Development Of Structural Elements Research Articles

An Investigation on Eco Friendly Self-Compacting Concrete Using Spent Catalyst and Development of Structural Elements

The theme of this initiative is "Waste to Wealth." Construction materials, particularly concrete, need to have better qualities, including strength, rigidity, durability, and ductility, because Oman's construction industry is expanding. Self-compacting concrete (SCC) has more benefits than regular concrete, including better workability. The major focus of this study is the C30-grade SCC for the control mix, spent catalyst (zeolite catalyst)-based SCC, and the development of the RC beam's flexural behavior employing control and spent catalyst-based SCC. The preliminary study and the main study are the two study outcomes included in this project. Preliminary research involves creating four mixtures with various dosages of 3%, 6%, 9%, and 12% in order to optimize spent catalyst in C30 grade concrete. All of the cubes undergo a 28-day curing test. The cubes' compressive strength is tested in order to establish the ideal dosage, which is 9%. Develop a C30 grade control modified design mix in accordance with SCC and optimize chemical admixtures such as superplasticizer (SP) at different dosages, like 2, 2.5, 3, and 3.5%, using various trials and tests (slump flow, L-box, J-ring, V-funnel, and U-box tests), as well as the optimized dosage of spent catalyst (SC). The main study includes six singly reinforced RC beams with dimensions of 750 (L)×100 (B)×150 mm (D) that were cast and tested in the laboratory. After a 28-day curing period, two specimens were placed under a two-point loading setup, with the remaining two samples receiving the optimum dosages of spent catalyst and superplasticizer. All of the beams were tested using a Universal Testing Machine (UTM) with a 1000 kN capability. From the preliminary study, partial substitution of cement in control concrete of grade C30 using spent catalyst (SC), it was found that the 9% optimum dosage produces greater compressive strength compared to other doses, which are almost 10% rises at 28 days of curing period. Based on a different test, it was discovered that the optimum dose of 3% SP gave closer agreement and satisfied the need for SCC as per the BS standard. The load-carrying capability of the SCC beams is almost 21.7% higher than that of the control beams. Comparing the SCC beams to the control beams, their deflection was reduced by about 26% at the same load level, and their ductility rose by almost 33%. Comparatively to the control beam, the stiffness of 21.6% of SCC also rises. According to test results, the SCC beam performs better in every way when superplasticizer and spent catalyst are used at the recommended dosage. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-05-08 Full Text: PDF

Development of Spring Hinge Models to Simulate Structural Elements of Spherical Graphite Reinforced Concrete

The goals of the study were the formation of a model of concentrated plasticity based on spherical graphite fibers. The goal was to present indicators of the cyclic behavior of structural elements due to the lack of consideration in modern scientific research of the issue of increasing the technical level and reliability of structures due to the addition of innovative materials during the development of structural elements. Taking into account the fundamental shortcomings in construction in the conditions of installing an excess amount of reinforcement, as one of the main mechanisms for achieving strength and reliability. The aim of the study was to develop a method of improving the quality of structural elements using innovative materials through building spring hinge models. The study involved the mathematical simulation, comparison, and system analysis. The result of the work is a developed spring hinge model for simulating reinforced concrete structural elements. The work emphasizes that the obtained experimental model converges to reference data and does not reflect a significant error with the increased number of cycles. It is emphasized that the model degrades with significant calibration, while the numerical strength and hysteresis behaviour matches the experimental data at higher deformation levels. The model of concentrated plasticity based on spherical graphite fibers was developed for the range of indicators of the cyclic behaviour of structural elements. The main characteristics of the reinforced concrete structural elements under consideration in the framework of the study are provided in a table in order to visually separate the groups of structures according to the main parameters. A non-linear model of a spring hinge is graphically shown, which shows the moment of movement of the spring when a monotonous load is applied. An urgent need to build a system of indicators of the structural elements’ cyclic behaviour was emphasized. A concentrated plasticity model based on spherical graphite fibers was built for this purpose. A beam-column was chosen as a reinforced concrete structure, which is based on a zero-length spring pivot hinge at the end of each individual element. This spring pivot hinge is a uniaxial material model with a moment-rotation dependency. Such a dependency is the fundamental basis of the spring hinge model used to simulate reinforced concrete structural elements. The comparison chart of reference and cyclic strength of a spherical graphite reinforced concrete beam is presented graphically. Prospects for further research involve the development of an empirical system of equations depending on the section geometry and the properties of the structure material based on prognostic variables from the list of potential variable characteristics.

