Development Of Security Policy Research Articles

TRENDS IN THE DYNAMICS OF THE MILITARY-TECHNOLOGICAL COMPLEX INDUSTRY IN THE GLOBAL MARKET

The article examines current trends in the development of the global market of military-technical products. The author draws attention to the steady growth dynamics of purchases of military-industrial products in the world. The article describes key global trends in the development of promising innovative developments of dual-use goods. Since the end of the Cold War, global military research and development (R & D) has found itself in a situation of declining demand for its products. During this period, there was a reduction in military spending in the former Soviet Union and in many other countries. The United States of America has become the undisputed leader in the global market of the military-industrial complex (MIC). The author analyzed the dynamics of us spending in the late 1990s and early 2000s and showed in tables the increase in the gap in spending on the US military-industrial complex and the rest of the world. The article says that some of the civilian R & D is funded from private sources, because large companies have sufficient budgets to finance R & D. In general, the differences between civilian and military production lines have decreased – there is a trend of dual use of products. The author emphasizes that due to the increase in the share of civilian R & D, military R & D has undergone major structural changes in most countries. The study tracks changes in customer priorities in the military-industrial sector, the emergence of new, relevant products and services. The article examines the current trend of involving civilian producers in the development of Defense and security policies, cooperation with defense institutions and non-governmental organizations. The dynamism of scientific and technological progress requires monitoring the competitive positions of national producers in the military-industrial complex sector. The article also analyzes promising areas and key future trends in the development of the global military-industrial complex market.

Međunarodni normativni okvir zaštite informacija u bankama i finansijskim institucijama kroz primer konstituisanja bazelskih sporazuma i određenje operativnih rizika

International coordination of banking policies can be seen through the work of the Basel Committee, where the importance of security and protection of information in banks and other financial institutions highlights the Basel II agreement, as it identifies operational risk as one of the key risks for these entities. Based on the said agreement, the National Bank of Serbia adopted an accompanying norm, which does not exhaust the field of information protection in that sense, but represents a good basis for further elaboration of information protection systems in banks, through development of local security policies and other acts regulating information protection in them.

ПОЛИТИКА ИНФОРМАЦИОННОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ: КРИТИЧЕСКОЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ СОДЕРЖАНИЯ УНИВЕРСИТЕТСКОЙ ПОЛИТИКИ

The article is relevant, as it provides an assessment of the information security of universities. Ensuring the security of corporate information, which is increasingly stored, processed and disseminated using information and communication technologies (ICT). This is a particularly important problem for knowledge-intensive organizations such as universal ones; the effective conduct of their main educational activities and research activities increasingly depends on the availability, integrity and accuracy of computer information resources. One of the more important mechanisms to reduce the number of security breaches, and thus corporate information, is the development and implementation of a formal information security policy (ISP). Although much has now been written about the importance and role of information security policies and approaches to formulating them, there is relatively little empirical material that is incorporated into the structure or content of security policies. The purpose of the article is to fill this gap in the literature through this method of using the structure and methods of authentic information security policies. Having established the parameters and key features of university policies, the article critically examines the concept of information security embedded in the policy. Two important conclusions can be drawn from this study: 1) the wide variety of disparate policies and standards used, whether there will be a consistent approach to security management; and 2) the range of specific issues explicitly covered by university policy, a surprisingly low and highly technocentric view of information security management. This article is one of the first to objectively, rigorously and independently assess the content of authentic information security policies and information security documentation frameworks in a well-organized organizational environment. The article notes that there are four different levels of information policy: “system security policy, product security policy, community security policy, and corporate information security policy.” All policies involve: personal use of information systems, information disclosure, physical security, breaches and hacks, viruses, system access control, mobile computing, internet access, software development, encryption and contingency planning

Security perception and security policy of the Slovak Republic, 1993–2018

ABSTRACT The development of Slovak and security policy faced many challenges throughout last few decades. Slovakia, since its independence in 1993, was trying to find its geopolitical orientation - from the “bridge” between West and East, through the “black-hole” of Europe to the fully-fledged member of the EU and NATO. The main aim of this article is to provide a short, but detailed, description of the changes in Slovak security perceptions and development of the Slovak security policy and also to reveal how these changes influenced the opinion and perceptions of Slovak citizens.

