Seedling Development Research Articles

Bioactivator insecticides for Coffeea arabica L. and toxic to Leucoptera coffeella (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae)

The insecticides used on coffee plants can function as bioactivators for this species and be utilized to manage Leucoptera coffeella. Thus, the objectives were to verify the bioactivation action on the morphophysiology of the coffee plant and its toxicity to L. coffeella. The treatments were dinotefuran + flutriafol 450 SC, dinotefuran + pyriproxyfen (100 + 25) EW, imidacloprid 700 WG, flupyradifurone 200 SL, thiamethoxam 250 WG, thiamethoxam + cyproconazole 600 WG, and control (water). The physiology of coffee seedlings was evaluated at 10, 20, and 40 days after application (DAA) of the insecticides. Analyses of biometric variables for aerial and root development of seedlings and survival of L. coffeella larvae were conducted at 10, 20, 40, 60, and 80 DAA. The insecticides did not alter the physiological parameters evaluated in the seedlings at 10, 20, and 40 DAA. At 60 and 80 DAA, height and leaf area were lower in seedlings treated with imidacloprid. The dry matter of the stem in seedlings treated with imidacloprid was lower than in other treatments. The volume and area of the roots of the seedlings at 80 DAA were higher in those that received the insecticide thiamethoxam 250 WG. All insecticides were toxic to L. coffeella larvae at all evaluation dates. The insecticides did not have bioactivator properties for aerial development. Thiamethoxam 250 WG has a bioactivator effect on root volume and area. The insecticides protect seedlings from infestation up to 80 DAA.

Alleviation of salt stress on Zea mays L. plant by PGPR isolates as an effective sustainable strategy

Among the major constraints for the production of economic crops, such as maize, is salinity. Plenty of research has suggested the use of various strains of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) as a sustainable approach to improve plant tolerance to salinity. Nonetheless, the exploration of the rhizosphere in Egyptian agricultural lands with salt affected soil remains incomplete. In this research, two newly isolated local bacterial species were finally selected and identified as Alcaligenes sp. strains. E1 (BS-45) and E2 (BS-57). IAA production by both isolates was confirmed by TLC. Several bioactive metabolites were identified in Alcaligenes sp. E1 and E2 by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). These include 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid, 2,3-bis [(trimethylsilyl)oxy] propyl ester, (z,z,z), 2 (1H)-Naphthalenone, octahydro-1-methyl-1-(2-propenyl)-, (1à,4aá,8aà), dodecane and isopulegol which have a defensive role against biotic and abiotic stress of the plant. Interestingly, the selected bacteria Alcaligenes sp. E1 and E2 significantly improve the overall maize growth attributes, antioxidant scavenging activities and photosynthetic pigments in maize plants grown under salt stress (150 mM NaCl) compared to the control plants as analyzed by greenhouse experiment. Therefore, this study recommends the Alcaligenes sp. strains (E1 and E2) to alleviate the negative impact of salinity on the growth and development of maize seedlings.

Early seedling development and survival of seagrasses Posidonia australis and P. sinuosa using different seed‐based restoration methods

Seagrass seed‐based restoration has been developed in several places worldwide, but disturbance at the vulnerable initial stages of seedling recruitment has proved to be a major bottleneck to successful restoration. A detailed investigation of seagrass seedling survival and growth at the earliest stages of seedling development is an important contribution to developing techniques to improve seedling establishment and survival. Here, we investigated the early seedling development of Posidonia australis and P. sinuosa as well as quantifying the variation in seedling survival and development under different seed‐based restoration methods. Early seedling development was documented in indoor aquaria during the first month after fruit dehiscence. In the second ex situ experiment, we determined the effects of three different restoration methods (surface sowing, seedling planting, and planting inside a hessian bag) on seedling survival and development over the first 2 months of life. In the first experiment, a primary root with the first root hairs developed after 7 days. After 1 month, roots were 20–60 mm in length, firmly establishing the seedling into the sediment. Compared to surface sowing, seedling planting and hessian bag restoration treatments did not significantly affect survival for P. australis but increased seedling mortality in P. sinuosa, although growth was greater (shoot and root lengths were approximately 50 and 40% longer, respectively). These aquarium‐scale experiments suggest that planting methods would enhance seedling establishment at larger scales in some species, promoting restoration of damaged seagrass habitats.