PECULIARITIES OF ORGANIZATIONS' MANAGEMENT, THEIR ADAPTIVE POLICY IN CONDITIONS OF CHANGE

Until recently, the main challenges of health care institutions included informatization and digitization, diversification of communications and resource provision, development of institutional sectors of the medical industry, their competition, focus on results, others, which were included in the key aspects of health care reform in Ukraine (HCSU). These days, these challenges include the application of adaptive policies to the medical industry as an opportunity to make it function in the face of war, along with the global problem of the coronavirus pandemic and all its consequences. The article focuses in particular on the problem of the medical system during martial law. The article mentions scientists whose works are an important basis for the development of adaptive policies, their significance, mechanisms of formation and development of effective management systems under conditions of change. The study reveals systemic changes in the medical sphere in Ukraine, caused by its reform. The article proposes a matrix of functional directions of the adaptive policy of reforming the health care system of Ukraine, which reveals the key aspects of its main components, namely: the improvement of the institutional mechanism, the reform in parts: management of health care institutions, personnel policy, logistical support, economic basis, information support and international cooperation, whose solution is distributed between the participants of this reform. Another aspect of the study is the definition of the studied organizations of management characteristics of HCSU, which have a twofold task: to preserve the health of the nation and ensure the effective functioning and development of structural elements that are unique and different from other types of organizations. The article presents various government decisions triggered by the outbreak of war, which had a significant impact on the results of medical industry reform. It is concluded that the adaptive policy of organizations is a system of timely and necessary decisions as a response to errors, threats and problems of the external environment of these organizations.

Current problems and prospects of application of products based on continuous basalt fiber

The progress of science and technology significantly depends on the success in creating new materials. Composite materials are a heterogeneous structure formed by a combination of reinforcing elements and isotropic binder (binder) material, currently widely used in various fields of technology. but for the economy is more important mass application. For this purpose, more thorough and long-term research and experimental implementations are carried out, which require significant intellectual and material costs. Development of structural elements using basalt fiber began in NDIBV since 1987. and experimental samples of prestressed concrete structures with basalt-plastic reinforcement. Research to identify the interaction of cement with basalt fiber and the design of effective concrete structures using basalt reinforcement. Concrete beams with basalt reinforcement were successfully tested. Unfortunately, the results of research have not been widely implemented. Therefore, this article is devoted to the problems of mass introduction into construction practice of various types of composite materials, including basalt reinforcement. The advantages and disadvantages of composite reinforcement in comparison with steel are discussed. During the theoretical and experimental studies, both positive and negative aspects of the use of basalt reinforcement were identified. So experiments have shown that basalt fiber loses strength in the environment of Portland cement stone. But this shortcoming has been overcome by the efforts of scientists, it is important to use certain defects of basalt fibers for specific conditions. There are the following main types of basalt fibers:
 1) basalt continuous fibers with a diameter of 8 - 11 microns, 12 - 14 microns, 16 - 20 microns with a fiber length of 25 - 50 mm and more;
 2) staple short fibers with a diameter of 6 - 12 microns and a length of 5 - 10 mm and several diameters;
 3) basalt superthin fibers with a diameter of 0.5 - 1 microns with a length of 10 - 50 mm;
 4) coarse basalt fibers with a diameter of 100 - 400 microns.
 To create structures with certain properties for specific conditions, appropriate basalt fibers are selected. According to the research results, recommendations and normative documents have been developed. Suggestions for measures to improve and successfully widely use composite elements for reinforcement of concrete structures.