Prevention of non-communicable diseases from governance and food security in Soraca, Colombia

To assess whether the municipality, in Colombia, is the appropriate setting for the development of food and nutrition security policies focused on the prevention of non-communicable diseases. Through the study of diabetes and obesity prevention in Soracá (Boyacá, Colombia), an analysis of the legal provisions related to non-communicable diseases and food and nutrition security (1990-2017) was carried out. Interviews were conducted with municipal and departmental actors, based on governance. The municipality has direction and leadership, institutional design, and structure, intersectorality and capacity of the municipal government to generate health policies, such as the Municipal Policy on Food and Nutrition Security, addressing non-communicable diseases from the food, nutrition and rural situation through an eco-systemic and intersectoral approach. The municipality is the appropriate setting for the planning of cross-sectoral strategies with clear municipal leadership in the governance framework.

Reflexive Governance as the Basis for Military Security in a Modern State

The purpose of this article is to substantiate the determinants of contemporary changes in military security policy, which is reflexive management. Military security is considered as a function of political attitudes and strategic decisions, and its governmental potential is a changing mechanism designed to meet regional and global demands and tendencies of society development. The author substantiates the assumption that today, the system of ensuring military security requires radical governmental transformation, and the key mechanism of this transformation is reflexive governance. The theoretical research method is a conceptual transformation of the governmental aspect of the military security policy through the prism of the theory of reflexive governance. The concept of reflexive governance has not yet been properly developed in Russian academic investigations, but its relevance is determined by a substantial change in the existing prospects for the analysis, development, and implementation of the military security policy in times of peace: (1) shifting the attention of civil cervants to the mechanisms of transformation of military security institutions to global challenges; (2) activation of discussions about “open” and “closed” spaces in politics; (3) development of the potential of governance based on continuous education and network management; and (4) development of a network governance system. Within the framework of reflexive governance, cognitive and normative beliefs form the political-administrative hierarchy and economic incentives as mechanisms for coordinating military security. At the same time, the mechanism of ensuring military security consists of such components as (1) subjects and (2) objects of military security; (1) normative and regulatory, (2) theoretical and research, and (3) activity components of military security. Reflexive governance, while becoming the basis of the military security in a modern state, implies that in the arms race countries should not forget about deeper, fundamental goals of state management. Any action both within the framework of direct provision of military security and within the framework of diplomatic regulation of relations in the international arena should be devoted to collective and individual-administrative reflexing of decision makers. A key role in military security policy should be played not by the theory of warfare, but by the development of tools to help resolve emerging conflicts peacefully.

Security policy and regional development: The impact of local border traffic on the economy of the Polish‐Russian border area

AbstractSecurity policy has a direct impact on regional development, which especially concerns border areas of countries. It can be an instrument of economic development or can lead to regression. Greater mobility is beneficial to local communities. However, this is not always a priority for central authorities who tend to shape policies, including the security one, in a comprehensive manner, without taking into account the specificities of life in border areas. This policy may also undergo a pendulum‐like evolution, for example, from restrictions through openness to renewed restrictions. An example of this is the functioning of local border traffic on the Polish‐Russian border, which was implemented during the years 2012–2016 and contributed to the development of shopping tourism and economic stimulation of the areas on both sides of the border by increasing the purchase rate of goods and services. The suspension of local border traffic by Poland for an indefinite time was justified by security issues. Nevertheless, local communities pointed to the lack of legitimacy of this action and the economic losses, demanding the restoration of LBT on the Polish‐Russian border.

Brexit and the “New” Transatlantic Relations: Potential Reflections on the Strategic Re-Positioning and Development of the Common Security and Defence Policy of the European Union

Brexit and the “New” Transatlantic Relations: Potential Reflections on the Strategic Re-Positioning and Development of the Common Security and Defence Policy of the European Union

Understanding employees' adoption of the Bring-Your-Own-Device (BYOD): the roles of information security-related conflict and fatigue

PurposeWhile the bring-your-own-device (BYOD) trend provides benefits for employees, it also poses security risks to organizations. This study explores whether and how employees decide to adopt BYOD practices when they encounter information security–related conflict.Design/methodology/approachUsing survey data from 235 employees of Chinese enterprises and applying partial least squares based structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM), we test a series of hypotheses.FindingsThe results suggest that information security–related conflict elicits information security fatigue among employees. As their information security fatigue increases, employees become less likely to adopt BYOD practices. In addition, information security–related conflict has an indirect effect on employee's BYOD adoption through the full mediation of information security fatigue.Practical implicationsThis study provides practical implications to adopt BYOD in the workplace through conflict management measures and emotion management strategies. Conflict management measures focused on the reducing of four facets of information security–related conflict, such as improve organization's privacy policies and help employees to build security habits. Emotion management strategies highlighted the solutions to reduce fatigue through easing conflict, such as involving employees in the development or update of information security policies to voice their demands of privacy and other rights.Originality/valueOur study extends knowledge by focusing on the barriers to employees' BYOD adoption when considering information security in the workplace. Specifically, this study takes a conflict perspective and builds a multi-faceted construct of information security–related conflict. Our study also extends information security behavior research by revealing an emotion-based mediation effect, that of information security fatigue, to explore the mechanism underlying the influence of information security–related conflict on employee behavior.