Effect of two amendments on seedling growth of two cashew varieties

Cashew, Anacardium occidentale L., is considered a promising crop for many regions in Colombia, requiring further research on new varieties and technologies. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of two organic amendments on two cashew varieties under nursery conditions in Puerto Carreño, Vichada department. A factorial experiment (3 organic amendment treatments x 2 varieties) with 4 replications was conducted. The treatments for the first factor were: chicken manure (30%), bovine manure (30%), and no amendment. The varieties used were Yucao and Mapiria. Emergence, survival, and morphometric variables such as stem length, stem diameter, and number of leaves were evaluated, as well as disease incidence and severity. Results showed that seedling emergence and survival were more influenced by the addition of organic amendments than by varieties. Stem length of cashew seedlings was influenced by the addition of bovine and chicken manure and their interaction with the two varieties until week 7, while stem diameter was influenced until the end of the nursery cycle. Neither variety nor treatment influenced the number of leaves. Anthracnose was primarily influenced by the variety factor, with Mapiria being more susceptible to both disease incidence and severity. Overall, both organic amendments had a significant effect on the development of cashew seedlings in both varieties studied.

Nutrient Allocation and Growth Responses of Senegalia polyphylla under Varied Fertilizer Regimes for Effective Forest Recovery.

To restore invaded areas, planting fast-growing native species such as Senegalia polyphylla (DC.) Britton & Rose (Fabaceae) is widely used. However, invasive grasses reduce light availability, alter fire regimes, and compete for water and nutrients, hindering the growth of native trees. Fertilization practices influence the competition dynamics between natives and invasives by altering soil fertility. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of mineral and organic fertilization on the nutritional status and growth of S. polyphylla cultivated during the first 120 days after transplanting. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design comprising five treatments and four replications, along with the unfertilized control (0-0%) as an additional treatment. Dystrophic red latosol and different proportions of mineral and organic fertilizers were used. The variables evaluated included dry mass of aboveground parts and roots, nutrient content in leaves, and nutrient use efficiency. The results showed that fertilizations with high nutrient concentrations (100-0% and 75-25%) resulted in greater accumulation of N, P, and K in the leaves, while balanced fertilization (50-50% and 25-75%) led to greater root dry mass. These results emphasize the importance of strategically choosing fertilizer formulations to promote the healthy development of seedlings in areas subject to interference from invasive grasses.

Transcriptomic and Physiological Studies Unveil that Brassinolide Maintains the Balance of Maize's Multiple Metabolisms under Low-Temperature Stress.

Low-temperature (LT) is one of the major abiotic stresses that restrict the growth and development of maize seedlings. Brassinolides (BRs) have been shown to enhance LT tolerance in several plant species; the physiological and molecular mechanisms by which BRs enhance maize tolerance are still unclear. Here, we characterized changes in the physiology and transcriptome of N192 and Ji853 seedlings at the three-leaf stage with or without 2 μM 2,4-epibrassinolide (EBR) application at 25 and 15 °C environments via high-performance liquid chromatography and RNA-Sequencing. Physiological analyses revealed that EBR increased the antioxidant enzyme activities, enhanced the cell membrane stability, decreased the malondialdehyde formation, and inhibited the reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in maize seedlings under 15 °C stress; meanwhile, EBR also maintained hormone balance by increasing indole-3-acetic acid and gibberellin 3 contents and decreasing the abscisic acid level under stress. Transcriptome analysis revealed 332 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) enriched in ROS homeostasis, plant hormone signal transduction, and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade. These DEGs exhibited synergistic and antagonistic interactions, forming a complex LT tolerance network in maize. Additionally, weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) revealed that 109 hub genes involved in LT stress regulation pathways were discovered from the four modules with the highest correlation with target traits. In conclusion, our findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of exogenous BRs in enhancing LT tolerance of maize at the seedling stage, thus opening up possibilities for a breeding program of maize tolerance to LT stress.

REPRESSOR OF UV-B PHOTOMORPHOGENESIS proteins target ABA INSENSITIVE 5 for degradation to promote early plant development.