WITHDRAWN: Effect of Zr (rare earth) powder in the microstructure, tensile and compressive properties on Mg-6Zn alloy

Abstract Mg-6Zn alloy was used in various industries especially in the development of structural elements in automotive sector. Also this alloy was used in the development of bio-degradable human bio implants. In this research we have found the effect of alloying rare earth material (Zr) to the Mg6Zn alloy. The alloy was prepared through stir casting method. The mechanical properties such as tensile and compressive strength found to be increased with the addition of Zr. The structural studies were performed with the XRD and SEM. The composition of the added elements were analyzed with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS). The phases formed was evaluated with the combination of EDS and XRD. The increase of Zr to the reduces the tensile strength upto 2% weight addition and decreases thereafter due to the lower bonding strength. On the other hand the compression strength increases with the addition of Zr.

Regularities of development of structural elements of the breast parenchema in heifers of the Kostroma Breed

Regularities of development of structural elements of the breast parenchema in heifers of the Kostroma Breed

Single-Level Station Complex Structure for Application of Through Driving Construction Method

Metro Service has a huge impact on the development of urban transport infrastructure. The need to increase the efficiency of passenger transportation is caused by the rapid growth in passenger turnover as well as an increase in the distance from the outskirts of the city to the center. In connection with the need to develop a metro service network in Minsk city, which is confirmed by research in the area of passenger traffic in the main areas of the city, the CSM Bessac tunnel boring machine was purchased, which allows significantly to increase the speed of tunnel driving. The use of a mechanized tunnel boring machine in the traditional concept of the metro network construction, in which driving of tunnels is carried out after construction of stations, does not allow to use a shield with maximum economic efficiency due to the small extent of tunnels. There is also a need to build assembly-shield chambers and carry out works on disassembling and assembling the shield. The application of the new concept developed by Yu. S. Frolov and called “through driving” is actual in the conditions of the use of a mechanized tunnel boring machine. Its essence lies in the continuous driving of tunnels on the line section under construction and the consecutive construction of each station complex as the tunnel boring machine passes through it. To implement the concept of “through driving”, it is relevant to use a semi-closed construction method, in which the floor structure is constructed in an open way, and the other elements are closed. The available solutions of the metro stations constructed while using a semi-closed method of work have been analyzed in the paper. A detailed analysis has been carried out with due account of the adaptation to the construction conditions in Minsk, and the development of structural elements and assemblies of the platform area of the station, which is a two-cantilever vault with a developed transom part, resting on pile-columns of a circular cross section. Forces from the open ring of flexible tunnels lining are supported by a cantilever part of an arch and a bottom plate. The paper considers a design of a metro station, its main elements, their purpose and specificity of work, as well as optimization issues and the results of the design feasibility study.