President Obama and US cyber security policy

ABSTRACT Advancements in Information and Communications Technology have had an enormous impact on modern societies. As a consequence, an increased number of governments has developed national cyber security policies. This article specifically focuses on the contribution of President Barack Obama to the development of cyber security policy in the United States. In particular, this is a study of the policy measures that directly affected US national security in the core areas of homeland security, defence and foreign policy. These measures include strategic documents, organisational initiatives, and additional measures originating from the US federal government, mostly from the White House. The main argument of the article is that, although having been discussed by US policymakers at least since the 1960s, US cyber security policy only took off and became a national security priority during the Obama years, when the administration decided to move from ad-hoc and sector-specific measures to a more structured and holistic approach. Tellingly, Obama’s record shows a notable number of ‘firsts’, that is of measures which tackled aspects of cyber security which had not been addressed before. Finally, the article also develops and discusses a new working definition of cyber security policy.

The European Union security policy

Problem setting. In spite of the presence of numerous conventions, treaties and organizations in the world today, the issue of security is still a very acute issue for the world community. There are many reasons for this: the presence of nuclear powers, serious disputes between countries that are justly considered world leaders, the existence of numerous local conflicts and wars of a more global nature across the globe. These and other factors are pushing states around the world to allocate budget funds to ensure effective security policies. Given today’s realities, one can trace the tendency of several countries to pool their own efforts and resources to pursue a common security policy. The European Union is one of the clearest examples of this behavior. This intergovernmental organization is committed to maintaining peace, diplomacy, trade and development around the world. The EU also promotes cooperation with neighboring countries through the European Neighborhood Policy. Target research. The aim of the research is to study the role of the European Union’s institutional mechanism in the exercise of its powers to ensure the defense and foreign policy cooperation of the Member States. Analysis of recent research and publication. Many domestic and foreign scholars, including B. Tonro, T. Christiansen, S. Morsch, G. Mackenstein, and others. The institutional basis of foreign and security policy is analyzed in detail by J. Peterson, questions related to the European Union’s security policy. M. Shackleton. K. Gill, M. Smith and others study the general features of the development of a common EU security policy. Some contribution to the study of various problems related to European and Euro-Atlantic integration has been made by such national scientists as V. Govorukh, I. Gritsyak, G. Nemyrya, L. Prokopenko, O. Rudik, V. Streltsov, O. Tragniuk, I. Shumlyaeva, I. Yakovyuk and others. Article’s main body. The article examines the emergence and development of the European Union’s security policy from the date of the Brussels Covenant to the present. Particular attention is paid to the role of the European Union’s institutional mechanism in the exercise of its powers to ensure the defense and foreign policy cooperation of the Member States. A study of the officially adopted five-year global foreign and security policy of the EU is being done to improve stability in Europe and beyond, analyzing EU conflict resolution and crisis management activities. Conclusions and prospect of development. In view of the above, it can be concluded that the EU’s foreign and security policy institutional framework is an extensive system in which all the constituencies are endowed with a certain range of general and specific powers and are called upon to cooperate with one another to achieve a common goal. It cannot be said that such close cooperation puts pressure on Member States. Yes, a Member State has the right to refrain from voting for any decision that requires unanimity and such abstention will not prevent the above decision being taken. In this case, the mechanism of so-called “constructive retention” is triggered: the abstaining country is not obliged to comply with the decision, however, accepts the fact that it is binding on other Member States and takes this into account when concluding treaties, which should not contradict the said decision.

