Development Of Measurement System Research Articles

Development of methods for visual representation of low-frequency oscillation parameters in power systems

The development of wide area measurement system (WAMS) expands the analysis capabilities of the Unified power system based on computational processing of synchronized phasor measurements (SPM). The analysis of low-frequency oscillations (LFO) in the power system is one of the most relevant applications of WAMS data. The task of locating the source of forced LFO in real-time is highlighted. Due to the increasing complexity and heterogeneity of real power systems, a definitive solution to this problem does not currently exist. However, there are SPM data analysis methods that provide a high probability of identifying the source of oscillations. Informative representation of measurement signals, intermediate, and final LFO analysis results can serve as the basis for decision support tools for operational dispatch personnel. Direct visualization of raw data and computed parameters, such as a set of time function graphs, is inefficient due to the large volume. Therefore, compact high-level representations are in demand. This paper proposes some approaches to visualizing SPM data, computed LFO parameters, and the results of applying various oscillation source detection methods. The presented data visualization methods have been implemented by the authors in a LFO analysis software system.

Development of Methods for Calculation the Load Angle of a Synchronous Generator Based on PMU Data

The development of the Wide Area Measurement Systems (WAMS) in the Unified Electric Power System (UES) of Russia and using phasor measurement technology (or PMU technology) open up new prospects in the electric power system (EPS) operational dispatch and automatic control. PMU devices installation on synchronous generators (SG) allows to obtain information not only about currents and stator voltages phasors, but also information about the excitation current and excitation voltage. This set of high-precision measurements of the network state parameters, in the presence of generators mathematical models, provides the possibility of calculating such parameters, the direct measurements of which are very difficult. One of these parameters, which can be determined using PMU, is the load angle of the SG (the angle between the generalized voltage phasor and the generator EMF phasor in the dq axis system) in the steady states and transients. The value of the load angle can be used to analyze the static and dynamic stability, as well as to quantify the damping properties of the SG at low-frequency oscillations (LFO) of the power systems electrical parameters. This study analyzes the possibilities for calculating the load angle based on a typical set of generator PMU signals: stator current and voltage vectors, excitation current and voltage. Two methods for calculating the load angle in steady states and transients have been developed and implemented. The first method is based on solving a system of nonlinear algebraic equations, and the basis of the second method is the mathematical model of the SG. The presented methods were tested using the SimInTech software package. Further, using the developed methods, the load angles of two turbogenerators installed at the plants of the Russian UES were calculated according to the PMU data of the parameters of the electromechanical transient process.

Method of the evaluation of the number of measuring instruments used in the sphere of state regulation of the ensuring the uniformity of measurements in Russian Federation

The relationship between the development of the economy, especially its innovate branches and industry, with the state of measurements, including the level of its uniformity and accuracy, seems obvious. However, for the scientifically based planning of the development of the national measurement system it is necessary to have the numerical data about the relationship between the level of economic development and the parameters of the used fleet of measuring instruments. In this regard, numerous studies were performed by the Russian and foreign scientists, which, however, were fragmentary and did not allow to establish quantitative rules of the relationship between metrology and economics to the required extent. One of the reasons of this situation was the lack of reliable data about the properties and number of measurement means and absence of methods of obtaining such data. The creation of the Federal State Information System “Arshin” and the adoption of relevant regulatory legal acts in the field of ensuring of the uniformity of measurements made it possible in 2021 for the first time to obtain the most complete data on the verifications of measuring instruments applied in the field of state regulation of the uniformity of measurements in the Russian Federation, which number reached more than 90 million records. On the basis of the analysis of this data the model of circulation of the measuring instruments in the sphere of state regulation of the assurance of uniformity of measurements in Russian Federation was designed, and the method of the evaluation of the number of measuring instruments operated in this sphere was elaborated. It is based on the processing of the data about the number of the verification acts of the measuring instruments and its distribution by the interverification interval. It was shown that the upper appraisal of the total number of the measuring instruments has been obtained as a sum of the numbers of the measuring instruments for each interverification interval, which numbers were obtained by multiplying the number of the measuring instruments for each interverification interval in 2021 by the value of the certain interval. An assessment of the influence of factors causing the uncertainty of the number of measuring instruments was carried out. The of the number of measuring instruments used in the sphere of state regulation in the Russian Federation in 2021 was estimated as (420±16) million units. The calculated values of the number of measuring instruments volume are scientifically proved and can be applied in the annual report to the Government of the Russian Federation “On the state of work in the field of ensuring the uniformity of measurements in the Russian Federation”, as well as transmitted to the Federal State Statistics Service. It is reasonable to use it for the elaboration the documents of strategic planning of the development of the system of the ensuring the uniformity of measurements of the Russian Federation.