PECULIARITIES OF CHANGES IN LYMPH COMPOSITION IN DIFFERENT FORMS OF LYMPHADENITIS MAXILLOFACIAL AREA IN CHILDREN

This literature review highlights the role of the immunocompetence of the lymph substance and the oral mucosa in various clinical forms of lymphadenitis of the maxillofacial area in children. The purpose of the work was to conduct a reflective analysis of the importance of their protective responses in the development of inflammation in regional lymph nodes. According to modern conceptions about the morpho-functional significance of the lymphatic system, it is considered first of all as one of the components of the body protective system, which is anatomically closely related to the vascular system and includes capillaries, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, trunks and ducts through which the lymph flows from organs and systems to the site of the merge of the internal jugular and subclavian veins. In response to entering foreign particles bearing signs of alienation into the body, lymphocytes and related antibodies are being produced in the organs of the lymphatic system and then are transferred to the site of injury through the lymphatic passageways, where the immune response takes place. The presence of a significant number of nosological forms of the disease, the factors contributing to the development of acute or chronic inflammation in the lymph nodes of the face and neck can be explained by the diversity of functions performed by them and the imperfect level of the development of structural elements of the immune system in children at the general and local levels. According to the fact that the oral mucous membrane is borderline anatomical substance through which the antigenic loading is directly carried out, it is its immunocompetence that can greatly affect on the high probability of the development of inflammatory processes of odontogenic and non-odontogenic origin. The lack of in-depth information about the multifactorial mechanisms of the aetiology and pathogenesis of lymphadenitis of the maxillofacial area of different genesis in children causes poses some difficulties in their understanding, especially in children with signs of the developmental disorders in the antenatal and early postnatal periods that influences ontogenesis, thus impacting the strength of the body systemic and local immune responses. Therefore, the study of the morphological and immunohistochemical architectonics of certain sections of the oral mucosa and regional lymphatic formations including investigation of the level of their nonspecific and specific protection is an important factor in substantiating the appropriateness to include immunocorrection medicines of different pharmacological actions into the integrated therapy.

Conceptual Framework of Energy-and-Ecology of Indoor Plant Lighting

Abstract.To increase the efficiency of horticulture, the technology of plant cultivation under artificial lighting, i.e. indoor plant lighting, is widely used. The author proposes to expand the range of issues considered in this field and highlight the energy-and-ecology of horticulture (EEH) as a scientific area located at the junction of power engineering and technical subjects, plant physiology, and ecology. (Research purpose) To develop a conceptual framework of the energy-and-ecology of horticulture. (Materials and methods) The object of EEH research is an artificial bioenergetic system of horticulture (ABSH), i.e. a combination of living organisms and technological equipment in a plant growing facility. A mathematical description of the regularities of transferring a substance in horticulture is produced on the basis of a hierarchical model of ABSH. The subject of the EEH study is the regularities of the transformation of matter and energy flows in ABSH. (Results and discussion) The author has determined some specific indicators of energy-ecological compatibility and obtained an expression for determining the energy-ecological coefficient of horticulture through its technological indicators. The paper offers an interpretation of the term "energy-and-ecology of horticulture" as a property of the technological process of plant growing in artificial conditions to meet the requirements of energy efficiency and environmental friendliness. It is shown that an approach based on the concept of best available technologies (BAT) can be applied to the indoor plant lighting. An expression for the quantitative assessment of the energy-ecological parameter in terms of the proximity of the development trajectories of ABSH in a state-space has been obtained. The author proposes an algorithm for BAT forming to be applied in indoor plant lighting. (Conclusions) For the first time, the author raises a question about the development of structural elements of the BAT formation algorithm in lighting horticulture in terms of energy-ecological indicators as an integrative optimality criterion of the system. The author has developed energy audit techniques to optimize the process of plant growing according to the criterion of minimal deviations of energy-ecological performance by varying the lighting parameters, environmental conditions and other factors. Complex implementation of energy- and ecological technologies of indoor plant lighting will allow increasing the efficiency of the production process, reducing the energy intensity while improving the quality of products and ensuring the environmental friendliness of production.

Features of the Calculation Deployment Large Transformable Structures of Different Configurations

