain, Aguçadoura in Portugal and SEMREV in France) representing different types of technology, different types of locations and different types of project scales, therefore, different types and/or magnitudes of environmental impacts. As part of SafeWAVE project, environmental monitoring plans relative to electromagnetic fields, acoustics (noise), seafloor integrity and fish communities need to be put in place. In the case of fish communities, generally speaking, any artefact located in the sea may cause an attraction effect on fish communities, especially if it is floating. In the case of Marine Renewable Energy Devices, during the operation phase, in general, the placement of any artefact in the sea can result in an attracting effect on fish communities, especially if it is floating. In order to study this possible effect, fish communities monitoring around the Penguin WEC-2 of WELLO-Oy localized in BiMEP test site with the ITSASDRONE surface drone developed by AZTI was planned. The study was designed to carry out the tunning and conditioning of the ITSASDRONE and to discover the associations between WECs and fish aggregations. Penguin WEC-2 of WELLO was removed from BiMEP test site due to an alarm of leakage. Consequently, we decided to carry out the monitoring work around the HarshLab, a floating laboratory device constructed by Tecnalia and localized also in BiMEP test site. The study allows us to validate the ITSASDRONE as a viable autonomous vehicle for fish school monitoring. It still needs some technological improvement related to navigation system, but in general, the ITSADRONE meets the objectives for which it was conceived and could be an excellent monitoring technique due to its capacity to work remotely and in near shore areas. Schools of unidentified small pelagic fish were observed distributed throughout the water column, predominantly near the bottom in the device area. But, future studies are needed to further explore the association between WECs and fish aggregations. The aim of this communication is to show the work done by an autonomous marine surface drone, ITSASDRONE, in relation to fish monitoring in BiMEP area.

Strategic Budget Planning for Complex Medical Devices: A Case Study on Surgical Microscopes

Dramatic developments in medical device technologies significantly influence the cost of equipment acquisition and operating expenses. Sometimes the budget estimation needed for rudimentary medical equipment can be complicated, even more so for a complex device with several add-on features. In Canada, the budget allocated to capital equipment purchases is challenging because the budget comes from the provincial government to the hospitals. The capital equipment budget amount is challenging because of the public healthcare funding model, whereby fiscal budgets come from the provincial government to the hospitals. The capital equipment budget allocation is limited and restricted in hospital as “big ticket” items compete with other capital requests. Having a strategic budgeting plan, completed by a clinical engineer, ensures a sufficient budget for the capital request. A strategic budgeting plan was central to this study to estimate the required funding for replacing aged existing surgical microscopes at the Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario. This study demonstrates the development of a methodology to guide budget planning and includes inventory assessment, market analysis, the identification of clinical requirements, cost analysis, and the utilization of the outputs of these steps for capital planning requests. A basic step-by-step approach can be followed by any clinical engineering department before submitting a capital planning request for complex medical devices.

Fully depleted charge‐coupled device design and technology development

AbstractWe describe the advancement of fully depleted charge‐coupled device (CCD) technology for scientific applications. Recent efforts on 650–725 m‐thick CCDs for direct dark‐matter and radiation detection with single‐electron sensitivity are described, as well as the technology transfer of the fully depleted CCD technology to 200 mm‐wafer fabrication facilities.

Development of Large‐Diameter and Very High Purity Ge Crystal Growth Technology for Devices (Crystal Research and Technology 5/2023)

Crystal Research and TechnologyVolume 58, Issue 5 2370009 Cover PictureFree Access Development of Large-Diameter and Very High Purity Ge Crystal Growth Technology for Devices (Crystal Research and Technology 5/2023) First published: 12 May 2023 https://doi.org/10.1002/crat.202370009AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Graphical Abstract A 3-inch diameter, 3-kg mass, high-purity germanium crystal is grown with a net free carrier concentration equivalent to one part per trillion and a dislocation density (EPD values) of 103−104 per cm2. Usually, such single crystals with these dimensions are prerequisite to fabricate larger detectors for “rare events” like neutrinoless double beta decay (0νββ) and dark-matter studies to understand the origin and constituents of our Universe. For further details on the growth of this crystal, see article number 2200286 by Rajappan Radhakrishnan Sumathi and co-workers. Volume58, Issue5May 20232370009 RelatedInformation