«Европейская оборона» через призму французских интересов и возможностей

The article is devoted to the analysis of the complex of problems associated with the organization of the defence structures of the European Union and the role of France in this process. The focus of the project «European defenсe», the possibility of its implementation within the EuroAtlantic space are investigated. The continuity and evolution of the European defence potential building program are shown. The concepts of «European defenсe», «European army» are analyzed and their real content is revealed. The pairing of France’s national efforts with partners in the framework of the Permanent Structured Cooperation on Security and Defence (PESCO) projects is shown; the importance of a pragmatic approach to building a «European defenсe» on the basis of a number of interstate programs of military-industrial cooperation is highlighted. The connection between the new stage of scientific and technological progress and the revitalization of plans to strengthen the defence potential of the EU is revealed. The evolution of the French leadership’s approach to building a «European defenсe» is presented, its assessment of the current state of this project, and in connection with this, features of its views on the prospects for developing a dialogue with Russia. Against the background of a slowdown in the development of the EU Common Security and Defence Policy, the role of interstate initiatives outside the EU, aimed at accelerating and increasing the effectiveness of military operations, has been highlighted. The examples of individual actions emphasize the key role of states, in particular France, in the implementation of missions of a pan-European character. As a result of the analysis, a conclusion was made about the sustainable and non-opportunistic nature of the transformations in the field of military construction in the EU. A forecast is given regarding the possible scale and real fulfillment of European defence construction plans. The conclusion about the significance of the «European defenсe» project for the implementation of France’s geopolitical plans and the strengthening of its positions in the EU and in the Euro-Atlantic field is substantiated.

The European Defence Policy and Transatlantic Cooperation in Times of Obama and Trump Administrations

The purpose of the study is to analyze the development of the European common security and defense policy during the Obama and Trump administrations by determining the specifics of its formation, trends and causes. It is observed the preconditions and principles for the formation of European CSDP; tendencies of its evolution in the post-bipolar era are considered; the EU CSDP is explored as a part of transatlantic system in the times of Obama administration; the trends and changes in the CSDP are examined in correlation with NATO policy under the Trump administration. The research emphasizes a significance of the European defense policy, which has been creating in two following ways: as a united force within NATO and as a unique initiative in parallel to the transatlantic cooperation (mostly, after the destruction of the bipolar system). However, the Euro-Atlantic defense ties never crashes, despite the periodic abatements. The article notes that Europe has substantially strengthened its positions at the end of the era of bipolarity, demonstrating its intention to create the own security system. It was found that in 2010–2016 there was a tendency weakening of American influence on the European community defense integration. According to Western European researchers, the EU defence initiatives became a matter of concern to both American presidents. However, during the Obama period, European governments failed in realizing their intentions (despite the desire to create their own army) due to the lack of mutual understanding on the issue and unwillingness to bear the additional costs of implementing the CSDP. However, such an opportunity has arisen during Trump’s presidency. It is stated that the foundation of a new stage of European defence integration was laid in 2016. Since 2017, European countries have taken new steps by creating the European Defense Fund (EDF) and starting the Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO). In addition, the article notes that in 2017–2018 there was an increase in the participation of national contingents in NATO. Moreover, the EU considers its defense system as «autonomous», but not absolutely independent of existing and effective structures. It is concluded that transatlantic relations matter and the further cooperation between European governments and the United States could be enhanced.

EU SECURITY & DEFENSE POLICY: THE EVOLUTION OF FORMATION

The task of building an effective security architecture facing the European Union is extremely important in that the approach to its solution will determine the nature of the relations between the countries in the region in the future. An analysis of the processes of building a common security and defense policy (EUSR) of the EU is impossible without addressing the interrelated problems: security in the EU with the European Union's place in the Euro-Atlantic processes and in the world at large. The development of the SPBO has a significant impact on all countries of Central and Eastern Europe, including Ukraine, which explains the relevance of its further study by national science. Until the scientific and legal literature has addressed the issue of forming and developing a common security and defense policy in the EU. In many ways, this is explained by the relatively short period of existence of the ESDC as a phenomenon, with the result that, in most cases, the study focused on considering the formation, rather than the functioning, of the ESDC mechanisms designed to prepare the EU component for further work. First of all, we are referring to studies on various aspects of the history and current activities of the European Union. In addition, the authors analyze the common issues of European security: from the problems of building security models for Europe to issues related to the activities of European regional military-political organizations on the security and interaction of European and US countries in the field of the common security and defense policy of the EU. Other authors have considered some aspects in the process of becoming an EU Security Council. However, the existing work does not allow for a holistic picture of the process of forming and developing a common foreign and security policy of the EU, in turn, the continued development of a common foreign and security policy of the EU necessitates the development of new aspects of identified issues and generalizations. In this article, the author focuses on highlighting the main stages of the EUSF formation and its importance for the effective functioning of the EU as a whole. There are four main stages in the development of the common security and defense policy: the first stage (1992-1997) is the signing of the Maastricht and Amsterdam Treaties; the second stage (1998-2002), when the EU declared its intention to form an ESDP in Saint-Malo (1998), as well as the decisions taken at the Cologne, Helsinki, Nice, Lachen summits; the third stage (since 2003), the Berlin Plus agreement was reached (March 2003). The Council of Europe adopted the first European Security Strategy (December 2003); and the final stage began with the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty on 1 December 2009. Within this framework, the European Union is trying to adequately respond to some of the new challenges that emerge in the process of globalization, shaping European identity.