Development of rehabilitation measurement system for reach-to-grasp tasks

Development of rehabilitation measurement system for reach-to-grasp tasks

A non-linear multiscale chemo-mechanical model describing the delayed evolution of concrete structures in marine environments

The failure of offshore structures is a major issue as they lead to economic, environmental, and social disasters. Assessing the durability and long-term behavior of these structures subjected to chemical and mechanical degradation is subsequently critical. The analysis of these coupled phenomena induced by seawater attack and mechanical loading is complex and requires the development of innovative measurement systems and modelling strategies. Thus, multiscale protocols, starting from the microscopic scale of the cement paste, seems relevant for the characterization of the chemo-mechanical behavior of offshore structures. Therefore, the competition between protective layers' formations and harmful effects of seawater ions has been coupled with the creep phenomenon.

Design of High-Precision Micro-Capacitance Detection System

The focus of this paper is on the development of micro-displacement measurement system of Beam Steering Mechanism (BSM) and Fast Sweeping Mirror (FSM) using in space remote sensor. The main objective is to design a micro-capacitance measuring technology based on Pcap01. In the proposed approach, first, the principle of capacitance measurement and the design of hardware and software of the system are introduced; then, the system is implemented to high-precision results below 3.5nF. The experiment results show that under the 1KHz output data rate, the system can achieve a resolution of 1.4fF in the range of 1pF~30pF, which can meet the system requirements of range and accuracy ratio of 20000.

Identificação e priorização de indicadores de desempenho para decisões comerciais: uma aplicação de Value Focused Thinking e Analytic Network Process

Abstract The development of a Performance Measurement System (PMS) in an organization is essential in order to adequately monitor operations and enable correct and timely decision-making. However, many organizations implement PMSs and are not successful, mainly because they neglect the design phase, which informs what has to be measured. Designing a PMS is a complex decision problem that involves multiple stakeholders. The objective of this research is to identify and prioritize the commercial performance indicators most valued by the stakeholders in this area in a company in the metal-mechanical segment. The research was divided into two stages, the first being a PO Soft (constructivist) approach: Value Focused Thinking - VFT, to identify performance indicators; and, in the second stage, the application of the PO Hard (Rationalist) Multicriteria Decision Support Method: Analytic Network Process - ANP, for modeling and prioritizing these. As a result, 30 performance indicators were identified, the most important ones being: percentage of target achievement, sales to new customers and percentage of growth for each customer. The results found proved to be capable of assisting the definition of strategy and business management in addition to the identification of indicators not monitored by the organization.

Development of combustion gas measurement systems for micro-rocket torch using a diode laser sensor

Development of combustion gas measurement systems for micro-rocket torch using a diode laser sensor

Abstract B078: Implementing a transdisciplinary framework to build capacity for complex collaboration among academic and non-academic partners

Abstract Complex problems require a deep understanding of the issue and a collaborative approach to find sustainable solutions. Cancer disparities are complex and must be understood from a broad set of perspectives across the academic spectrum and non-academic sources (community members, community-based organizations, and policymakers). The Community and Cancer Science Network (CCSN) is a transdisciplinary network focused on addressing statewide cancer disparities. The CCSN grounds its approach in the principles of deep equity, systems-change, and the integration of biology to policy. It brings together diverse perspectives through a three-phase model: 1) Incubate ideas through co-learning among the team members to build shared vocabulary, knowledge, and integrate perspectives on the issue; 2) Innovate by using learnings to develop, prototype and pilot potential solutions; 3) Implement to further scale and embed solutions. Despite challenges, the commitment to this approach enabled our network to expand and strengthen transdisciplinary capacity in its partnerships. Now in its third year, CCSN encompasses four projects using its transdisciplinary approach: 1) a curriculum for biomedical researchers and community members to address mistrust and misunderstandings of disparities; 2) development of a shared measurement system to improve mammographic quality; 3) design and implementation of community-based action plans to address breast and lung cancer disparities, and 4) formation of a workgroup to explore the potential causes and solutions for prostate cancer disparities in the state. The projects are guided and supported through the framework by a leadership structure. To assess the impact of its approach on community-academic partnerships, CCSN assesses against a rubric developed in 2020 with its advisory team. The rubric measures partner perception of impact, values application, belonging, interconnectedness and shared purpose. CCSN looks at quantitative and qualitative data annually to generate insights on the strength of partnerships and how its leadership can build additional capacities. CCSN is currently finalizing its assessment of its third year of data. Initial findings suggest partnerships with sustained relationships and high levels of trust appear to weather challenges that accompany implementation of complex interventions. Results also indicate that partners are eager to consider implications for their own work and to connect with others doing similar work within CCSN as they experience similar challenges including navigating the pace of change. Incorporating varied perspectives into understanding cancer disparities and then developing and implementing solutions requires a thoughtful, deliberate and flexible approach. Our framework provides rigor without rigidity and allows academics and non-academics to build authentic and collaborative relationships which persist through adversity, facilitate a richer understanding of disparities and open doors for future partnerships. Citation Format: Tobi A. Cawthra, Laura Pinsoneault, Alexis Krause, Kristen Gardner-Volle, Kim Kinner, Jenelle Elza, Melinda Stolley. Implementing a transdisciplinary framework to build capacity for complex collaboration among academic and non-academic partners [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 15th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2022 Sep 16-19; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022;31(1 Suppl):Abstract nr B078.