A Differential Compensated Air Coil Current Sensor for Switching Current Measurement of Power Devices

Accurate current measurement is the basis for power devices to achieve switching characteristics evaluation, real-time control, reliability diagnosis, life prediction, etc. With the rapid development of power semiconductor device technology, requirements for current measurement are getting more and more stringent. The printed circuit board Rogowski coil current sensor (PCB RCCS) is a potential competitor, which has excellent bandwidth and integrability. However, the contradiction of the droop and drift phenomena as one of the main challenges restricts the employ of the RCCS in switching current measurements. In this paper, a differential compensation scheme that can solve these problems simultaneously with a lower error and cost is proposed. And the sensitivity and bandwidth of this sensor can be accurately obtained. Finally, a buck and single-phase full-bridge inverter experimental platform are built to verify the effectiveness of the PCB RCCS in the measurement of the switching current and inductor current, respectively.

Two-dimensional single crystal monoclinic gallium telluride on silicon substrate via transformation of epitaxial hexagonal phase

Van der Waals (vdW) epitaxial growth of large-area and stable two-dimensional (2D) materials of high structural quality on crystalline substrates is crucial for the development of novel device technologies. 2D gallium monochalcogenides with low in-plane symmetry stand out among the layered semiconductor materials family for next-generation optoelectronic and energy conversion applications. Here, we demonstrate the formation of large-area, single crystal and optically active 2D monoclinic gallium telluride (m-GaTe) on silicon substrate via rapid thermal annealing induced phase transformation of vdW epitaxial metastable hexagonal gallium telluride (h-GaTe). Stabilization of multilayer h-GaTe on Si occurs due to the role of the first layer symmetry together with efficient GaTe surface passivation. Moreover, we show that the phase transformation of h-GaTe to m-GaTe is accompanied by the strain relaxation between Si substrate and GaTe. This work opens the way to the fabrication of single-crystal 2D anisotropic semiconductors on standard crystalline wafers that are difficult to be obtained by epitaxial methods.

Giyilebilir Oskültasyon Cihazı Tasarımı

Auscultation is a treatment method frequently used by physicians in terms of giving general information about the body. By listening to the sounds of breathing, the physician can have a general knowledge of the patient's body. In addition, respiratory distress occurs in many diseases such as COPD and asthma. The development of biomedical device technology makes it faster and easier to diagnose and treat. In this study, an electronic equipment has been prepared for the auscultation process. It has 4 channels in the hardware, and two of the channels listen to the heart. Of the remaining 2 channels, one performs listening to the left and the other the right lung. A filter is designed for the heart, which decays between 20-500 Hz. Since breathing sounds can be heard at a wider frequency, a filter has been prepared that passes between 100-1000 Hz.

Large scale medical image online three-dimensional reconstruction based on WebGL using four tier client server architecture

The development of medical device technology has led to the rapid growth of medical imaging data. The reconstruction from two-dimensional images to three-dimensional volume visualization not only shows the location and shape of lesions from multiple views but also provides intuitive simulation for surgical treatment. However, the three-dimensional reconstruction process requires the high performance execution of image data acquisition and reconstruction algorithms, which limits the application to equipments with limited resources. Therefore, it is difficult to apply on many online scenarios, and mobile devices cannot meet high-performance hardware and software requirements. This paper proposes an online medical image rendering and real-time three-dimensional (3D) visualization method based on Web Graphics Library (WebGL). This method is based on a four-tier client-server architecture and uses the method of medical image data synchronization to reconstruct at both sides of the client and the server. The reconstruction method is designed to achieve the dual requirements of reconstruction speed and quality. The real-time 3D reconstruction visualization of large-scale medical images is tested in real environments. During the interaction with the reconstruction model, users can obtain the reconstructed results in real-time and observe and analyze it from all angles. The proposed four-tier client-server architecture will provide instant visual feedback and interactive information for many medical practitioners in collaborative therapy and tele-medicine applications. The experiments also show that the method of online 3D image reconstruction is applied in clinical practice on large scale image data while maintaining high reconstruction speed and quality.