ЗАГАЛЬНОТЕОРЕТИЧНИЙ ВИМІР НАЦІОНАЛЬНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ ЯК ОБ’ЄКТА ПУБЛІЧНОГО АДМІНІСТРУВАННЯ

The article emphasizes that the issues of ensuring national security in Ukraine became relevant only in the conditions of a real threat to national sovereignty, although a number of preconditions took place in advance.The preconditions for the formation of the national concept of security administration and the formulation on this basis of scientifically sound proposals for further intelligence in the field of organization of public administration in the field of national security of Ukraine are determined. The phenomenon of “security” is considered as a complex multilevel and structured social phenomenon. It is emphasized that within the national concept, “security” should stand out as a kind of characteristic and a necessary prerequisite for the vital activity, progressive development and viability of real-world objects.A number of works devoted to the conceptual, organizational, legal and institutional principles of development and implementation of state national security policy, as well as the organization of democratic civilian control over the activities of the security sector are analyzed.It is stated that the disclosure of the meaning of “security” in the strategic documents of the modern Ukrainian state occurs through the description of “threats” to such “security”, which, in turn, is a manifestation of security administration technologies based on threats. Remarks on the expediency of transition to other technologies, including the ability-based administration were made. Taking into account the current challenges, some models of changes in the national security system are considered.It is concluded that the modern understanding of the essence of national security should include a broad understanding of the category of “security” and ways to address issues related to its provision. It is emphasized that the methodology of solving security issues on the basis of basic values and own capabilities of the security and defense sector should become the basis for the formation and construction of national security policy of Ukraine, as well as the subject of further research in security administration technologies.

������� ��ֲ������ί �������: ��˲����-�������� ���˲�

The article emphasizes that in the conditions of modern globalization, in order to ensure sustainable development of the national state, the exclusive ability to ensure national security must be preserved. It was stated that the slightest loss of even a part of the sovereignty is contrary to the national interest and poses a threat to the national security of the state.A number of works devoted to the conceptual, organizational, legal and institutional principles of development and implementation of the state national security policy, its origins and problems of implementation in the modern practice of state management are analyzed. It is stated that the political assessment of the effectiveness of measures to ensure national security depends on the conciseness, clarity and balance (logical conditionality) of the basic security law.It is concluded that the unity of national interests, national goals and national ideas is the basis for the formation and construction of national security policy of Ukraine, the system of national and state security, as well as the subject of further research in security administration technologies. It was emphasized that Ukraine, as an ethnic entity to ensure national security, with common national interests, national goals and national idea should have formed a stable political system, which, in turn, should ensure the formation of governing bodies of society and the state and decision-making bodies that are responsible for the issues of national and state security.It is emphasized that only within the ratio of the categories “ethnic entity of national security” and “state security” “protection of state sovereignty, territorial integrity and democratic constitutional order and other vital national interests from real and potential threats of non-military nature.” Finds its manifestation.