REPRESSOR OF UV-B PHOTOMORPHOGENESIS 1 (RUP1) and RUP2 are WD-40 domain-containing proteins that have been extensively characterized for their role in UV-B signaling. However, the roles of the RUP proteins outside the canonical UV-signaling pathway are less known. Here, we identify that RUP1 and RUP2 play important roles in ABA signaling to regulate seed germination and early seedling development in Arabidopsis thaliana. Our protein interaction studies confirmed that RUP1 and RUP2 physically interact with ABA INSENSITIVE 5 (ABI5). In the presence of abscisic acid, rup1, rup2 and rup1rup2 exhibited reduced germination and seedling establishment compared to the wild type. Germination and seedling establishment in rup1rup2abi5-8 was similar to abi5-8, suggesting that RUP1 and RUP2 suppress ABA-mediated inhibition of germination and early seedling development in an ABI5-dependent manner. The DDB1-binding WD40 (DWD) protein RUP2 promoted the ubiquitination of ABI5 to regulate its degradation. ABI5, in turn, establishes a negative feedback loop to inhibit the expression of RUP1/RUP2. ABI5 also inhibited the direct binding of ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5) to the promoters of RUP1 and RUP2 under ABA. This study highlights the coordinated action of RUP1, RUP2, ABI5, and HY5 in regulating early plant development.

Transcriptome Analysis Revealed ZmPTOX1 Is Required for Seedling Development and Stress Tolerance in Maize.

Plant seedling morphogenesis is considerably related to photosynthesis, pigment synthesis, and circadian periodicity during seedling development. We identified and cloned a maize zebra or crossbanding leaves mutant wk3735, which produces pale white kernels and was identified and plays a role in the equilibrium of the Redox state the in/out of ETC by active oxygen scavenging. Interestingly, it produces the zebra leaves during the production of the first seven leaves, which is apparently different from the mutation of homologs AtPTOX in Arabidopsis. It is intriguing to investigate how and why yellow crossbands (zebra leaf phenotype) emerge on leaves. As expected, chlorophyll concentration and photosynthetic efficiency both significantly declined in the yellow sector of wk3735 leaves. Meanwhile, we observed the circadian expression pattern of ZmPTOX1, which was further validated by protein interaction assays of the circadian clock protein TIM1 and ZmPTOX1. The transcriptome data of yellow (muW) and green (muG) sectors of knock-out lines and normal leaves of overexpression lines (OE) at the 5th-leaf seedling stage were analyzed. Zebra leaf etiolated sections exhibit a marked defect in the expression of genes involved in the circadian rhythm and rhythmic stress (light and cold stress) responses than green sections. According to the analysis of co-DEGs of muW vs. OE and muG vs. OE, terms linked to cell repair function were upregulated while those linked to environmental adaptability and stress response were downregulated due to the mutation of ZmPTOX1. Further gene expression level analyses of reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging enzymes and detection of ROS deposition indicated that ZmPTOX1 played an essential role in plant stress resistance and ROS homeostasis. The pleiotropic roles of ZmPTOX1 in plant ROS homeostasis maintenance, stress response, and circadian rhythm character may collectively explain the phenotype of zebra leaves during wk3735 seedling development.

Nanopriming-Induced Enhancement of Cucumber Seedling Development: Exploring Biochemical and Physiological Effects of Silver Nanoparticles

Nanopriming-Induced Enhancement of Cucumber Seedling Development: Exploring Biochemical and Physiological Effects of Silver Nanoparticles