Despite the significant progress achieved in the design of space transformable structures to ensure a smooth and reliable deployment remains an important task. This type of construction can consist of dozens, hundreds or even thousands of interconnected elements. Deployment transformable space structures in orbit to test their performance in orbital conditions are associated with high material costs. Full deploy: experimental development process transformable structures involve a number of fundamental difficulties: It is impossible to eliminate the influence of gravity and resistance forces conditions. Thus, to calculate deploy of large transformable structures of various configurations is an important stage of their creation. Simulation provides an opportunity to analyze various schemes of deploy, to reveal their advantages and possible disadvantages. For numerical analysis of deploy of such structures is necessary to use modern software modeling of the dynamics of multi-component of mechanical systems such as EULER and Adams. Simulation of deployment space transformable structures was performed taking as example folding flat antenna contours diameter of 5 m and 20 m, foldable spatial calibration reflector diameter of 3 m, deployable antenna reflector truss-type aperture 3×6 m. The results of the calculations represent following characteristics: the time of adoption of the working position structures; form intermediate positions structures during deployment; dependence of opening angles and angular velocities of the design links on the time. The parameters of these calculations can be used as input in the development of structural elements providing deployment. They can also be used to prepare stands for experimental testing of disclosure designs in ground conditions. It should be noted that the theoretical models are the only way to analyze the deployment of such structures for possible emergency situations.

A methodological concept for material selection of highly sensitive components based on multiple criteria decision analysis

Material selection of highly sensitive components is one of the most challenging issues in the design and development of structural elements in aerospace and nuclear industry. This work compares some of the most widely potential multi-criteria decision making models for addressing all the stages in solving a material selection problem of highly sensitive components involving conflicting as well as multiple design objectives. For the first step, the compensatory models are discussed and employed to solve a multi-criteria material selection for a thermal loaded conductor in the presence of its required multi-functional characteristics. For the next step, using different versions of the non-compensatory methods examine the outranking approach to solve the same problem. The results are compared to each other to verify the effect of compensations and non-compensations in the methods and their sensitivity to ranking stability. It is of particular interest to see how different approaches of the Multiple Attribute Decision Making (MADM) models differ from each other when criterion of cost is a critical factor in the problem. The effect of individual attributes of cost criterion has been studied to ensure the reliability of the chosen candidate material by MADM models.

Kinematics of large scale asymmetric folds and associated smaller scale brittle — Ductile structures in the proterozoic somnur formation, pranhita — Godavari Valley, South India

The development of structural elements and finite strain data are analysed to constrain kinematics of folds and faults at various scales within a Proterozoic fold-and-thrust belt in Pranhita-Godavari basin, south India. The first order structures in this belt are interpreted as large scale buckle folds above a subsurface decollement emphasizing the importance of detachment folding in thin skinned deformation of a sedimentary prism lying above a gneissic basement. That the folds have developed through fixed-hinge buckling is constrained by the nature of variation of mesoscopic fabric over large folds and finite strain data. Relatively low, irrotational flattening strain (X:Z-3.1-4.8, k<1) are associated with zones of near upright early mesoscopic folds and cleavage, whereas large flattening strain (X:Z-3.9-7.3, k<1) involving noncoaxiality are linked to domains of asymmetric, later inclined folds, faults and intense cleavage on the hanging wall of thrusts on the flanks of large folds. In the latter case, the bulk strain can be factorized to components of pure shear and simple shear with a maximum shearing strain of 3. The present work reiterates the importance of analysis of minor structures in conjunction with strain data to unravel the kinematic history of fold-and-thrust belts developed at shallow crustal level.

Construction of Nano Manufacturing World

In order to open a nanometer region to humans, we introduce a working system newly designed, namely, "Nano Manufacturing World (NMW)". We are designing the NMW through the following sequence: definition of required performance, analysis for functional elements, proposal of mechanism elements, development of structural elements and synthesis of total structure. Analyzing some future applications of NMW in the fields of information technology, medical science, micro mechanics etc., we clarified that preciseness and 3-dimensionality are important for NMW. To satisfy them, we applied a new fused process of semiconductor processing and normal machine processing. We introduced prototypical mechanism elements, results of their trials for nano manufacturing and the direction of future NMW.

New method for the prediction of antibacterial properties of semisynthetic penicillins. 2. Evaluation of activity levels

In the case of various types of semisynthetic penicillins it is demonstrated that it is possible to use statistical indexes that characterize the probability of the development of structural elements in fixed positions of the side chain to predict the antibacterial properties of semisynthetic penicillins.