Chronic cough-the limitation and advances in assessment techniques.

Accurate and consistent assessments of cough are essential to advance the understanding of the mechanisms of cough and individualised the management of patients. Considerable progress has been made in this work. Here we reviewed the currently available tools for subjectively and objectively measuring both cough sensitivity and severity. We also provided some opinions on the new techniques and future directions. The simple and practical Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), the Leicester Cough Questionnaire (LCQ), and the Cough Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire (CQLQ) are the most widely used self-reported questionnaires for evaluating and quantifying cough severity. The Hull Airway Reflux Questionnaire (HARQ) is a tool to elucidate the constellation of symptoms underlying the diagnosis of chronic cough. Chemical excitation tests are widely used to explore the pathophysiological mechanisms of the cough reflex, such as capsaicin, citric acid and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) challenge test. Cough frequency is an ideal primary endpoint for clinical research, but the application of cough counters has been limited in clinical practice by the high cost and reliance on aural validation. The ongoing development of cough detection technology for smartphone apps and wearable devices will hopefully simplify cough counting, thus transitioning it from niche research to a widely available clinical application.

Online Formative Assessment Practices Among Academics of Tertiary Education in Sokoto State, Nigeria

Purpose: This study examines the effect of two main factors, that is, lack of knowledge of ICT, and the availability of ICT facilities such as hardware, software, and internet access, which identified to be the common barriers towards practicing online formative assessment. Theoretical framework: Many educational institutions have been urged to adopt online learning due to the development of communications and digital device technology as well as the COVID-19 pandemic that ravaged the world in the previous two years. The shift from offline to online mode affects how formative assessment should be conducted during teaching and learning. The lack of knowledge of information and communication technology (ICT) and ICT facilities are prevalent in Nigeria. Design/methodology/approach: This study employed a survey design to examine online assessment feedback practice as well as factors contributing to the practices among 256 academics in one tertiary education in Sokoto. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were used. Findings: Online formative assessment feedback practice is at low level due to lack of knowledge of software applications and facilities. Research, Practical &amp; Social implications: Government needs to invest more on educational technology by providing adequate ICT facilities in tertiary institutions in Sokoto, as well as offering suitable trainings on ICT literacy for academics. Originality/value: Online formative assessment contributes to enhancement in educational attainment and efficiency in learning and teaching.

Dynamic modeling of Si(100) thermal oxidation: Oxidation mechanisms and realistic amorphous interface generation

Silicon and its native oxide SiO2 have been utilized in semiconductor technology since the 1950s and are still crucial for the development of novel device technologies today. Recent theoretical and experimental studies show that the fabrication of high-quality interfacial layers becomes critical for reliable operation of modern nanoscale devices. This paper presents a first-principles based approach to theoretically assess the thermal oxidation process of the technologically relevant Si(100) surface in the ultra-thin layer regime below 2 nm. The oxidation process is dynamically modeled by means of ab-initio molecular dynamics and density functional based tight binding simulations. We qualitatively explain the experimentally well-known but poorly understood decrease of oxidation rate in the initial oxidation stage as a complex interplay between various oxidation mechanisms such as fast O2 dissociation at the surface, slower oxygen integration mediated by molecular precursor states and O2 diffusion through the oxide. Our model combines previously reported experimental insights into a comprehensive picture of Si oxide growth. Strong evidence for an immediate amorphization of the oxide surface layer was found and identified as a direct consequence of lattice vibrations. Furthermore, our modeling method is a novel approach for the generation of realistic, amorphous interface structures that is based on the stepwise oxidation of the crystalline Si surface and could be extended to other materials systems as well.