Strategy for Determining Country Ranking by Level of Cybersecurity

The rapid development of the fourth industrial revolution contributed to the growth of computerization and digitalization of many spheres of society, which eventually led to the emergence of cybercrime. As a result, it is necessary to develop a cybersecurity strategy at the country level, which involves the development of effective measures to protect information. The purpose of this article is to determine the strategy for ranking countries by their level of cybersecurity. For its implementation, 12 indicators were selected that characterize various aspects of cybersecurity of countries: Cyber Security Policy Development, Cyber Threat Analysis and Information, Education and Professional Development, Contribution to global cyber security, Protection of digital services, Protection of essential services, E-identification and trust services, Protection of personal data, Cyber incidents response, Cyber crisis management, Fight against cybercrime, Military cyber operations. Their actual values were taken for 160 countries in 2018. The article proved that the existing method of determining the actual ranking of countries has a number of shortcomings, which are the lack of solutions to problems related to the dimensionality of data, determining the weights of the analyzed indicators, taking into account the diversity of indicators and their fundamental differences. To avoid these shortcomings, it is proposed to use multi-attribute decision-making methods, which are used in the decision-making process, but their capabilities allow the evaluation of ratings. The methods of TOPSIS, VIKOR and MAAM were used in the article. As a result, it was found that the rating by the MAAM method has about 25% similarity with the values of the ranking. Also, this method has most of the disadvantages inherent in the actual. The TOPSIS and VIKOR methods showed better results, which were less similar to the real values. It was found that VIKOR (v = 0.5) shows more balanced estimates than VIKOR (v = 1.0) in relation to the ranking of countries in terms of cybersecurity. VIKOR (v = 1.0) is more suitable for solving the problem of choosing alternatives than for rating. The TOPSIS method proved to be the most effective for ranking countries, which eliminates the shortcomings of the real assessment method and allows to determine the best and worst alternative, which facilitates the analysis separately for the indicators. Checking the effectiveness of the obtained ratings, using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient, proved their effectiveness. Keywords: country, cybersecurity, MAAM, National Cybersecurity Index, rank, strategy, TOPSIS, VIKOR.

Computer Security of NPP Instrumentation and Control Systems: Computer Security Justification Documents

The approaches to the development and management of computer security justification documents on computer security policy, program and plan, computer incident response plan, reports related to computer security are considered in the paper. Requirements for computer security policy, program and plan are presented, and the analysis of different approaches adopted and reflected in the documents of the International Atomic Energy Agency, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission and International Electrotechnical Commission is carried out. It is noted that the approaches used by these organizations to the development and management of computer security justification documents are quite similar.
 The paper provides suggestions for the development of requirements for computer security justification documents on the instrumentation and control systems at Ukrainian NPPs.
 The analysis of different international approaches to the development, implementation, and management of the computer security policy, program and plan has allowed developing requirements for the above-mentioned documents, which will be reflected in the new regulation taking into account the current situation at Ukrainian NPPs. Besides, it is planned to include separate requirements for computer security documentation of the developers of instrumentation and control systems regarding computer incident response plan and reporting documents on computer security in this regulation. The paper presents recommendations for the content, implementation and management of computer security justification documents.

MONITORING OF STATE POLICY WITH THE HELP OF MODERN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES

The article states that a high level of analytical support should be provided during the development of national security policy. Therefore, there is a need to create new conceptual approaches based on the methodology of systems analysis and information technology, including big data. This makes it possible to forecast and make decisions in the field of national security with the help of appropriate indicators and indices.Attention is drawn to the fact that when monitoring national security with the help of indicators, indices and their threshhold values, it is important to monitor the dynamics of processes taking place in different areas of national security, and not by individual events. This approach makes it possible to consider the management of the national security system with the help of threshhold values and indicators as a regulatory activity.Attention is drawn to the fact that traditionally the analysis in the field of national security was based on the data of the security and defense sector. These data concerned the events that had already taken place. However, borrowing external data opens up greater opportunities for moving along the chain of analytical research: from assessing past events to reliably predicting future challenges and threats to national security. Therefore, the process of making strategic decisions using Big Data technology can be organized using the pyramid DIKW. The use of indicators and indicators of national security in the three-level system of national security is considered. The goals and objectives of the strategic, tactical and operational levels are determined by current legislation and the higher (strategic) level.The emphasis is on the fact that Big Data provides additional context by integrating external data to turn data into information. With the help of appropriate doctrines, concepts and strategies, this information can be further improved. Given the differences in the rate of change at all levels of the hierarchy of national security, we can conclude that all levels are responsible for implementing main directions of the state national security policy, although they are based on different national security indicators, their statistical characteristics, expert assessments, thresholds.

Integration in the European higher education area: the case of military education

ABSTRACTMilitary training has always been considered as an education system with its own characteristics that distinguished it from the rest of higher education. However, different initiatives have been developed in order to integrate military education in the European Higher Education Area (EHEA). This paper analyses the European system of military institutions of higher education (MHEI). Results indicate MHEI sector has distinctive features that have increased the diversity of European HEIs. Further, the emergence of the MHEI sector can have benefits for both the European defence and their educational attainment. From a defence point of view, it can help the development of a European strategic culture and increase cooperation between countries in defence and security. From the education area modernisation, it will improve defence and security related research and may enhance defence knowledge transfer. In this way, the MHEI sector will be positioned as key player in the development of the Common Security and Defence Policy and a European strategic culture.