Development of Test Head Type Thermal Resistance Measurement System for Small Electronic Devices and Materials

電子機器のサーマルマネジメントには，機器に搭載される電子部品の適切な温度管理が求められる。部品の温度は，実装先である回路配線パターンから基板を経由して筐体に至るまでの全熱抵抗に依存する。そのため，熱抵抗の測定技術の構築は急務である。測定には，低熱抵抗から高熱抵抗までの広い測定範囲への対応や，部品が実装される微細な配線パターン部を計測点にできることが求められる。この課題に対して，本研究では，熱抵抗の測定範囲が10.1～299.5 K/W，測定点サイズが□2.0 mmのテストヘッド式の熱抵抗測定装置を開発した。ここでは，熱抵抗が既知である□2.0 mmの試験片を用いて測定原理の妥当性と測定精度について検証した結果を報告する。

Experimental setup for interaction between highly charged ions and laser-produced plasma near Bohr velocity energy region

Ion energy loss in the interaction between highly charged ions and dense plasma near Bohr velocity energy region is one of the important physical problems in the field of high-energy density physics driven by intense heavy ion beams. Based on the 320 kV experimental platform at the Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, a new experimental setup was built for the research of interaction between ions and laser-produced plasma near the Bohr velocity, where the ion energy loss and charge state distribution can be experimentally investigated. In this paper we introduce the new setup in detail, including the generation and controlling of pulsed ion beam ( ≥ 200 ns); the preparation of high-density laser plasma target (10<sup>17</sup>—10<sup>21</sup> cm<sup>–3</sup>); the diagnostics of plasma and the developed high energy resolution ion measurement system (< 1%). In the experiment, the charge distribution of Xe<sup>15+</sup> ions with 4 MeV penetrating through the laser-produced Al plasma target is measured. The charge-state analysis device observes different results without and with the plasma, in which the outgoing Xe ion charge-state changes correspondingly from the 15+ to 10+, thus the electron capture process is believed to be dominant. In addition, the proton energy loss is also measured by using the magnetic spectrometer, showing that the experimental energy loss is about 2.0 keV, 30% higher than those theoretical predictions , which can be attributed to the fact that in the near Bohr velocity energy regime, the first-order Born approximation condition is not valid, thus the Bethe model and SSM model are inapplicable to the experimental results. In future, a systematic study will be performed based on our ions-plasma ineteraction setup, and the energy loss and charge state data will be introduced.

Development of information measurement system for experimental research of induction motors

. In order to increase the level of practical training of students, an urgent task is the development of laboratory stands, which will allow, together with the study of the principle of operation of sensors (temperature, lighting, humidity, etc.), to acquire practical skills in their connection, programming of microcontrollers and digital data processing. An electronic device using an AVR microcontroller was chosen as the basic element of the measuring system. which consists of software and hardware parts. The software part of the platform is a free software shell that includes a text editor adapted for writing programming code in the C++ language (Wiring), a compiler, and a set of hardware programming tools. The device supports all modern operating systems such as Linux, MacOS and Windows. The hardware part of the platform is a printed circuit board based on a microcontroller, which contains a programmer, a voltage regulator, signaling LEDs, and a USB / mini USB connector for connecting to a PC. Conducting experimental studies using such stands will allow students, along with the direct measurement of physical AD values ​​with the help of various sensors, to gain additional experience in the peculiarities of working with microcontrollers

Development of Intraoperative Plantar Pressure Measurement System Considering Weight Bearing Axis and Center of Pressure