Seed size improves vigor and emergence of Cenostigma tocantinum seedlings

Cenostigma tocantinum is a tree native to Brazil, with high timber and urban landscape potential. This species is propagated by seeds; however, few studies have reported the production of seedlings with higher quality standards. This study aimed to evaluate the emergence and initial growth of C. tocantinum seedlings of contrasting seed sizes (small and large). The design was completely randomized with two treatments [small seed (dimensions of length 1.20 cm; width 1.00 cm; thickness 0.32 cm; and fresh weight 0.18 g) and large seed (dimensions of length 1.52 cm; width 1.35 cm; thickness 0.39 cm; and fresh weight 0.37 g)] and four replicates of 25 seeds each. One hundred seeds from each group were randomly selected for measurements of the length, thickness, width and fresh weight. During the experiment, the following emergence and emergence speed index (ESI) were assessed. After 10 days of sowing, the shoot and root lengths, stem diameter, and shoot and root dry weights were assessed. The results showed that the length, width, thickness, and fresh weight of large seeds were 27, 35, 22, and 106% greater, respectively, than those of the small seeds. Regarding emergence (ranging from 21.8 to 23.8%) and ESI (ranging from 4.4 to 4.8), no significant differences were observed (P > 0.05) between large and small seed sets. More importantly, large seeds favored the development of seedlings with shoot length, root length, collar diameter, shoot dry weight, and root dry weight that were 29, 38, 17, 93, and 109% higher, respectively, than those of small seeds. Thus, C. tocantinum seeds can be stratified into two different sizes (small and large), with large seeds providing the initial growth of more vigorous seedlings (e.g., growth, development, and dry weight). The findings of this study can aid seedling producers in improving their product to meet higher quality standards.

Chemical profiling and effects of extracts from Laminaria japonica and Ulva prolifera on rooting and seedling development of common bean

Chemical profiling and effects of extracts from Laminaria japonica and Ulva prolifera on rooting and seedling development of common bean

The Impact of Lighting Treatments on the Biosynthesis of Phenolic Acids in Black Wheat Seedlings.

Light, as a crucial environmental determinant, profoundly influences the synthesis of secondary metabolites in plant metabolism. This study investigated the impacts of the red light combined with ultraviolet-A (UV-A) and ultraviolet-B (UV-B) treatments on phenolic acid biosynthesis in black wheat seedlings. The results demonstrate that the red light combined with UV-A and UV-B treatments significantly enhanced the levels of phenolic acids in black wheat seedlings, at 220.4 μg/seedling and 241.5 μg/seedling, respectively. The content of bound phenolic acids in black wheat seedlings increased by 36.0% under the UV-B treatment. The application of the UV-A/UV-B treatments markedly enhanced the activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, 4-coumarate CoA ligase, and cinnamate 4-hydroxylase in black wheat seedlings while also promoting the expression levels of genes related to phenolic acid synthesis. The expression levels of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase and NADP-malic enzyme related to photosynthesis were significantly upregulated. This resulted in an augmentation in the chlorophyll content, thereby enhancing photosynthesis in black wheat seedlings. Nevertheless, the UV-A and UV-B treatments also had a significant constraining effect on the growth and development of black wheat seedlings. In addition, the UV-A and UV-B treatments increased the activity and gene expression levels of antioxidant enzymes while significantly increasing the contents of total flavonoids and anthocyanins, activating the antioxidant system. The findings reveal that light-source radiation serves as an effective method for promoting the biosynthesis of phenolic acids in black wheat seedlings.

In vitro Evaluation of the Effects of Sodium Azide on the Germination and Seedling Development of Sesamum radiatum and Sesamum indicum

In vitro Evaluation of the Effects of Sodium Azide on the Germination and Seedling Development of Sesamum radiatum and Sesamum indicum

Transcriptomic and physiological responses of Quercus acutissima and Quercus palustris to drought stress and rewatering.

Establishment of oak seedlings, which is an important factor in forest restoration, is affected by drought that hampers the survival, growth, and development of seedlings. Therefore, it is necessary to understand how seedlings respond to and recover from water-shortage stress. We subjected seedlings of two oak species, Quercus acutissima and Quercus palustris, to drought stress for one month and then rewatered them for six days to observe physiological and genetic expression changes. Phenotypically, the growth of Q. acutissima was reduced and severe wilting and recovery failure were observed in Q. palustris after an increase in plant temperature. The two species differed in several physiological parameters during drought stress and recovery. Although the photosynthesis-related indicators did not change in Q. acutissima, they were decreased in Q. palustris. Moreover, during drought, content of soluble sugars was significantly increased in both species, but it recovered to original levels only in Q. acutissima. Malondialdehyde content increased in both the species during drought, but it did not recover in Q. palustris after rewatering. Among the antioxidant enzymes, only superoxide dismutase activity increased in Q. acutissima during drought, whereas activities of ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, and glutathione reductase increased in Q. palustris. Abscisic acid levels were increased and then maintained in Q. acutissima, but recovered to previous levels after rewatering in Q. palustris. RNA samples from the control, drought, recovery day 1, and recovery day 6 treatment groups were compared using transcriptome analysis. Q. acutissima exhibited 832 and 1076 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to drought response and recovery, respectively, whereas Q. palustris exhibited 3947 and 1587 DEGs, respectively under these conditions. Gene ontology enrichment of DEGs revealed "response to water," "apoplast," and "Protein self-association" to be common to both the species. However, in the heatmap analysis of genes related to sucrose and starch synthesis, glycolysis, antioxidants, and hormones, the two species exhibited very different transcriptome responses. Nevertheless, the levels of most DEGs returned to their pre-drought levels after rewatering. These results provide a basic foundation for understanding the physiological and genetic expression responses of oak seedlings to drought stress and recovery.

