Development Of Scientific Fields Research Articles

Toxicity as process: tracing a new epigenetic regime of im/perceptibility in environmental toxicology

ABSTRACT Science and Technology Studies (STS) research has paid considerable attention to how toxicology produces knowledge on toxicity and how this knowledge has changed. For example, modern toxicological approaches of dose–response and threshold levels and genetic/genomic approaches for tracing exposure-induced DNA damage have been found to yield specific notions of toxicity. However, some of the toxicants’ latent exposure effects have remained invisible with these two established epistemic perspectives. To tackle this issue, environmental toxicologists have recently turned to environmental epigenetics, offering a promising biomolecular perspective to better understand the role of latent exposure effects on health. Analysing environmental toxicology literature on epigenetics and interviews with key researchers demonstrates how an epigenetic perspective yields a novel notion of toxicity as process. This temporal emphasis foregrounds the idea that bodies are not just exposed to toxicants but dynamically respond to the exposures they experience. In particular, environmental toxicologists draw on a specific combination of an epigenetic theory of toxicity and new but compatible methods and technologies, which establish a new epistemic understanding of toxicity. Characterising these developments as a Regime of Im/Perceptibility shows how novel regimes can emerge in both difference and continuity with prior regimes such as modern and genetic/genomic toxicology. The case study on epigenetic research in environmental toxicology adds to STS scholarship on epistemic developments in scientific fields by illuminating how a new epistemic perspective is successfully adopted while co-existing with established regimes of knowledge production in a given field.

ANALYSIS OF THE POTENTIAL OF VIRTUAL LAB RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT IN SCIENCE LEARNING WITH THE BIBLIOMETRIC METHOD

The development of scientific fields is possible through communication between researchers. This communication can be established with a medium called the Scientific Journal. Through the media, each researcher searches for articles that have been researched on the same topic. So that they will easily update or develop the topic. This method is known as the bibliometric analysis method. Therefore this study aims to carry out the same analysis on the virtual lab theme. This is important in learning development, especially in science learning. The data obtained was in the form of many articles from the SCOPUS database, which several criteria had previously defined to capture them. These criteria are related to the year of publication, keywords and language selection. The application used in this study is the VOS Viewers application. The results show that research related to virtual labs in science learning is still very possible considering many limited lab facilities in some schools. However, it should be noted that virtual labs cannot replace traditional laboratories because traditional laboratories can give students hands-on practical experience. It is better if the virtual lab is considered as a supplementary to science learning

The Impact of the Enlightenment on the Development of Scientific Fields in the Romanian Provinces

The Impact of the Enlightenment on the Development of Scientific Fields in the Romanian Provinces

Techno-Scientific Promises, Disciplinary Fields, and Social Issues in Peripheral Contexts

ABSTRACT Scientific work has always worked alongside promises of future developments. Promises, though, have very different consequences across different contexts. Indeed, the formulation of scientific promises in peripheral scientific contexts have different structures and consequences, compared to those in hegemonic sites. Promises are intended to provide solutions to important public problems. Yet in doing so, a scientific field or specialty is positioned as the most legitimate to solve these problems, displacing competing visions, questioning alternative actors, and building the epistemic bases with which to think about these issues. During these processes, scientific fields and technoscientific promises are co-produced. Since most of the studies on promises and techno-scientific expectations have focused on processes located in hegemonic sites, analytic tools must be adapted to analyze the emergence of techno-scientific promises and the corresponding development of scientific fields in peripheral locations. Facing structural barriers to transforming knowledge into marketable products, peripheral scientific elites do not have the same capacity to formulate solutions based on local knowledge. Chagas, a Latin American tropical disease, provides a good example of how scientific promises and scientific fields are co-produced in peripheral locations, along with various power asymmetries in a context of highly globalized knowledge. Through this example, it is possible to see how promises shape and are shaped by relations between different countries and research infrastructures. Because of the structural barriers that exist in peripheral countries, scientific promises often generate cutting-edge knowledge aligned with international agendas, but is almost never able to effectively address public problems.

Expanding the Scope of Citizen Science: Learning and Engagement of Undergraduate Students in a Citizen Science Chemistry Lab

The COVID-19 pandemic has placed public health and wellbeing at the forefront of public concerns and interests, transforming the ways people interact and engage with science. One way to support and expand such engagement is through citizen science, which has seen huge growth over the past decade. Since many scientific fields are still largely underrepresented within citizen science, this paper explores the expansion of citizen science into new fields and settings. The study examines the learning processes and outcomes of students participating in a lab-based chemistry citizen science initiative, <em>Breaking Good</em>, and explores the “why,” “how,” and “what” of laboratory learning. Our findings reveal a dynamic learning environment characterised by the hands-on, authentic, and novel science experience within these labs. The broader context afforded by a citizen science approach was found to enhance student knowledge of course content and knowledge of both the process and nature of science alongside increased motivation. As universities are ideally placed to incorporate citizen science into higher education teaching, this paper calls for research institutions to take a leading role in this process, promoting student learning and the development of scientific fields by expanding the scope of citizen science.