To prevent postoperative complications in corrective surgery for foot deformities such as hallux valgus and pes planus, it is critical to quantitatively predict the postoperative standing-position plantar pressure distribution during the operation. The authors have previously proposed an intraoperative plantar pressure measurement system (IPPM) that allows for the measurement of a supine patient’s plantar pressure distribution that is equivalent to that in the standing position. This system consists of an IPPM device comprising of a force plate and pressure distribution sensor, an optical three-dimensional position measurement device, a navigation monitor, and a PC. The plantar pressure distribution in the standing position is reproduced by navigating the operator, as he or she presses the IPPM device against the patient’s sole so that the weight-bearing axis (floor reaction force vector) and femoral head center are as close to each other as possible. However, in our previous study, the reproducibility of the standing position plantar pressure distribution was insufficient. Therefore, in the present study, we add a navigational function that can be used to bring the centers of pressure in the standing position and under measurement, as well as to correct the IPPM’s self-weight in the measured force. The improved device was used in an experiment with nine healthy subjects, and the similarity of the plantar pressure distribution in the standing and supine positions was evaluated using normalized cross-correlation, yielding an average of 0.90. Furthermore, in an evaluation experiment with ten orthopedic surgeons, it was observed that using the system reproduced the plantar pressure distribution significantly better than when the system was not used. These results indicate that the present system can predict the plantar pressure distribution in the standing position. We believe that this system can contribute to reducing complications after foot surgery.

Continuous and Real-Time Measurement of Plant Water Potential Using an AAO-Based Capacitive Humidity Sensor for Irrigation Control

Water potential measurement is an essential factor in determining water consumption management and recycling in the agricultural field. We report the development of a continuous water potential measurement system using sensors for water stress analysis in tomato plants with better irrigation plan feedback. The water potential sensor uses the capacitive sensing principle which measures humidity inside an anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) layer. An analog to digital converter with a wireless communication module system records the capacitance data of the sensing system. Calibration data of sensors derived from superabsorbent polymer (SP) and deionized water (DIW) mixtures can represent their water potential value. The method showed good matching of capacitance and water potential values above −7 MPa, matching the result obtained in tomato stem. The measurements were conducted for a few days with the sap flow and water potential sensors connected in series on a tomato stem. When sunlight is sufficient, sap flow increases; meanwhile, water potential decreases. The opposite phenomenon could be observed during the nighttime. With irrigation restricting conditions, both sap flow and water potential signal decrease, triggering the emergency watering signals. This continuous water potential sensing system can quantitatively monitor the plant stem’s water stress and set irrigation schedules to achieve high-quality products in the agricultural field.

Non-Contact Monitoring of ECG in the Home Environment—Selecting Optimal Electrode Configuration

Capacitive electrocardiography (cECG) is most often used in wearable or embedded measurement systems. The latter is considered in the paper. An optimal electrocardiographic lead, as an individual feature, was determined based on model studies. It was defined as the possibly highest value of the R-wave amplitude measured on the back of the examined person. The lead configuration was also analyzed in terms of minimizing its susceptibility to creating motion artifacts. It was found that the direction of the optimal lead coincides with the electrical axis of the heart. Moreover, the electrodes should be placed in the areas preserving the greatest voltage and at the same time characterized by the lowest gradient of the potential. Experimental studies were conducted using the developed measurement system on a group of 14 people. The ratio of the R-wave amplitude (as measured on the back and chest, using optimal leads) was less than 1 while the SNR reached at least 20 dB. These parameters allowed for high-quality QRS complex detection with a PPV of 97%. For the "worst" configurations of the leads, the signals measured were practically uninterpretable.

Development of multichord ion Doppler spectroscopy system for toroidal flow measurement of field-reversed configuration.

A double-chord ion Doppler spectroscopy (IDS) system was developed to measure the ion temperature and flow velocity of field-reversed configuration (FRC) plasmas in the FRC amplification via a translation-collisional merging (FAT-CM) device. Adopting a Czerny-Turner mount monochromator and 16-channel photomultiplier tube array, the developed IDS system achieves high wavelength resolution and fast time response. In addition, two vertically aligned optical paths share the optical system up to the monochromator and then branch just before the detector, successfully reducing crosstalk to <1%. The Doppler broadening was measured at two measurement points in the FAT-CM device, simultaneously, and ion temperatures of ∼50eV were measured. Toroidal spin-up from 7 to 15 km/s and a steady flow velocity of ∼10 km/s were estimated from the Doppler shift obtained by the developed system. The observation of the toroidal flow velocity and the spatial profile of the ion temperature of the FRC plasma in the FAT-CM device were realized. These spectroscopic diagnostic's double chord capabilities will aid in understanding and improving the FRC plasmas.