Visualization of metabolite distribution based on matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry imaging of tea seedlings (Camellia sinensis).

Tea seedlings (Camellia sinensis) have a well-developed root system with a strong taproot and lateral roots. Compared with ordinary cuttings, tea has stronger vitality and environmental adaptability, thus facilitating the promotion of good varieties. However, there is less of detailed research on the rooting and germination process of tea seeds. In this study, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight-mass spectrometry was used to conduct non-targeted spatial mass spectrometry imaging of the main organs during growth of tea seedlings. A total of 1234 compounds were identified, which could be divided into 24 classes. Among them, theanine, as the most prominent nitrogen compound, was synthesized rapidly at the early stage of embryo germination, accounting for >90% of the total free amino acids in the radicle, and it was then transferred to each meristem region through the mesocolumnar sheath, indicating that theanine-based nitrogen flow plays a decisive role in organ formation during the development of tea seedlings. Nutrients stored in the cotyledon were rapidly hydrolyzed to dextrin and 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde at the early stages of germination, and subsequently converted to other forms that provided carbon and energy for development, such as raffinose and d-galactose (glucose), which were mainly distributed in the growing zones of the root apex and the apical meristems of the stem. This study provides a new perspective on the synthesis and metabolism of substances during the development of tea seedlings and contributes to a better understanding of the biological characteristics of tea varieties.

The effect of mycorrhiza on the growth of Ylang-Ylang seedlings

Abstract Ylang-ylang (Cananga odorata forma genuina Steenis) is a plant with high economic value and many benefits. Mycorrhizal application is necessary to obtain a quality mother plant. Therefore, a study on the mycorrhiza effect on ylang-ylang growth was needed, especially in the seedling stage. This study aimed to analyse the impact of mycorrhiza infection on the development of ylang-ylang seedlings. The method used in this study was the isolation of Claroideoglomus etunicatum spores. Ten of each spore was inoculated onto the sterilised roots (using 5% Natrium hypochlorite) of the three-month-old ylang-ylang seedlings and then planted on zeolite media and soil in a 6 x 10 cm pottery, which was then transferred to each pot 13 cm in diameter and 16 cm in height. For comparison, zeolite and soil media were used without the addition of mycorrhiza. The result of this study showed that the application of mycorrhizae using soil media had the highest increase in height (4.19 cm), diameter (0.72 mm), number of leaves (2.6 strands), and number of buds (0.8 leaf buds) compared to other treatments.

Selenium–nitrogen-co-doped carbon dots increase rice seedling growth and salt resistance

Soil salinity seriously affects the utilization of farmland and threatens the crop production. Here, a selenium-nitrogen-co-doped carbon dots was developed, which increased rice seedling growth and alleviated its inhibition by salt stress by foliar spraying. The treatment activated Ca2+ and jasmonic acid signaling pathways and increased iron homeostasis, antioxidant defense, and cell wall development of rice seedlings. It could be used to increase crop resistance to environmental stress.