Protection of the environment in times of international armed conflict: الحماية الدولية للبيئة من التلوث في زمن النزاعات المسلحة

The study aims to identify the most important international principles for protecting the environment in times of armed conflict, Whereas the environment is an ecosystem that consists of an interconnected group that differs in size and type of organisms and organic and inorganic elements that are balanced in a relatively stable manner. Since man is one of the most important living creatures, which necessitates human protection to preserve the environment and its balance, the international community has set controls for the use of military force, since wars are an inevitable evil, Among the most important of them is the principle of balance between military necessity and humanitarian considerations. And we used the analytical method in the study by analyzing and studying the principles of international humanitarian law. And from the above, we divided the study into three demands, the first demands dealt with the concept of military necessity in international humanitarian law, while we discussed in the second demands the concept of the principle of balance in international humanitarian law, and in the third demands we dealt with the principle of balance between military necessity and humanitarian considerations. One of the most important findings of this study is that the principle of military necessity protects the natural and civilian environment through its association with the principle of humanity, which constitute the principle of balance between military necessity and humanitarian considerations, The principle of balance between military necessity and humanitarian considerations regulates the use of weapons during armed conflicts and prohibits the use of weapons of mass destruction to protect the environment during armed conflicts. The researcher recommends that the United Nations Organization renew international agreements prohibiting the use of weapons of mass destruction in line with modern science and developments in scientific fields.

Publication activity: structural shifts in the development of scientific fields

Publication activity: structural shifts in the development of scientific fields

Sobre os obstáculos sociais ao desenvolvimento histórico da razão

After characterizing the modern problem of the limits and possibilities of scientific reason, as it is formulated in 19th century sociology, I clarify the question of the duality of instrumental knowledge, which informs technical control of the world, and reflexive knowledge, which encompasses the various dimensions of meaning in human practices. Then, I expound two exemplary explanations, proposed by reflexive perspectives, for the contemporary predominance of instrumental knowledge: the model of interaction between values and scientific activities proposed by Hugh Lacey; and Pierre Boudieu's sociology of the social conditions for the development of scientific fields. By putting side by side a philosophical work articulating connections between epistemology and ethics, and a sociological theory about the social conditions of the historical development of reason, I introduce fundamental markers for exploring the possibilities of historical rationalist perspectives that try to avoid the dualistic alternative of orthodox rationalism and relativism. Both analyses explore the possibilities opened by transversal perspectives that try to elucidate the relations between different spheres of activity, without ignoring their particularities, delineating problems to be investigated in a way that furthers reflexivity together with empirical knowledge of the historical processes of reproduction of social organization and of the dominant values.

European Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine Journals in Concert: A European Society of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine (ESPRM) Initiative

Scientific societies, conferences and journals are instrumental in the development of scientific fields. All this structures are mutually dependent. Journals in particular have an important role in the dissemination of research and provide structured global scientific exchange of arguments. The European Society of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine (ESPMR) has thus started an initiative to formalize its relationship with European journals, to strengthen the field of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine (PRM) within Europe and internationally. ESPMR is envisioning a “web” of journals which collaborate in concert.

Population modeling of the emergence and development of scientific fields

We analyze the temporal evolution of emerging fields within several scientific disciplines in terms of numbers of authors and publications. From bibliographic searches we construct databases of authors, papers, and their dates of publication. We show that the temporal development of each field, while different in detail, is well described by population contagion models, suitably adapted from epidemiology to reflect the dynamics of scientific interaction. Dynamical parameters are estimated and discussed to reflect fundamental characteristics of the field, such as time of apprenticeship and recruitment rate. We also show that fields are characterized by simple scaling laws relating numbers of new publications to new authors, with exponents that reflect increasing or decreasing returns in scientific productivity.

TECHNOLOGY AND ITS EFFECT ON THE FLEXIBILITY OF AUDITORIUM'S DESIGN

The technical development in scientific fields, has an effective influence in developing the possibilities of auditorium design, erection and performance. In the recent years, there was a great demand for flexible spaces, which could accommoder e different acting performance and would be economical too.&#x0D; Therefore technical efforts and facilities can be great help in providing flexibility's in geometrical relations, space configuration, material treatment and surface finishes of multi purpose halls. This research emphasis the importance of technical possibilities in both mechanical and acoustical sides for providing flexibility's in acoustical performance in auditorium by:&#x0D; 1 Theoretical side discussing&#x0D; a Technical possibilities in multi purpose halls,&#x0D; b Main acoustical charseters and parameters, which are important for the evaluation of acoustical performance of multi purpose halls&#x0D; Practical side; uradying an example which in the national theater in Baghdad as study case, and calculating the acoustical parameters mathematically and discussing its technical possibilities and then giving acoustical and technical advice for developing its functional and acoustical performance.

Problem-solving, Research Traditions, and the Development of Scientific Fields

If science is essentially a problem-solving activity, it stands to reason that a good part of the rationale behind the development and growth of new scientific fields (or subfields) is the generation of problem-solutions. I should like to argue that the origin and, especially, the development of new scientific fields is primarily a research procedure for solving existing unsolved problems and generating and solving new unsolved problems. By a scientific field I have in mind the following:A scientific field (F) has the following characteristics: (a) a given subject matter and (b) a data base about the subject matter, at least some of which is puzzling or problematic, (c) a set of problems arising from the puzzling subject matter (internal problems), (d) a set of problems arising from data in another field (applied or external problems), but thought solvable through appeal to the data base of F, (e) a set of techniques for expanding the data base, and (f) a set of theories or solutions to the internal problems.

Informal Communication and the Development of Scientific Fields

Informal Communication and the Development of Scientific Fields

Office of Scientific Research of the Air Research and Development Command

Recognition of the importance of scientific research to the development and maintenance of adequate national defense has affected the over-all program of the Department of Defense in many ways. One of these has been the establishment of a number of agencies charged with the administration and coordination of research and development in scientific fields of particular interest to the departments in which they are located. Several of these have been described in previous articles in this series.