Specialized Colorimeter for Phenol red pH Measurement

The phenol red is commonly used in cell culture medium as visual pH indicator by changing its color from darker red color to the orange-yellowish color as the pH is changing from neutral to acidic level. The color change of phenol red is hardly to be determined by using naked eyes that will be interpreted differently by different person. Thus, this study is executed to develop a specialized colorimeter for phenol red pH measurement by using Raspberry Pi as a microcontroller unit, green LED as a light source and photodiode in tandem with capacitor as a light sensor. The Raspberry Pi calculated the capacitor charging time which is in relative to the amount of light sensed by the photodiode. Based on the results, the capacitor charging time can be related to the pH value by using non-linear relationship with high accuracy of R2 = 0.8946 and RMSE = 0.4447. This study successfully introduced the development of low-cost system for phenol red pH measurement by applying the capacitor charging time which is in correspond with the absorbance value.

Practical Event Location Estimation Algorithm for Power Transmission System Based on Triangulation and Oscillation Intensity

Event location in power systems is quite essential information for system operators to enhance control-room situational awareness capability. Therefore, it is of great importance to develop an event location estimation algorithm for transmission systems with high accuracy. With the development of wide-area measurement system (WAMS) such as FNET/GridEye, and the synchrophasor measurement devices (SMDs) such as frequency disturbance recorders (FDRs), the synchronous measurement data including frequency, voltage amplitude and phase angle can be collected and used for event location estimation. First, the phase angle and rate of change of frequency (RoCoF) trajectories are respectively used for determining two sets of wave arrival time associated with each FDR. Then, a convolutional neural network (CNN) is utilized to determine the wave arrival order to select the more suitable set of wave arrival times for a given case and to perform corresponding modifications. Next, the oscillation intensity associated with each FDR is determined based on phase angle trajectories in the center of inertia (COI) coordinate system. Finally, the multiple criteria for event location estimation are represented. Case studies and comparisons between the proposed and previous algorithms using actual and confirmed cases in U.S. power systems are performed to demonstrate the effectiveness and improvement of the proposed algorithm in practical applications.

비접촉식 심박 측정 시스템 개발

본 논문에서는 비접촉식 심박 측정을 위한 mmWave 레이더 기반의 시스템을 제안한다. 시스템은 심박 측정 레이더 센서 모듈과 신호 처리 과정으로 구성된다. 시스템을 구현하기 위해 심박수를 추정하는 과정을 설계하였으며, 심박수를 실시간으로 측정하기 위한 모니터링 프로그램을 작성하였다.BR 제안한 시스템의 성능 검증을 위해 피검자 3명에 대해 총 6회의 측정 실험을 하였으며, 레이더 기반 시스템과 접촉식 방식의 시스템으로 심박수를 측정하고 비교하였다. 실험 결과 제안한 시스템을 사용하여 안정적으로 심박수를 측정할 수 있었다.

Estimation of Harvested RF Energy Based on Survey of Ambient RF Power for Optimized Rectifier Design

This paper presents estimation of harvested RF energy by means of measurement survey and rectifier circuit simulation. The survey was done in an indoor environment in Bangkok, Thailand using a low-cost in-house developed measurement system. From the survey, channel power distribution of a signal with 950 MHz center frequency and 20 MHz bandwidth was created. The maximum time averaged channel power is -7.6 dBm whereas the mean value with maximum signal statistic is -11.1 dBm. A single stage rectifier is simulated with 5 different nominal values of RF input power which is used to optimize the rectifier for maximum RF-to-DC power conversion efficiency. The rectifier composes a Schottky diode, a matching network and a simple load consisting of a resistor and a storage capacitor. Parameters of the simplified LC matching network have been varied to match the rectifier’s input impedance to 50 Ω for various nominal values of the RF input power. In addition, the load resistance was varied according to the nominal RF input power for an optimal power conversion efficiency of the rectifier. The rectifier delivers the highest harvested RF energy with a nominal RF input power of -9 dBm which is a value between the maximum and the mean values from the survey. The DC energy converted from ambient RF energy by the rectifier can be estimated. With this information, it can be assessed what type of applications based on available RF energy can be applied for the test area. This rectifier optimization strategy can be applied to any kind of RF signal since it is based on actual measurement results. Moreover, the proposed rectifier can be designed for reconfigurability regarding nominal RF input power at the location of interest by varying the matching network parameters and the load resistance. In practical applications, the reconfigurable rectifier can maintain a high level of power conversion efficiency over a wide range of RF input power. This can be done by optimizing the rectifier’s input matching network and the load resistance for the highest possible power harvested from the environment where the rectifier is located.