Comparison of in-vitro orchid media solutions for Prosthechea cochleata (L.) W.E. Higgins vars. diandra and triandra

Prosthechea cochleata or clamshell orchid is recognized as a species of both conservation and commercial importance. It has long been prized by orchid breeders and growers for its unique flower and hardy disposition. The commercial market has failed to meet the demand for this species since it is still targeted for illegal collection in the wild. This study examines the effectiveness of the banana powder on two variants (var. diandra and var. triandra) with disparate home ranges and levels of genetic diversity using two commercially available agar-based media (PhytoTechnology P668 and P748). Undifferentiated protocorms of the two variants were monitored for shoot growth and differentiation across a period of 156 days. The growth media with 3% banana powder supplement (P748) was more effective in initiating shoot formation in both P. cochleata variants compared to control media (P668) (F = 27.15, p < 0.001, df = 81). The diandrous variant grown with banana showed the highest mean shoot count (28.67 shoots/flask) at the end of the monitoring period. Results suggest that banana supplement is an effective source of plant growth regulators and organic nutrients necessary to promote shoot formation and seedling development in this species. This research is important for the conservation of P. cochleata as it identifies an effective and cost-efficient method for in vitro propagation, which can aid in increasing the ex-situ and in situ populations of this threatened species. Additionally, the findings have implications for commercial orchid production, as it can potentially improve the cultivation and yield of this species for economic purposes.

Web-based Palm Oil Seedling Sales Information System (Case Study: CV. XYZ)

Oil palm seedling sales are one of the important aspects of the agricultural industry in Indonesia. However, conventional sales processes often encounter various obstacles, such as limited access to information for consumers, difficulties in inventory management, and low operational efficiency. To overcome these problems, this study aims to develop a Web-based Oil Palm Seedling Sales Information System at CV. XYZ. We designed this system to offer a comprehensive solution for sales management, encompassing stock recording and real-time transaction processing. This study uses a system development method with the waterfall method, in which the development stages include requirements, system design, implementation, verification, and maintenance. We collected data through direct observation at CV XYZ, interviews with management and customers, and related literature studies. Users then tested the prototype to identify potential problems and gather feedback for system improvement. According to the study's findings, the implementation of this web-based information system has resulted in increased efficiency in sales and inventory management. Users can easily access product information, place orders, and track the status of their orders. In addition, this system also allows integration with payment gateways, so that the transaction process becomes faster and safer. This system simplifies customer data management, sales recording, and financial report analysis from a management standpoint. At CV. XYZ, the development of the Web-based Palm Oil Seedling Sales Information System positively impacted operational efficiency and effectiveness. This system not only increases customer satisfaction by providing faster and more transparent services, but it also helps management make more accurate decisions based on available data. We need to add more advanced data analysis features to forecast sales trends and market demands, and integrate the system with e-commerce platforms to broaden our market reach.

Roles of mycorrhizal fungi on seed germination of two Chinese medicinal orchids: need or do not need a fungus?

Generally, orchids highly depend on specific fungi for seed germination and subsequent seedling development in nature. For medicinal orchids, obtaining compatible fungi is prerequisite for imitation of wild cultivation and conservation. In this study, the two important traditional Chinese medicinal orchids, Pleione bulbocodioides and Bletilla striata, were studied to screen out effective fungi for seed germination and seedling development. P. bulbocodioides seeds germinated and formed protocorms in all fungal and control treatments, but seedlings only developed in fungal Serendipita officinale (SO) and S. indica (SI) treatments and nutrient-rich medium MS treatment. At 90 days after incubation, the percentages of seedlings were 34.83 ± 3.4% and 27.59 ± 3.5% in SO and SI treatments, which were significantly higher than the MS treatment (18.39 ± 2.0%; all P < 0.05). At this stage, most seedlings in SO and SI treatments bore two leaves (Stage 5), and pelotons inside the basal cells of seedlings were clearly observed. For B. striata, seeds germinated up to seedlings with or without fungus, but seedlings developed rapidly in SI treatment. At 90 days after incubation, the percentage of seedlings in SI treatment reached 77.90 ± 4.1%, but was significantly lower than the nutrient-poor medium OMA treatment (85.18 ± 3.7%; P < 0.01), however, the seedlings in SI treatment were stronger than the seedlings in OMA treatment. The results suggested that P. bulbocodioides rely on compatible fungi for seeds germinated up to seedlings, and fungus SO could effectively promote seed germination and support seedling development; while B. striata can germinate up to seedling without any fungus, but compatible fungus S. indica can greatly speed up seed germination and promote seedling development. We suggest that S. officinale and S. indica fungi can be used in conservation practices or imitation of wild cultivation of these two important medicinal orchids, respectively.