Effective Penetration Depths Investigation on Synchrotron X-Ray Topographic Images of Basal Plane Dislocations in 4H-SiC Crystals through Ray-Tracing Simulation

The demand for power electronic devices fabricated from silicon carbide (SiC) has increased rapidly in recent years for a diverse range of existing and emerging applications. The development of device technology highly depends on the quality of substrate and epitaxial material and the number of deleterious defects within, as those are critical factors that impact the device performance and long-term reliability [1, 2]. Therefore, understanding the nature of defects is of great importance for preventing the degradation or premature breakdown of devices. Synchrotron X-ray topography (XRT) is a dominant analytical method for the imaging and characterization of crystallographic defects. For 4° off-axis (0001) 4H-SiC wafers, the grazing-incidence geometry topographic technique is commonly employed to focus on the defect investigation near surface region. In this geometry, a small incidence angles (~1-2°) is used for allowing X-ray to only penetrate the sample with a shallow depth below the surface, therefore, it is essential to establish a procedure to define the effective penetration depth for detailed analysis of dislocation structures and density calculations. In earlier studies, Dudley in 1989 concluded that the observed penetration depths are limited by photoelectric absorption rather than extinction [3]. Ishiji in 2017 estimated the penetration depth based on the photoelectric absorption experienced by the diffracted X-rays [4]. However, only basal plane dislocations (BPDs) with screw segments parallel to the off-cut [11-20]-direction were evaluated in that study, which is insufficient for evaluating other types of BPDs. Therefore, a universal method to determine the effective penetration depth for all dislocation types would be of more practical importance.In this study, a procedure to define this effective penetration depth is demonstrated by investigating physical vapor transport (PVT) grown 4° off-axis 4H-SiC crystals through preforming systematic analysis of topographic and ray-tracing simulated contrast of BPDs with different Burgers vector and line direction combinations. The topographic images are recorded through synchrotron monochromatic beam in grazing incidence geometry. The simulation model is based on the principle of orientation contrast mechanism [5, 6] and developed by considering both the effects of surface relaxation [7] and X-ray absorption [8, 9] for evaluating the contributed factors of dislocation contrast formation. Analysis of the results indicates the observable dislocation contrast depends on the effective misorientation associated with the dislocation modulated by the photoelectric absorption effect. The dislocations with larger effective misorientation are associated with longer projected lengths and corresponding deeper effective penetration depths. A more simplified factor based on an approximate expression for the misorientation is also introduced in this study as an alternative to the full ray-tracing simulation approach. The effective penetration depth determination method presented in this study enables three-dimensional dislocation configuration analysis and accurate density calculations.Reference: Das, H., et al., Materials Science Forum, 2019. 963: p. 284-287.Kimoto, T., et al. 2017 IEEE International Reliability Physics Symposium (IRPS). 2017.Dudley, M., J. Wu, and G.D. Yao, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 1989. 40-41: p. 388-392.Ishiji, K., et al., Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 2017. 56(10): p. 106601.Dudley, M., X.R. Huang, and W. Huang, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 1999. 32(10A): p. A139-A144.Huang, X.R., et al., Journal of Applied Crystallography, 1999. 32(3): p. 516-524.Peng, H., et al., Journal of Applied Crystallography, 2021. 54(2): p. 439-443.Fujie, F., et al., Acta Materialia, 2021. 208: p. 116746.Ailihumaer, T., et al., Materials Science and Engineering: B, 2021. 271: p. 115281. Figure 1

Multi-objective tasks scheduling using artificial bee colony algorithm based on cellular automata in cloud computing environment

&lt;span&gt;Due to the development of communication device technology and the need to use up-to-date infrastructure ready to respond quickly and in a timely manner to computational needs, the competition for the use of processing resources is increasing nowadays. The scheduling tasks in the cloud computing environment have been remained a challenge to access a quick and efficient solution. In this paper, the aim is to present a new tactic for allocating the available processing resources based on the artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm and cellular automata for solving the task scheduling problem in the cloud computing network. The results show the performance of the proposed method is better than its counterparts.&lt;/span&gt;